TURISMO, PROPAGANDA E PATRIMÔNIO NO BRASIL: Um Encontro À Luz De Fragmentos Da Correspondência Política De Oswaldo Aranha Durante a Era Vargas (1930-1945)

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TURISMO, PROPAGANDA E PATRIMÔNIO NO BRASIL: Um Encontro À Luz De Fragmentos Da Correspondência Política De Oswaldo Aranha Durante a Era Vargas (1930-1945) 0 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO Área de concentração: Urbanização, projetos e políticas físico-territoriais Linha de pesquisa: História da Arquitetura, do Urbanismo e do Território TURISMO, PROPAGANDA E PATRIMÔNIO NO BRASIL: Um encontro à luz de fragmentos da correspondência política de Oswaldo Aranha durante a Era Vargas (1930-1945). Andrea de Albuquerque Vianna Orientadora: Profª Drª. Françoise Dominique Valéry Natal/RN 2018 1 ANDREA DE ALBUQUERQUE VIANNA TURISMO, PROPAGANDA E PATRIMÔNIO NO BRASIL: Um encontro à luz de fragmentos da correspondência política de Oswaldo Aranha durante a Era Vargas (1930-1945). Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN, na área de concentração Urbanização, projetos e políticas físico- territoriais, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor. Natal/RN 2018 2 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN Sistema de Bibliotecas - SISBI Catalogação de Publicação na Fonte. UFRN - Biblioteca Setorial Prof. Dr. Marcelo Bezerra de Melo Tinoco - DARQ • CT Vianna, Andrea de Albuquerque. Turismo, propaganda e patrimônio no Brasil: um encontro à luz de fragmentos da correspondência política de Oswaldo Aranha durante a Era Vargas (1930-1945) / Andrea de Albuquerque Vianna. - Natal, 2018. 246f.: il. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Tecnologia. Departamento de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Orientadora: Françoise Dominique Valéry. 1. Turismo - Tese. 2. Propaganda - Tese. 3. Patrimônio - Tese. 4. Era Vargas - Tese. 5. Oswaldo Aranha - Tese. I. Valéry, Françoise Dominique. II. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. III. Título. RN/UF/BSE15 CDU 338.48 Elaborado por Ericka Luana Gomes da Costa Cortez - CRB-15/344 3 À minha amada Cecília, filha, amiga e cúmplice nesta vida 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Caminhar em busca do conhecimento é se dispor a enfrentar, em campo aberto, o novo, o imprevisível, o inexplorado. Assim, sem reservas, enfrentam-se as intempéries da pesquisa, a proliferação das dúvidas, a perda significativa de referenciais. Tudo muda. O tempo todo. Não no mundo, mas no universo estudado. Esse é o cotidiano de um pesquisador. Desta forma, é preciso reconhecer e valorizar cada avanço, cada descoberta e, principalmente, toda demonstração de apoio, a ajuda que faz diferença. A gratidão que trago hoje transcende quaisquer limites, pois se curva à conquista não apenas do título de doutorado, mas à expansão intelectual e ao amadurecimento pessoal que torna cada um de nós, seres ímpares. Ao longo destes quatro anos e meio, a despeito da jornada árdua, em nenhum momento tive queixas. Tenho apenas a agradecer. A Deus, acima de tudo. Agradeço o apoio incondicional da minha família, especialmente à Dona Magali Vianna, minha mãe, fortaleza que nos sustenta; à minha filha, Cecília Vianna, pela paciência e por todo amor que há entre nós. Sou grata à professora Françoise Dominique Valéry, minha orientadora, pela generosidade demonstrada em todos os momentos do nosso trabalho, desde o início, quando acreditou no meu projeto. Agradeço as orientações sempre serenas e equilibradas, em dias e horários combinados, sem faltas e sem atrasos; a confiança que depositou em mim; a liberdade que me deu para conduzir as pesquisas; o respeito invariável com que sempre me tratou. A ela, meu mais profundo apreço e admiração pela excelente professora/educadora que é. Ao professor Eugênio Mariano Medeiros (PPGAU/UFRN), pelo acolhimento e ajuda nas pesquisas, pela colaboração espontânea e sincera, minha estima e consideração. À professora Bárbara Alvarez da University of Michigan Library, pela gentileza e envio de material importante para esta tese, porém, indisponível no Brasil. Aos professores do PPGAU/UFRN pelas sugestões, orientações informais; ao professor José Clewton (PPGAU/UFRN) pelas orientações iniciais; ao professor Raimundo Nonato Araújo da Rocha, coordenador do curso de História/UFRN, pelas conversas descontraídas e bastante esclarecedoras; à professora Natália Miranda Vieira (PPGAU/UFRN), aos professores Everaldo Costa (UnB), Dênio Azevedo (UFS), George Dantas (PPGAU/UFRN), às 5 professoras Jovanka Baracuhy (UFPB) e Ludmila Oliveira (UFERSA) pelas valiosas observações e contribuições para o aprimoramento deste trabalho. A Nicolau, pela presteza no atendimento e solução de todos os nossos assuntos na secretaria do PPGAU/UFRN. A Ericka Cortez, responsável pela biblioteca setorial do Departamento de Arquitetura da UFRN, pela assistência e normalização deste trabalho. À CAPES pela concessão da