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Modeling Eleven Millennia of Seasonal Transhumance and Subsistence in Colorado's Prehistoric Rockies

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Modeling Eleven Millennia of Seasonal Transhumance and Subsistence in Colorado's Prehistoric Rockies Contributions in New World Archaeology 8: 45-104 MODELING ELEVEN MILLENNIA OF SEASONAL TRANSHUMANCE AND SUBSISTENCE ,1&2/25$'2¶635(+,6725,&52&.,(686$ 5ඈൻൾඋඍ+%උඎඇඌඐං඀ 'HSDUWPHQWRI$QWKURSRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWKHUQ&RORUDGR*UHHOH\&RORUDGR86$ E-mail: [email protected] Abstract 7KUHH GHFDGHV RI DUFKDHRORJLFDO ¿HOG VWXGLHV LQ &RORUDGR¶V 6RXWKHUQ 5RFN\ 0RXQWDLQV KDYH GRFXPHQWHG WKRXVDQGV RI SUHKLVWRULFVLWHVDQGVLWHFRPSRQHQWVRFFXSLHGIURPWKH/DWH3OHLVWRFHQHWR(DUO\+LVWRULFWLPHV&RPSDUDWLYHDUFKDHRORJLFDODQG *HRJUDSKLF,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP *,6 PRGHOLQJVWXGLHVKDYHUHFRQVWUXFWHGORQJWHUPSUHKLVWRULFVXEVLVWHQFHDQGSDOHRFOLPDWH paleoecosystem change in North Central Colorado’s mountains resulting in a thirteen millennia model of cultural landscape history. That model proposes establishment, within a millennium and a half of arrival of the region’s earliest Clovis hunter-gatherers, of V\VWHPDWLFRIWHQORJLVWLFDOO\RUJDQL]HGVHDVRQDOWUDQVKXPDQFHVWUDWHJLHVEHWZHHQPRXQWDLQLQWHULRUEDVLQYDOOH\V)URQW5DQJH IRRWKLOOVDQGKLJKDOWLWXGHPRXQWDLQIRUHVWVDQGDOSLQHWXQGUDE\LQGLJHQRXVQDWLYHSRSXODWLRQVVWUDWHJLHVRQO\RFFDVLRQDOO\PRGL¿HG by periodic introduction of new technologies and cycles of climatic change. The model also incorporates historic environmental data which document past paleoclimate and paleoecological changes that affected regional mountain environments, tempered migratory game species behaviors, and adaptive strategies of four hundred generations of Native American hunter-gatherers. .H\ZRUGV6R XWKHUQ5RFN\0RXQWDLQV5RFN\0RXQWDLQ1DWLRQDO3DUNSDOHRFOLPDWHVHDVRQDOWUDQVKXPDQFHJDPHGULYHV EDVHFDPSV*HRJUDSKLF,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPVOLWKLFVRXUFLQJKXQWHUJDWKHUHUV)RUDJLQJ7KHRU\ Resumen (QHOFXUVRGHWUHVGpFDGDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQDUTXHROyJLFDGHFDPSRGHVDUUROODGDHQODV0RQWDxDV5RFRVDV0HULGLRQDOHVGH &RORUDGRVHKDQGRFXPHQWDGRPLOHVGH\DFLPLHQWRVSUHKLVWyULFRV\FRPSRQHQWHVGH\DFLPLHQWRVKDELWDGRVGHVGHHO3OHLVWRFHQR 6XSHULRUKDVWDORV7LHPSRV+LVWyULFRV7HPSUDQRV0HGLDQWHORVHVWXGLRVGHPRGHODGREDVDGRVHQODDUTXHRORJtDFRPSDUDGD\HO VLVWHPDGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUi¿FD *,6 VHKDOOHJDGRDUHFRQVWUXLUODVXEVLVWHQFLDSUHKLVWyULFDGHODUJDGXUDFLyQ\HOFDPELRGHO SDOHRFOLPDSDOHRHFRVLVWHPDHQODPRQWDxDGHOQRUWHGHODSDUWHFHQWUDOGH&RORUDGRHODERUiQGRVHFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQPRGHORGH