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Somalia: La Inviabilidad Del Estado Moderno En África *

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Somalia: La Inviabilidad Del Estado Moderno En África * Somalia: La inviabilidad del Estado moderno en África * Jorge Ángel Infanzón Segura ** Introducción l continente africano es el que cuenta con la mayor cantidad Ede países en el mundo. Este continente está dividido en subre- giones las cuales llegan a tener características especiales. Una de las regiones más características de este continente es el Cuerno de África. Por su forma puntiaguda vista desde un mapa es muy fácil distinguirla en cualquier momento. El Cuerno de África se compone principalmente por Somalia, Etiopía, Yibuti y Eritrea, así como por algunas partes de Sudan, Sudan del Sur, Kenia y Uganda.1 De estos países Somalia se ha destacado por la crisis política, social y económica que vive. Somalia es un país que ha vivido dictaduras militares, así como golpes de estado. Durante los últimos 25 años, Somalia ha sido reconocido internacionalmente por la inestabilidad política así como por la guerra civil en la que el Estado se vió sumergido des- de su último golpe de Estado. Para poder comprender la situación * Texto de la ponencia presentada en el marco del coloquio: Diversidades del Mundo árabe 2016, Primer Seminario de Jóvenes Investigadores en Estudios de Asia y África, 29 de marzo de 2016, El Colegio de México, Ciudad de México. ** Estudiante de quinto semestre de la Licenciatura en Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad La Salle México; Miembro del Grupo de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (GIDi) ”Los Nuevos Paradigmas de la Sociedad Internacional: Regio- nes, Actores, Estructuras e Instituciones” registrado en la Dirección de Posgrado e Investigación de La Salle. Participa en el Grupo Estudiantil de ULSAMUN. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 1 Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación, Gobierno de España, Cuerno de África, disponible en: http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/es/PoliticaExterior- Cooperacion/Africa/Paginas/CuerdoDeAfrica.aspx 207 208 Somalia: La inviabilidad del Estado moderno en África geopolítica y social nos tenemos que remontar desde tiempos an- teriores al colonial. Esta región africana siempre estuvo con una Muuch’ xíimbal gran cantidad de clanes somalíes sin contar bajo una estructura estatal que definiera sus límites. Cercano a esa región se encontra- ba el Imperio Etíope con el cual había relaciones de intercambio comercial así como diferencias. Desarrollo La familia es el principal signo de identificación primario de la población, esta se compone por clanes, los cuales funcionan como mecanismos de protección. Dentro de Somalia existen cuatro, a saber, Dir, Isaq, Hawiye y Darod, y estos a su vez se dividen en subclanes. La ubicación de los clanes ha influido para la creación de unidades territoriales, las fronteras siempre han sido inestables debido a la falta de control por parte de los gobiernos y por los vínculos familiares transfronterizos que existen entre los clanes. Con la llegada de las potencias Europeas a colonizar África du- rante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, esta región no se vio exenta al dominio europeo. Naciones como Gran Bretaña, Francia e Ita- lia se establecieron en diferentes puntos estratégicos del Cuerno de África, esta región era altamente peleada por la cercanía al ca- nal de Suez desde el lado contario al Mediterráneo por medio del Golfo de Adén y la cercanía con la India. El territorio del Cuerno de África fue dividido en distintas regiones gracias a acuerdos generados entre las potencias occi- dentales y el emperador de Etiopía, Menelik II en 1889 con el fin de evitar conflictos que ya se manifestaban por saber qué zona le pertenecía a cada uno. Lo que actualmente es conocido como Yibuti era conocida como la Costa Francesa de Somalíes, o colo- quialmente la Somalilandia Francesa. Gran Bretaña se estableció en el norte entre las regiones de Zeila y Berebera proclamando la Somalilandia Británica, en la cual se comprometieron en proteger a los jefes de varios clanes somalíes. Finalmente el resto del territorio se encontró en disputa entre el Imperio Etíope e Italia. Para comenzar con los acuerdos en dis- Jorge Angel Infanzón Segura 209 puta, Italia comenzó a firmar tratados, primero con Gran Breta- ña mediante el acuerdo de límite fronterizo en Bender Cassim en Bosaso. Por otro lado se firma con Etiopía el tratado de Wuchale (Uccialli) en el cual se establece el límite con Eritrea. Una situación que es muy notoria en el conflicto de Somalia es el límite fronterizo establecido con Etiopía. La región desde an- tes de la llegada de los colonizadores estuvo poblada por una gran cantidad de clanes somalíes. Al no existir un modelo de estado que definiera nacionalidades o territorios no había conflictos res- pecto a qué lugar pertenecían. Con la llegada de los italianos y su intento de colonizar el resto del Cuerno de África, los conflictos con