Towards a Post-American Europe: A Power Audit of EU-US Relations
Jeremy Shapiro and Nick Witney ABOUT ECFR The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) Mark Leonard Felix Mengel is the first pan-European think-tank. Launched in Executive Director Advocacy and Communications October 2007, its objective is to conduct research [email protected] Officer and promote informed debate across Europe on the [email protected] development of coherent, effective and values-based Ulrike Guérot European foreign policy. Senior Policy Fellow Pierre Noël Head of Berlin Office Policy Fellow ECFR has developed a strategy with three distinctive [email protected] [email protected] elements that define its activities: Thomas Klau Tom Nuttall Head of Paris Office Editor A pan-European Council. ECFR has brought [email protected] [email protected] together a distinguished Council of over one hundred Members – politicians, decision makers, thinkers Vessela Tcherneva Katherine Parkes and business people from the EU’s member states Senior Policy Fellow PA to Executive Director and candidate countries – which meets twice a year Head of Sofia office [email protected] as a full body. Through geographical and thematic [email protected] task forces, members provide ECFR staff with advice Nicu Popescu and feedback on policy ideas and help with ECFR’s José Ignacio Torreblanca Policy Fellow activities within their own countries. The Council is Senior Policy Fellow [email protected] chaired by Martti Ahtisaari, Joschka Fischer and Head of Madrid Office [email protected] Ellen Riotte Mabel van Oranje. Advocacy and Communications Anthony Dworkin Officer A physical presence in the main EU member Senior Policy Fellow [email protected] states. ECFR, uniquely among European think-tanks, [email protected] has offices in Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris and Sofia. Nina Ryopponen In the future ECFR plans to open offices in Rome, Dolores DeMercado Advocacy Assistant Warsaw and Brussels. Our offices are platforms for Personal Assistant [email protected] [email protected] research, debate, advocacy and communications. Jeremy Shapiro Marisa Figueroa non-resident Senior Policy Fellow A distinctive research and policy development Advocacy and Communications process. ECFR has brought together a team of Officer Vanessa Stevens distinguished researchers and practitioners from marisa.fi[email protected] Press Officer all over Europe to advance its objectives through [email protected] innovative projects with a pan-European focus. ECFR’s Nikoleta Gabrovska activities include primary research, publication of Advocacy and Communications Nicholas Walton policy reports, private meetings and public debates, Officer Head of Communications ‘friends of ECFR’ gatherings in EU capitals and [email protected] [email protected] outreach to strategic media outlets. François Godement Andrew Wilson Senior Policy Fellow Senior Policy Fellow ECFR is backed by the Soros Foundations Network, [email protected] the Spanish foundation FRIDE (La Fundación para las [email protected] Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior), Sigrid Richard Gowan Nick Witney Rausing, the Bulgarian Communitas Foundation and Policy Fellow Senior Policy Fellow the Italian UniCredit group. ECFR works in partnership [email protected] [email protected] with other organisations but does not make grants to individuals or institutions. Daniel Korski Stephanie Yates Senior Policy Fellow Advocacy Officer and www.ecfr.eu [email protected] Council Liaison [email protected] Alba Lamberti Head of Advocacy [email protected] TOWARDS A POST-AMERICAN EUROPE: A POWER AUDIT OF EU-US RELATIONS Jeremy Shapiro and Nick Witney