WUHFHPLODxRVGHKLVWRULDGHOSDLVDMHFXOWXUDO'LFKRPRGHORSHUPLWHGLVWLQJXLUHQXQKRUL]RQWHGHPLOTXLQLHQWRVDxRVGHVGHOD llegada a esa zona de los primeros cazadores-recolectores de la cultura clovis, estrategias sistemáticas y a menudo logísticamente RUJDQL]DGDVGHODWUDVKXPDQFLDHVWDFLRQDOHQWUHORVYDOOHVGHFXHQFDGHOLQWHULRUGHODPRQWDxDHOSLHGHPRQWHGHOD&RUGLOOHUD)URQW \ORVERVTXHVGHPRQWDxD\ODWXQGUDDOSLQDGHDOWDVDOWLWXGHVGHVDUUROODGDVSRUODVSREODFLRQHVLQGtJHQDVHVWUDWHJLDVTXHVRORGH YH]HQFXDQGRIXHURQPRGL¿FDGDVSRUODLQWURGXFFLyQGHQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV\ORVFLFORVGHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFR(OPRGHORLQFOX\H WDPELpQORVGDWRVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHVKLVWyULFRVTXHGRFXPHQWDQORVFDPELRVSDOHRFOLPiWLFRV\SDOHRHFROyJLFRVTXHHQHOSDVDGR DIHFWDURQHOPHGLRQDWXUDOGHPRQWDxDGHHVWDUHJLyQ\PLWLJDURQORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVGHODVHVSHFLHVPLJUDWRULDVGHDQLPDOHVGH FD]D\SRURWURODGRODVHVWUDWHJLDVGHDGDSWDFLyQGHFXDWURFLHQWDVJHQHUDFLRQHVGHFD]DGRUHVUHFROHFWRUHVQDWLYRVDPHULFDQRV Palabras clave: 0RQWDxDV5RFRVDV0HULGLRQDOHV3DUTXHQDFLRQDOGHODV0RQWDxDV5RFRVDVSDOHRFOLPDWUDVKXPDQFLDHVWDFLRQDO H[FXUVLRQHVGHFD]DFDPSRVEDVH6LVWHPDGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUi¿FD *,6 DEDVWHFLPLHQWROtWLFRFD]DGRUHVUHFROHFWRUHVWHRUtD GHODE~VTXHGDGHDOLPHQWR 46 Robert H. Brunswig INTRODUCTION 5RFN\0RXQWDLQ1DWLRQDO3DUN 5013 LQ&RORUDGR¶V6RXWKHUQ5RFN\0RXQWDLQVZDVFUHDWHG LQ DQG WRGD\ LV RQH RI WKH PRVW RIWHQ YLVLWHG QDWLRQDO SDUNV LQ WKH ZHVWHUQ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV $UFKHRORJLFDOHYLGHQFHIURPKXQGUHGVRISUHKLVWRULFVLWHVLQWKH3DUNDQGLWVDGMDFHQWUHJLRQDWWHVWVWR PLOOHQQLDRIZHOORUJDQL]HGH[SORLWDWLRQRILWVYDULHGODQGVFDSHVDQGWKHLUHFRQRPLFUHVRXUFHV )LJ ,QDYHU\UHDOVHQVHWKH3DUNFRQVWLWXWHVDFRPSOH[SDOLPSVHVWRURYHUOD\HUHGDFFXPXODWLRQVRI ancient through modern natural and cultural landscapes. It is now apparent those landscapes evolved and changed through more than eleven millennia of adaptive Native American subsistence and socio- cultural strategies designed to accommodate dozens of natural cycles of climatic-environmental FKDQJHIURP/DWH,FH$JHWRHDUO\KLVWRULFWLPHV,WLVWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHIROORZLQJDUWLFOHWRGHVFULEH and present evidence for a model of early prehistoric through historic era seasonal transhumance that, subject to broad periods of climatic and ecological change, was established and persisted with modest FXOWXUDODOWHUDWLRQVVLQFHWKHHQGRIWKH3OHLVWRFHQH Figure 1. *HRJUDSKLF,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP *,6 ORFDWLRQPDSRI5RFN\0RXQWDLQ1DWLRQDO3DUNDQGLWVDGMDFHQW LQWHULRUSDUNODQGYDOOH\V1RUWK3DUNDQG0LGGOH3DUN