Etiopía estuvieron presentes. La principal región que presentó problemas entre ambos lados fue Ogaden (actualmente parte de Etiopía) dicha región, hasta la fecha se destaca por la alta cantidad de clanes somalíes a pesar de estar dentro de territorio Etíope. Con el Tratado Anglo-Etíope de 1897 en el cual Menelik II y el Sir Rennell Rod firmaron un acuerdo de frontera entre am- bos territorios, así como convenios comerciales y derechos de los transeúntes. Con el paso del tiempo y la presión de Italia de con- tinuar su proceso de colonización, en el año de 1936, la región de Ogaden es anexada por Italia. En esos momentos grupos que buscaban la llamada “Gran Somalia” comenzaron a luchar por la unificación Somalí, un claro ejemplo fue el Frente de Liberación de Somalia Occidental que si no lograba la Gran Somalia al me- nos obtener la independencia de Etiopía. Sus años activos fueron de 1973 a 1989. Una muestra de los conflictos que generó la introducción del Estado moderno al estilo de vida de las tribus en la región fue la delimitación de fronteras en donde no se consideró como estaban distribuidas llegando a partir las mismas comunidades como ocu- rrió con el pueblo de Ferfer que se encuentra exactamente en la lí- nea fronteriza entre Somalia y Etiopía. Este lugar fue escenario de luchas armadas entre ambos Estados. Así como la lucha por tener el control de facto por parte de Al-Shabaab. Continuando con el proceso colonial en el cual conflictos entre Italia y Etiopía estuvieron presentes por la soberanía del 210 Somalia: La inviabilidad del Estado moderno en África territorio, Francia y Gran Bretaña buscaban evitar encontrarse también con más problemas por lo cual Gran Bretaña se retiró Muuch’ xíimbal de la Somalilandia Británica otorgándole la independencia con el objetivo de que posterior a esto, dicho territorio se incorporara al de Italia para crear Somalia mediante el proceso patrocinado por Naciones Unidas, con el Consejo de Administración Fiduciaria. Durante 10 años el territorio fue reconocido en fideicomiso y se buscó apoyar en la transición a la independencia. En 1960 dicha independencia fue alcanzada. Durante esas fechas la bipolaridad mundial era muy presente y dicha cuestión no exentaba al conti- nente africano. Somalia buscó apoyo de la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas, mientras que Etiopía y Kenia presentaban tendencias más hacia occidente. Desde la independencia de Somalia, el partido gobernante fue Somali Youth Leage (SYL) teniendo como presidente a Muham- mad Egal. Hasta el golpe de estado de 1969 encabezado por Siad Barre. Al estar Barre en el poder comenzó a promover ideales Mar- xistas y leninistas en la dictadura que encabezó. Una de las accio- nes mas recordadas fue la guerra con Etiopía en 1977 en la cual, Somalia apoyado por la URSS buscó recuperar la región de Oga- den, ya que contaba con una gran cantidad de población Somalí. Dicha región poco a poco llegó a formar parte bajo el control so- malí pero la URSS decidió apoyar a Etiopía generando la derrota Somalí ante la etíope. Tras la pérdida de la guerra, el descontento social fue en au- mento hasta que en 1988 revueltas sociales estuvieron presentes en contra del mandatario. Para el año de 1991 Barre sale del po- der. Con un nuevo golpe de Estado el país cayó en una gran cri- sis política y Social. El norte que en su pasado fue colonia inglesa decidió declarar su independencia como Somalilandia entre la confusión para evitar ser afectada en mayor cantidad por la crisis sociopolítica que se vivía en la capital. Durante los años siguientes la comunidad internacional se enfocó en apoyar a la población de Somalia. Intervenciones de gobiernos extranjeros como Estados Unidos y Etiopía buscaron Jorge Angel Infanzón Segura 211 mantener la estabilidad, principalmente en su capital, Mogadiscio que ideológicamente fue dividida entre dos facciones que busca- ban el poder. Tanto operaciones de Mantenimiento de la paz por parte de NNUU y de la Unión Africana se llevaron a cabo. Cues- tión que hasta la fecha sigue siendo administrada por la UA. Para el año de 1997, el norte, Somalilandia ya contaba con su propia constitución y preparaba sus elecciones presidenciales. En el 2000 el gobierno pasó a manos del Gobierno Nacional de Transición de Somalia, que fue el gobierno reconocido interna- cionalmente; fue dirigido por Ali Mohammed Ghedi, y se man- tuvo en el poder hasta el 2012. En oposición a este gobierno surgió la Unión de Cortes Islá- micas (Unión de Tribunales Islámicos), encabezado por Sharif Sheikh Ahmed. Tomaron control de la mayor parte del territorio somalí e implementaron un sistema judicial basado en la Sharia, también asumieron el control de la educación, la salud y el comer- cio, además de buscar estabilizar la zona, por lo que formaron la Alianza para la Restauración de la Paz y la Lucha contra el Terro- rismo (ARPLT). En el 2006, el gobierno etíope apoyo al gobierno de transición a retomar el control por lo que su ejército entro al territorio somalí y obligo a las Cortes a rendirse.
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