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How do they aim to get it? Strategies of ingratiation Infantilism and fetishism: Europe’s troubled psychology Chapter 3: Pragmatic America 41 From disaggregation to partnership The clash of cultures Global Strategy, Transatlantic Tactics Chapter 4: The Distorting Prism 51 Afghanistan Russia The Middle East Peace Process Conclusion: Time for a Post-American Europe 61 A post-American Europe in practice… … and how to get there ([HFXWLYHVXPPDU\ :HDUHQRZHQWHULQJD³SRVW$PHULFDQZRUOG´7KH&ROG:DULVIDGLQJLQWR KLVWRU\DQGJOREDOLVDWLRQLVLQFUHDVLQJO\UHGLVWULEXWLQJSRZHUWRWKH6RXWK DQGWKH(DVW7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVKDVXQGHUVWRRGWKLVDQGLVZRUNLQJWRUHSODFH LWVEULHÀ\KHOGJOREDOGRPLQDQFHZLWKDQHWZRUNRISDUWQHUVKLSVWKDWZLOO HQVXUHWKDWLWUHPDLQVWKH³LQGLVSHQVDEOHQDWLRQ´:KHUHGRHVWKLVOHDYHWKH WUDQVDWODQWLFUHODWLRQVKLS",VLWVLPSRUWDQFHLQHYLWDEO\VHWWRGHFOLQH",IVR GRHVWKLVPDWWHU"$QGKRZVKRXOG(XURSHDQVUHVSRQG" ,QWKLVUHSRUWZHDUJXHWKDWWKHUHDOWKUHDWWRWKHWUDQVDWODQWLFUHODWLRQVKLS FRPHVQRWIURPWKHUHPDNLQJRI$PHULFD¶VJOREDOVWUDWHJ\EXWIURP(XURSHDQ 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LQGLYLGXDOPHPEHUVWDWHVDUHDOZD\VFODPRXULQJIRUDFFHVVDQGH[SHFWLQJWKH 86WRLQWHUYHQHLQLQWUD(XURSHDQGLVSXWHVIURPEDWWOHVEHWZHHQ*HUPDQ\ DQG,WDO\RYHUDSHUPDQHQWVHDWRQWKH816HFXULW\&RXQFLOWRWKRVHEHWZHHQ *UHHFHDQG0DFHGRQLDRYHUWKHRI¿FLDOQDPHRIWKHODWWHU%XWWLUHVRPHWKRXJK ³VSHFLDOUHODWLRQVKLSV´FDQEHIURPDQ$PHULFDQSRLQWRIYLHZWKH\DOVRHQDEOH GLYLGHDQGUXOHWDFWLFV )LQDOO\EHFDXVH(XURSHIHDUVWUDQVDWODQWLFKDUPRQ\VRPXFKLWLVHDV\IRUWKH 86WRVWURQJDUPHYHQWKHPRVWOR\DO$WODQWLFLVWDOOLHVDVDQGZKHQQHFHVVDU\WR IXUWKHULWVRZQLQWHUHVWV VHHWDEOHRSSRVLWH 46 7DEOH 1RWVRDYXQFXODU6DP Assembling The US strong-armed many of its allies to assemble the coalitions coalition for the Iraq invasion and even for Afghanistan. In 2003, then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld made it clear that there were “workarounds” if the UK did not participate in the Iraq invasion. In 2006, the crucial Dutch parliamentary vote over strengthening the country’s presence in Afghanistan was accompanied by pointed American warnings about economic fallout. Defence The US does not hesitate to block European defence trade/exports exports of which it disapproves. Recent examples include a Spanish sale of military transport planes to Venezuela and a Czech sale of their ‘Vera’ passive radiolocator to China. US opposition stalled the EU’s plan to lift the arms embargo on China, while US defence sales to Europe are always vigorously supported by the US government (for example, the US ambassador warned the Czechs of the “political and economic consequences” of their choice of combat aircraft). Jurisdiction The US induced Belgium to emasculate its ‘law of universal jurisdiction”, under which Belgium claimed criminal jurisdiction over non-citizens who had allegedly committed crimes against humanity beyond Belgian territory. The US threatened all European states – especially those looking for NATO membership – with a loss of military aid if they did not guarantee US citizens’ immunity from the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. The American Service-Members’ Protection Act (ASPA), nicknamed the Hague Invasion Act, authorises the president to use “all means neces- sary and appropriate” to gain release of US personnel detained by the ICC. Energy The US has pressed Austria, Hungary, and Greece to transfer support from the Russian South Stream gas pipeline project to the “Russia-free” Nabucco alternative. Iran sanctions The US has strong-armed many European companies, including German banks and Austria’s OMV oil company, over their dealings with Iran. 47 *OREDO6WUDWHJ\7UDQVDWODQWLF7DFWLFV 7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVLVWKLQNLQJVWUDWHJLFDOO\DERXWKRZWRSURVSHULQWKH³SRVW $PHULFDQZRUOG´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Security