Modeling Eleven Millennia of Seasonal Transhumance and Subsistence in Colorado 47 EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS OF CULTURAL AND NATURAL LANDSCAPES: HUNTER-GATHERER ECONOMIC AND COGNITIVE SYSTEMS THROUGH THE MILLENNIA 3DUN HQYLURQPHQWDO ]RQHV ULVH IURP ORZHVW HOHYDWLRQ a P PRQWDQH IRUHVWV dominated by ponderosa pine ( 3LQXVSRQGHURVD ) which, as elevations increase, transition to Douglas )LU 3VHXGRWVXJDPHQ]LHVLL ) and interspersed stands of aspen ( 3RSXOXVWUHPXORLGHV ) and lodgepole pine ( 3LQXVFRQWRUWD 7KHQH[WDQGKLJKHVWVXEDOSLQHIRUHVW]RQH aP LVGRPLQDWHGE\ Englemann spruce ( 3LFHDHQJHOPDQQL ,QWHUVSHUVHGWKURXJKRXWWKHSDUN¶VIRUHVW]RQHVDUHRSHQJUDVV and forb meadows, frequently located within or near stream and rivers corridors and run-off drainages. 6XEDOSLQHIRUHVWLVVXFFHHGHGLQPRVWDUHDVE\DWUDQVLWLRQDO HFRWRQH ]RQHRINUXPPKRO] VFDWWHUHG LVODQGVRIVWXQWHGGZDUIVSUXFHDQG¿UEXVKHVDQGWUHHV LQWHUVSHUVHGZLWKRSHQVSDFHVRIDOSLQH JUDVVHVDQGIRUEV)LQDOO\WKHSDUN¶VKLJKHVWHQYLURQPHQWDO]RQH aP LVDOSLQHWXQGUD consisting of exposed tree-less alpine grass and sedge meadows with occasional low shrubs (e.g., willow- 6DOL[ DUFWLFD LQ ZLQGVKHOWHUHG DUHDV$OSLQH WXQGUD LV WKH PRVW VLJQL¿FDQW HQYLURQPHQWDO zone for past Native American hunter-gatherers since it has almost continuously provided rich summer forage for migratory game animals for millennia. 5RFN\0RXQWDLQ1DWLRQDO3DUN¶V1DWLYH$PHULFDQFXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHRQFHHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKH/DWH 3OHLVWRFHQHDFFXPXODWHGDQGHYROYHGDVLWVFOLPDWHVDQGHFRV\VWHPVF\FOHGWKURXJKVXEWOHDQGDWWLPHV VXEVWDQWLDOHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHVDVUHJLRQDOKXPDQSRSXODWLRQVDGDSWHGLQYHQWHGPRGL¿HGDQG adopted new internally developed and externally introduced technologies and subsistence strategies. 2QFHLQSODFHWKRVHVWUDWHJLHVZHUHPDLQWDLQHGIRUPLOOHQQLDZLWKHYROYLQJFXOWXUDODGDSWDWLRQVDQG occasional infusions of new technologies and in-migration of native groups from outside the region. Almost without exception, Native American adaptive strategies involved variations of annual spring WKURXJKIDOOPLJUDWLRQVRIKXQWHUJDWKHUHUEDQGVLQWRWKH3DUNIURPDGMDFHQWZLQWHULQJWHUULWRULHVRI ERUGHULQJHDVWHUQIRRWKLOOVDQGZHVWHUQPRXQWDLQYDOOH\SDUNODQGVWRH[SORLWLWVULFKZDUPVHDVRQ UHVRXUFHVRIJDPHDQGHGLEOHSODQWVDQGODWHVXPPHUHDUO\IDOORXWPLJUDWLRQIURPWKH3DUNZLWKRQVHW RIZLQWHU2YHUZLQWHULQJLQWKHFXUUHQW3DUN¶VRZQYDOOH\VSDUWLFXODUO\WKHPLOGHU(VWHV3DUNYDOOH\RQ its eastern border, undoubtedly occurred at times, particularly in milder and warmer periods such as the broadly warmer-than-present climatic episode often termed the Altithermal or Hypsithermal in North $PHULFD FD&FDO\UES