bolsa que possibilitou a realização desta pesquisa. A Cecília Marilaine, amiga querida, companheira de trilha acadêmica, pelo carinho de sempre, pela presença providencial nos momentos certos, pela mansidão que nos ajuda a pensar. A Rebeca Grilo, Cíntia Camila Liberalino e a todos os colegas, pelas traduções, livros e arquivos cedidos. O sol que ilumina os primeiros passos de uma pesquisa não é o mesmo que brilha em seu encerramento. Este é maior, pois irradia a gratidão e a felicidade dos que chegaram até aqui. 6 Nenhum dos meus escritos foi concluído; sempre se interpuseram novos pensamentos, associações de ideias extraordinárias, impossíveis de excluir, com o infinito como limite. Não consigo evitar a aversão que tem o meu pensamento ao ato de acabar. Fernando Pessoa 7 RESUMO Este trabalho, desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, adotando como metodologia a Análise de Discurso, investiga a relação existente entre Turismo, Propaganda e Patrimônio e o Governo Federal, durante a Era Vargas (1930 a 1945), com o propósito de identificar o uso destas três áreas como ferramentas de suporte político e ideológico para o grupo varguista, então no poder. A partir de cartas selecionadas do arquivo da correspondência política de Oswaldo Aranha, disponíveis na base Access do Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil - CPDOC -, Escola de Ciências Sociais da Fundação Getulio Vargas – FGV, foi traçado um panorama do entrelaçamento da tríade Turismo-Propaganda-Patrimônio com os objetivos políticos de Getúlio Vargas naquele período. Observa-se o desenvolvimento turístico a partir da evolução dos meios de transportes, cuja expansão está ligada à chegada de companhias aéreas estrangeiras no Brasil, destacando-se as presenças alemã e norte-americana. Da propaganda identificam-se os artifícios utilizados para divulgar o Brasil no exterior por meio do apoio a publicações de livros (inglês e espanhol) e revistas (inglês), distribuídos apenas internacionalmente, da participação em eventos internacionais, da organização de exposições de arte, da abertura de agências de informações, agências de turismo e propaganda, agências de comércio do Brasil no exterior. Ainda neste item, observa-se a atuação do Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda – DIP, no controle da propaganda interna, dos eventos e do turismo. Do patrimônio, percebe-se a busca por uma identidade nacional que pudesse, não apenas ser adotada como a essência dos brasileiros, e por isso mesmo, pudesse uni-los, mas seu uso para atender a públicos e objetivos diversos: internamente, deveria atender aos grupos hegemônicos - as elites -, e à população trabalhadora; externamente deveria despertar o interesse de empresários, investidores, políticos e da própria população estadunidense, apresentando o Brasil como um país cuja história vai além de tribos indígenas, negros, favelas e mocambos. Neste tópico, aborda-se a classificação de Ouro Preto como monumento nacional, a criação do SPHAN e seu propósito de defesa do patrimônio urbano- arquitetônico nacional. A ideia, presente na bibliografia estudada, nas matérias de jornais e revistas, e nas cartas de/para Aranha, era construir uma imagem positiva do Brasil, e seu governante, de maneira a conquistar a confiança internacional, não apenas de seus governantes, mas da população em geral, como forma de obter recursos financeiros e apoio político que garantissem o crescimento econômico do país, e sua segurança. Palavras-chave: Turismo. Propaganda. Patrimônio. Era Vargas. Oswaldo Aranha. 8 RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse, developpée a partir de recherche bibliographique et documentaire, tout en adoptant como méthodologie l´analyse de discours, se propose à mettre en relation Tourisme, Propagande et Patrimoine durante l´ère Vargas (1930 – 1945), dans le but d´identifier l´utilisation de ces trois domaines comme instruments de suport politique et idéologique du groupe varguiste, alors aux comandes du gouvernement fédéral. A partir de cartes choisies parmi les arquives de la correspondance politique de Oswaldo Aranha, disponibles dans la Banque de données du Centre de Recherche et Documentation d´Histoire Contemporaine du Brésil – Ecole des Sciences Sociales de la Fondation Getulio Vargas – FGV, on a traçé um panorama de l´enchevêtrement des rapports entre Tourisme-Propagande-Patrimoine avec les objectifs politiques de Getúlio Vargas durante cette période. On observe le développement du tourisme à partir de l´évolution des moyens de transports, dont l´expansion est liée à l´arrivée de compagnies aériennes étrangères au Brésil, surtout allemandes e nord-américaines. En termes de propagande, on identifie les stratagèmes utilisés afin de divulguer le Brésil à l´exterieur grace aux publications de livres (en anglais et espagnol) et de revues (en anglais) distribuées seulement à l´étranger, participation à
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