and defence; trade; human rights Estonia Security and defence; trade Finland International crisis management; trade France ESDP/NATO; crises – Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, etc.; Russia Germany Economic ties; security and defence; WMD proliferation Greece Turkey (and Cyprus); Macedonia; gas pipelines Hungary Russia; energy security; discomfort over “war on terror” Ireland Inward investment; emigration; counterterrorism (rendition) Italy Security and defence; trade; Russia Latvia Security and defence; democracy promotion in Eastern Democracy; technology (energy) Lithuania Democracy promotion in Eastern neighbourhood; security and defence; economic and energy co-operation Luxembourg Inward investment; tax-haven complaints Malta Security and defence; US help over illegal immigration; trade Netherlands Trade and investment; security and defence; global governance/ human rights Poland Security and defence; missile defence; Russia Portugal Security and defence; trade and investment; Portuguese community in US Romania Security and defence; visa liberalisation; corruption Slovakia Defence; trade Slovenia Stability in the Balkans; investment; education/science co-operation Spain Economic relations; science/education; US Middle East policies Sweden Security and defence; trade; alternative energy United Kingdom Security and defence; economic co-operation; climate change 69 $QQH[ (XURSHDQV¶DVVHWVDQGOHYHUV YLVjYLVWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV 70 Austria Neutrality; Balkans expertise; Vienna Belgium Geographical location (business and political crossroads); business environment Bulgaria Loyalty (since 1999 Kosovo war); Balkans expertise; new US base Cyprus Greece (and Greek lobby in US); geographical location Czech Republic Military co-operation; missile defence; support of US democratisation agenda Denmark Legitimisation of US security policies Estonia Support of US “freedom” agenda in Eastern neighbourhood; military co-operation Finland Mediation skills and capacity; technology France Independence, influence in Europe; armed forces; economy Germany Cultural ties; influence in Europe; economic power Greece Geographical location; diaspora/lobby in US; military bases Hungary NATO membership; geographical location (Balkans); EU membership Ireland Cultural ties; low taxes Italy Geographical location; US bases; elite Atlanticist sympathies Latvia Support of US positions; geographical location; exemplar of recovered independence Lithuania Support of US positions; geographical location; support for US “freedom” agenda Luxembourg Low taxes; geographical location; counter-terrorism co-operation Malta Arab links; geographical location; massive new US embassy site Netherlands Historical ties; investment; military co-operation Poland Strategic ally; cultural ties Portugal Azores base; Africa expertise; desire to bridge Romania US bases; other defence and security co-operation Slovakia Defence co-operation Slovenia Balkans expertise Spain Counterterrorism co-operation; US bases Sweden Knowledge and technology; peacekeeping contributor United Kingdom Loyal ally (US bases); cultural and linguistic ties; leading investor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¶+DQORQ%URRNLQJV3UHVV DQG$OOLHVDW:DU $PHULFD (XURSHDQGWKH&ULVLVRYHU,UDT ZLWK3KLOLS*RUGRQ0F*UDZ+LOO DQ DQDO\VLVRIWKHWUDQVDWODQWLFGLSORPDF\RYHU,UDT%HWZHHQ-XQH-XO\ -HUHP\VHUYHGRQDFLYLOLDQDVVHVVPHQWWHDPLQ$IJKDQLVWDQFRQWULEXWLQJWR 86FRPPDQGHU*HQ6WDQOH\0F&KU\VWDO¶VVWUDWHJLFUHYLHZSURFHVV 1LFN:LWQH\MRLQHGWKH(XURSHDQ&RXQFLORQ)RUHLJQ5HODWLRQV (&)5 IURP WKH(XURSHDQ'HIHQFH$JHQF\ZKLFKKHZDVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUVHWWLQJXSLQ DQGWKHQUDQDVLWV¿UVW&KLHI([HFXWLYH+LVHDUOLHUFDUHHUZDVGLYLGHGEHWZHHQ WKH8.GLSORPDWLFVHUYLFHDQGWKH8.0LQLVWU\RI'HIHQFH+LVH[SHULHQFHRI WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVEHJDQZLWKIRXU\HDUVLQ:DVKLQJWRQ WR DV3ULYDWH 6HFUHWDU\WRWZR%ULWLVK$PEDVVDGRUV)URP KHHQMR\HGDVDEEDWLFDO ZLWK5$1'LQ6DQWD0RQLFD&DOLIRUQLD/DWHUZLWKVHQLRUUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV¿UVW IRUWKH8.