FI%HQHGLFWDQG2OVRQ%UXQVZLJE'RHUQHU 0HOW]HU EXWLWVVXPPHULQKDELWDQWVEDVHGRQSUHVHQWDUFKHRORJLFDOUHFRUGDQG historic ethnographic evidence, more frequently wintered in lower elevation, more sheltered mountain EDVLQVDJHEUXVKSDUNVWHSSHODQGYDOOH\VRUOHVVFRPPRQO\LQHDVWHUQ)URQW5DQJHIRRWKLOOVRXWVLGH LWVPRGHUQERXQGDULHV7KHVHVDPHLQWHULRUPRXQWDLQYDOOH\VDQGHDVWHUQ)URQW5DQJHIRRWKLOOVLQ historic times are documented as containing resident bison herds and pronghorn antelope populations DVZHOODVKDYLQJVHUYHGDVZLQWHUUDQJHVIRURWKHUPDMRUJDPHVSHFLHV HONGHHUDQGUDUHO\ELVRQ ZKLFKPLJUDWHGWRWKH3DUN¶VKLJKWXQGUDSDVWXUHODQGVLQVXPPHUDQGHDUO\IDOO ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORIC AND PALEOCLIMATE/ 3$/(2(&2/2*,&$/5(&25'62)52&.<02817$,11$7,21$/ 3$5.$1',765(*,21 6\VWHPZLGH$UFKDHRORJLFDO,QYHQWRU\3URJUDP 6$,3 VXUYH\VDQGWHVWH[FDYDWLRQVLQ5RFN\ Mountain National conducted by the University of Northern Colorado (1998 to 2002) were one of the PRVWH[WHQVLYHUHVHDUFKSURJUDPVHYHUGRQHLQWKH6RXWKHUQ5RFN\0RXQWDLQV FI%UXQVZLJD E 7KHXQLYHUVLW\¶VSDUNUHVHDUFKSURJUDPZKLFKHPSOR\HG&RORUDGRXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVDQG 48 Robert H. Brunswig was highly interdisciplinary in nature, involved several years of large-scale archaeological surface surveys, test excavations, and extensive paleoclimate and paleoecology research. Despite intensive survey of 12,140 hectares (30,000 acres), one of the project’s central research questions, whether HYLGHQFH RI H[WHQGHG ZLQWHU HQFDPSPHQWV H[LVWHG ZLWKLQ 3DUN ERXQGDULHV UHPDLQHG XQDQVZHUHG +RZHYHUSURMHFWUHVHDUFKHUVGLGGRFXPHQWVLJQL¿FDQWHYLGHQFHLQWKHIRUPRIWKRXVDQGVRISURMHFWLOH points, stone tools, pottery, and site radiocarbon dates, a thirteen thousand year presence of Native $PHULFDQ KXQWHUJDWKHUHUV LQ WKH 3DUN GDWLQJ IURP &RORUDGR¶V HDUOLHVW NQRZQ LQKDELWDQWV &ORYLV culture) to the late 19th century when regional historic tribes were restricted to reservations far outside PRGHUQ3DUNERXQGDULHV7DEOHVXPPDUL]HVWKHVHTXHQFHRI3DUNFXOWXUDORFFXSDWLRQVIURPWKH/DWH 3OHLVWRFHQHWRWKHKLVWRULFHUDZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIFXUUHQWO\UHFRJQL]HGDUFKDHRORJLFDOWUDGLWLRQV whose chronology is well-established by radiocarbon-dating throughout the western U.S. Summary GHWDLOV RI WKDW IUDPHZRUN DQG LWV DEVROXWH FKURQRORJ\ DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ 7DEOH LWV UDGLRFDUERQ chronology shown as both conventional date and calendar-age (calibrated) date ranges. The calendar- age date ranges, which account for past variations in earth’s atomospheric radiocarbon reservoir (cf., %URQN5DPVH\HWDO5HLPHUHWDO ZHUHFRUUHFWHGXVLQJ2[FDOFRUUHFWLRQVRIWZDUH
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