¶VGHIHQFHHTXLSPHQWSURJUDPPHDQGWKHQIRULQWHUQDWLRQDOVHFXULW\ SROLF\KHZDVFORVHO\LQYROYHGLQWUDQVDWODQWLFLVVXHVWKURXJKWKHODWHU&OLQWRQ DQG%XVK$GPLQLVWUDWLRQV1LFN¶VSXEOLFDWLRQVLQFOXGH:HVWHUQ(XURSHDQ 1XFOHDU)RUFHV ZLWK2OLYLHUGH%RX]\DQG5REHUW$/HYLQH±WKH5$1' &RUSRUDWLRQ DQG5H(QHUJLVLQJ(XURSH¶V6HFXULW\DQG'HIHQFH3ROLF\D PDMRU(&)55HSRUWRI ECFR COUNCIL Among members of the Svetoslav Bojilov (Bulgaria) Jean-Luc Dehaene (Belgium) European Council on Foreign Founder, Communitas Foundation Member of European Parliament; Relations are former prime and President of Venture Equity former Prime Minister ministers, presidents, European Bulgaria Ltd. commissioners, current and Gianfranco Dell’Alba (Italy) former parliamentarians and Emma Bonino (Italy) Director, Confederation of Italian ministers, public intellectuals, Vice President of the Senate; Industry (Confindustria) - Brussels business leaders, activists and former EU Commissioner office; former Member of European cultural figures from the EU John Bruton (Ireland) Parliament member states and candidate European Commission’s Pavol Demeš (Slovakia) countries. Ambassador to the USA; former Director, German Marshall Fund of Prime Minister (Taoiseach) the United States (Bratislava) Asger Aamund (Denmark) President and CEO, A. J. Aamund Ian Buruma Tibor Dessewffy (Hungary) A/S and Chairman of Bavarian (The Netherlands) President, DEMOS Hungary Nordic A/S Writer and academic Andrew Duff Urban Ahlin (Sweden) Gunilla Carlsson (Sweden) (United Kingdom) Deputy Chairman of the Foreign Minister for International Member of European Parliament Affairs Committee and foreign Development Cooperation Hans Eichel (Germany) policy spokesperson for the Social Manuel Castells (Spain) MP; former Finance Minister Democratic Party Professor, Universitat Oberta Sarmite Elerte (Latvia) de Catalunya and University of Martti Ahtisaari (Finland) Chairperson, Baltic to Black Sea Southern California Chairman of the Board, Crisis Alliance (BBSA); former Editor-in- Management Initiative; former Charles Clarke chief of daily newspaper Diena President (United Kingdom) Uffe Ellemann-Jensen Giuliano Amato (Italy) MP; former Home Secretary (Denmark) former Prime Minister and Nicola Clase (Sweden) Chairman, Baltic Development vice President of the European Associate, Weatherhead Center, Forum; former Foreign Minister Convention Harvard University; former State Brian Eno (United Kingdom) Secretary Hannes Androsch (Austria) Musician and Producer Founder, AIC Androsch Daniel Cohn-Bendit International Management Steven Everts (Germany) (The Netherlands) Consulting Member of European Parliament Personal Representative of Lluís Bassets (Spain) Robert Cooper the Secretary-General/High Deputy Director, El País (United Kingdom) Representative for Energy and Marek Belka (Poland) Director General for External and Foreign Policy Director, European Department, Politico-Military Affairs, Council of Gianfranco Fini (Italy) the EU International Monetary Fund; President, Chamber of Deputies; former Prime Minister Massimo D’Alema (Italy) former Foreign Minister Roland Berger (Germany) President, Italianieuropei Joschka Fischer (Germany) Foundation; former Prime Minister Founder and Chairman, Roland former Foreign Minister and vice- and Foreign Minister Berger Strategy Consultants GmbH Chancellor Erik Berglöf (Sweden) Marta Dassù (Italy) Jaime Gama (Portugal) Director General International Chief Economist, European Speaker of the Parliament; former Activities, Aspen Institute Italia Bank for Reconstruction and Foreign Minister Development Etienne Davignon (Belgium) Timothy Garton Ash Jan Krzysztof Bielecki President, Friends of Europe; (United Kingdom) former Vice President of the (Poland) Professor of European Studies, European Commission President, Bank Pekao SA; Oxford University former Prime Minister Aleš Debeljak (Slovenia) Anthony Giddens Carl Bildt (Sweden) Poet and Cultural Critic (United Kingdom) Foreign Minister Emeritus Professor, London School of Economics Teresa Patricio Gouveia Wolfgang Ischinger Helena Luczywo (Poland) (Portugal) (Germany) Deputy Editor-in-chief, Gazeta Trustee to the Board of the Chairman, Munich Security Wyborcza Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation; Conference; Global Head of Adam Lury (United Kingdom) former Foreign Minister Government Affairs Allianz SE CEO, Menemsha Ltd Heather Grabbe Lionel Jospin (France) Alain Minc (France) (United Kingdom) former Prime Minister Head of AM Conseil; former Executive Director, Open Society Mary Kaldor chairman, Le Monde Institute – Brussels (United Kingdom) Nickolay Mladenov (Bulgaria) Jean-Marie Guéhenno Professor, London School of Defence Minister; former Member (France) Economics of European Parliament Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution Glenys Kinnock and Center on International (United Kingdom) Dominique Moisi (France) Cooperation (New York University); Senior Adviser, IFRI Minister for Africa; former Member former Under-Secretary-General of European Parliament Pierre Moscovici (France) for Peacekeeping Operations at MP; former Minister for European the UN Olli Kivinen (Finland) Affairs Fernando Andresen Writer and columnist Guimarães (Portugal) Gerald Knaus (Austria) Nils Muiznieks (Latvia) Director, Advanced Social and Adviser to European Commission Chairman, European Stability Political Research Institute, President José Manuel Barroso Initiative and Open Society Fellow University of Latvia Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg Caio Koch-Weser (Germany) Hildegard Müller (Germany) (Germany) Vice Chairman, Deutsche Bank Chairwoman, BDEW Minister of Economics and Group; former State Secretary Bundesverband der Energie- und Technology Rem Koolhaas Wasserwirtschaft István Gyarmati (Hungary) (The Netherlands) Wolfgang Münchau President and CEO, International Architect and urbanist; Professor (Germany) Centre for Democratic Transition at the Graduate School of Design, President, Eurointelligence ASBL Harvard University Hans Hækkerup (Denmark) Kalypso Nicolaïdis Chairman, Defence Commission; Ivan Krastev (Bulgaria) (Greece/France) former Defence Minister Chair of Board, Centre for Liberal Professor of International Relations, Strategies Pierre Hassner (France) University of Oxford Research Director emeritus, CERI Mart Laar (Estonia) Christine Ockrent (Belgium) (Sciences-PO) MP; former Prime Minister CEO, Audiovisuel Extérieur de Annette Heuser (Germany) Miroslav Lajcˇák (Slovakia) la France Executive Director, Bertelsmann Foreign Minister; former High Andrzej Olechowski (Poland) Foundation Washington DC Representative and EU Special former Foreign Minister Diego Hidalgo (Spain) Representative in Bosnia Herzegovina Dick Oosting Co-founder of Spanish newspaper (The Netherlands) El País; President, FRIDE Pascal Lamy (France) Europe Director, International Honorary President, Notre Europe Michiel van Hulten Centre for Transitional Justice (The Netherlands) and Director-General of WTO; former EU Commissioner Mabel van Oranje Managing Director, Government (The Netherlands) Relations, Burson-Marsteller Mark Leonard CEO, The Elders Brussels; former Member of (United Kingdom) European Parliament Executive Director, European Marcelino Oreja Aguirre Anna Ibrisagic (Sweden) Council on Foreign Relations (Spain) Member of the Board, Fomento de Member of European Parliament Juan Fernando López Aguilar (Spain) Construcciones y Contratas; former Jaakko Iloniemi (Finland) EU Commissioner Member of European Parliament; CEO, UNIFIN; former Executive former Minister of Justice Director, Crisis Management Initiative Leoluca Orlando (Italy) Albert Rohan (Austria) Loukas Tsoukalis (Greece) MP and President, Sicilian former Secretary General for Professor, University of Athens and Renaissance Institute Foreign Affairs President, ELIAMEP Cem Özdemir (Germany) Dariusz Rosati (Poland) Erkki Tuomioja (Finland) Leader, Bündnis90/Die Grünen former Foreign Minister MP; former Foreign Minister (Green Party) Adam D. Rotfeld (Poland) Vaira Vike- Freiberga (Latvia) Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa Chairman of the UN Secretary former President (Italy) General’s Advisory Board on Antonio Vitorino (Portugal) President, Notre Europe; former Disarmament Matters; former Lawyer; former EU Commissioner chairman of IMF and former Foreign Minister Minister of Economy and Finance Daniel Sachs (Sweden) Gijs de Vries (The Netherlands) Member of the Board, Netherlands Ana Palacio (Spain) CEO, Proventus Court of Audit; former EU Counter- Senior Vice President for Pierre Schori (Sweden) Terrorism Coordinator International Affairs and Marketing, Chair of Olof Palme Memorial AREVA; former Foreign Minister Stephen Wall Fund; former Director General, (United Kingdom) Simon Panek FRIDE; former SRSG to Cote d´Ivoire (Czech Republic) Chair of the Federal Trust; Vice Chair Giuseppe Scognamiglio (Italy) of Business for New Europe; former Chairman, People in Need Head of Institutional and EU adviser to Tony Blair Foundation International Relations, UniCredit Chris Patten Andre Wilkens (Germany) (United Kingdom) Narcís Serra (Spain) Director for International Relations, Chair of CIDOB Foundation; former Stiftung Mercator Chancellor of Oxford University and Vice President co-chair of the International Crisis Shirley Williams Group; former EU Commissioner Elif Shafak (Turkey) (United Kingdom) Diana Pinto (France) Writer Professor Emeritus, Kennedy School of Government; former Leader of Historian and author Wolfgang Schüssel (Austria) the Liberal Democrats in the House MP; former Chancellor Jean Pisani-Ferry (France) of Lords Director, Bruegel and Professor at Karel Schwarzenberg Carlos Alonso Zaldívar (Spain) Universite Paris-Dauphine (Czech Republic) Ambassador to Brazil Ruprecht Polenz (Germany) MP; former Minister of Foreign Affairs MP and Chairman of the Bundestag Foreign Affairs Aleksander Smolar (Poland) Committee Chairman of the Board, Stefan Lydie Polfer (Luxembourg) Batory Foundation MP; former Foreign Minister George Soros (Hungary/USA) Andrew Puddephatt Chairman, Open Society Institute (United Kingdom) Goran Stefanovski Director, Global Partners & (Macedonia) Associated Ltd. Writer Vesna Pusic´ (Croatia) Dominique Strauss-Kahn MP, President of the National (France) Committee for Monitoring the Managing Director, International EU Accession Negotiations and Monetary Fund; former Finance Professor of Sociology, University Minister of Zagreb Alexander Stubb (Finland) Sigrid Rausing Foreign Minister (United Kingdom) Michael Stürmer (Germany) Founder, Sigrid Rausing Trust Chief Correspondent, Die Welt George Robertson Helle Thorning Schmidt (United Kingdom) (Denmark) former Secretary General of NATO Leader of the Social Democratic Party ECFR PUBLICATIONS New World Order: The Balance of Soft The Limits of Enlargement-lite: European Power and the Rise of Herbivorous Powers and Russian Power in the Troubled Ivan Krastev and Mark Leonard Neighbourhood October 2007 (ECFR/01) Nicu Popescu and Andrew Wilson, June 2009 (ECFR/14) A Power Audit of EU-Russia Relations Mark Leonard and Nicu Popescu, November The EU and human rights at the UN: 2009 2007 (ECFR/02) annual review Richard Gowan and Franziska Brantner, Poland’s second return to Europe? September 2009 (ECFR/15) Paweł Swieboda, December 2007 (ECFR/03) What does Russia think? Afghanistan: Europe’s forgotten war edited by Ivan Krastev, Mark Leonard and Daniel Korski, January 2008 (ECFR/04) Andrew Wilson, September 2009 (ECFR/16) Meeting Medvedev: The Politics of the Supporting Moldova’s Democratic Transition Putin Succession Nicu Popescu, October 2009 (ECFR/17) Andrew Wilson, February 2008 (ECFR/05) Can the EU rebuild failing states? A review Re-energising Europe’s Security and of Europe’s Civilian Capacities Defence Policy by Daniel Korski and Richard Gowan, October Nick Witney, July 2008 (ECFR/06) 2009 (ECFR/18) Can the EU win the Peace in Georgia? Nicu Popescu, Mark Leonard and Andrew Wilson, August 2008 (ECFR/07) A Global Force for Human Rights? An Audit of European Power at the UN Richard Gowan and Franziska Brantner, September 2008 (ECFR/08) Beyond Dependence: How to deal with Russian Gas Pierre Noel, November 2008 (ECFR/09) Re-wiring the US-EU relationship Daniel Korski, Ulrike Guerot and Mark Leonard, December 2008 (ECFR/10) Shaping Europe’s Afghan Surge Daniel Korski, March 2009 (ECFR/11) A Power Audit of EU-China Relations John Fox and Francois Godement, April 2009 (ECFR/12) Beyond the “War on Terror”: Towards a New Transatlantic Framework for Counterterrorism Anthony Dworkin, May 2009 (ECFR/13) 'HVLJQE\'DYLG&DUUROO &RGDYLGFDUUROODQGFRFRP “A report … published by the European “As this well-researched report shows, the Council on Foreign Relations … urges US needs strong partners in a multi-polar European Union governments to shake world that it no longer dominates. It is up off illusions about the trans-Atlantic to Europe to stand up and be counted. relationship if they wanted to avoid global Otherwise, it risks falling into oblivion.” irrelevance.” Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, former Prime The New York Times, 1 November 2009 Minister of Poland “It would be nice to think … [that there is] “The Lisbon Treaty gives the EU the tools it an exceptionally warm and constructive needs for an active foreign policy. What this relationship between the Obama striking report tells Europeans is how to talk administration and its EU allies. But as a to the US. All that remains outstanding is timely new report by the European Council what Europe wants to say.” on Foreign Relations points out, the real Andrew Duff, Member of the European picture is less rosy.” Parliament for the United Kingdom Financial Times, 2 November 2009 “A revealing analysis published today by “Europe can be stronger than it thinks and, the European Council on Foreign Relations as this report makes clear, the US wants it goes straight to the point and asks whether to be a more assertive player.” Europe has wasted its Obama moment.” Joschka Fischer, former Foreign Minister Gavin Hewitt, BBC Europe Editor, of Germany 2 November 2009 “This report is a wake up call to European “A new paper by the European Council on leaders on their relationships with the US Foreign Relations timed to coincide with the - they should decide what they want and latest EU-US summit … centres on a clever what they are willing to take responsibility and important thought … that America is for if they are to have any say over well underway with its analysis on how to important issues like Afghanistan and operate in a “post-American world”. But EU climate change. It should be on every EU leaders … have not yet come to grips with foreign minister’s desk.” the idea.” Emma Bonino, Vice President of the The Economist, 2 November 2009 Italian Senate (&)5 ,6%1