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Developing Biological Control of Alliaria Petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara

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Developing Biological Control of Alliaria Petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara C O N S E R V A T I O N I S S U E S ABSTRACT: Invasive nonindigenous plants are a primary threat to native species and the integrity of natural areas by causing changes in species composition and ecosystem processes. For many of the most invasive species, natural area managers lack species-specific and successful long-term management options. Moreover, repeated use of fire, herbicides, flooding, mowing, and other management options may have negative impacts on native species. Increasingly, land managers are considering biological weed control—the introduction of host-specific natural enemies from the native range of a nonindig- • enous plant species. The spread of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata [M. Bieb.] Cavara and Grande), a European biennial herb, through forests of the eastern and midwestern United States and Canada has caused great concern. In 1998 a biological control program for garlic mustard was initiated and the Developing search for potential biological control agents began in western Europe. Garlic mustard is under little herbivore pressure in North America, whereas 70 insect herbivores and 7 fungi are associated with this plant in Europe. While most of these species are not sufficiently host-specific to be considered for Biological Control introduction into North America, five monophagous weevils and an oligophagous flea beetle that attack seeds, stems, and roots of garlic mustard were selected for further study, based on the assumption that of Alliaria petiolata simultaneous attack of different plant parts will provide superior control. Although literature records and preliminary investigations suggest that these herbivores have a very restricted host range, extensive experimental investigations will assess whether these insects are safe for introduction to North America. (M. Bieb.) Cavara Development of successful biological control for garlic mustard will allow natural area managers to incorporate release of host-specific herbivores into their management strategy. and Grande Desarrollo de Control Biológico para Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara y (Garlic Mustard) Grande (Garlic Mustard) RESUMEN: Las plantas invasoras alóctonas son el problema principal de las especies nativas y la causa de los cambios de composición de especies y procesos de los ecosistemas. Para la mayoría de las Bernd Blossey1 especies de mayor poder invasor, los encargados de las áreas naturales carecen de opciones de manejo a largo plazo específicas para cada especie. Más aún, el uso repetido del fuego, herbicidas, inundación, Department of Natural Resources cosecha, y otras opciones pueden tener un impacto negativo en las especies nativas. Cada vez más los Fernow Hall encargados de las áreas naturales están considerando el control biológico de las semillas – la introduc- Cornell University ción de un huésped específico original del área de distribución de la planta alócotna. La distribución Ithaca, NY 14853 USA de Alliaria petiolata [M. Bieb.] Cavara y Grande, una hierva europea bianual, en los bosques del este y del ‘midwest’ de los E.E.U.U. y Canadá ha causado una gran preocupación. En 1998 se inició un Victoria Nuzzo programa de control biológico de A. petiolata y se comenzó la búsqueda de un potencial agente de control biológico en el oeste de Europa. A. petiolata tiene muy poca herbivoría en norte América, Natural Area Consultants mientras que en Europa se encuentran 70 insectos y 7 hongos asociados a esta planta. La mayoría de 1403 Sovocool Hill Road esas especies no son huéspedes específicos para considerar su introducción en norte América, pero Groton, NY 13073 USA cinco gorgojos monófagos y un escarabajo pulga oligófago que ataca las semillas, tallos y raíces de A. petiolata han sido seleccionados para más estudios, basándose en la asumpción que el ataque simultáneo Hariet Hinz de las diferentes partes de la planta proveerá un mejor control. Aunque las publicaciones previas sugieren que estos herbívoros tienen un rango muy restringido de huéspedes, la investigación experi- Esther Gerber mental dirá si esos insectos son seguros para su introducción en norte América. El desarrollo exitoso CABI Bioscience Centre Switzerland del control de A. petiolata permitirá a los encargados de las áreas naturales incorporar la liberación de 1 Rue des Grillons huéspedes herbívoros específicos como estrategia de manejo. CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland Index terms: biological control, Ceutorhynchus, ground-layer vegetation, nonindigenous invasive species, Phyllotreta • INTRODUCTION dall 1996, Wilcove et al. 1998, Mack et al. 2000). At present, over 5000 plants have Invasive nonindigenous plants in natural been identified as naturalized in the Unit- areas alter species composition by pre- ed States, of which at least 10% are inva- 1 Corresponding author e-mail: venting recruitment or reproduction of sive (U.S. Congress Office of Technology [email protected] native species, change ecosystem process- Assessment 1993). Reasons for differences es such as fire regimes and nutrient cy- among species in invasiveness are poorly cling, and are considered one of the pri- understood (Williamson 1996), but lack of Natural Areas Journal 21:357–367 mary threats to rare and endangered species natural enemies, benign climates (Craw- (Usher 1988, MacDonald et al. 1989, Ran- ley 1989), shifts in resource allocation from Volume 21 (4), 2001 Natural Areas Journal 357 antiherbivore defenses to vegetative growth complete or partial control was achieved DISTRIBUTION AND SPREAD OF and reproduction (Blossey and Nötzold in over 80% of programs in New Zealand GARLIC MUSTARD IN NORTH 1995, Willis and Blossey 1999), and hy- and South Africa (Hoffmann 1995, Fowler AMERICA bridization (Ellstrand and Schierenbeck et al. 2000). Biological control, similar to Garlic mustard is native to northern Eu- 2000) have been implicated as factors con- chemical, mechanical, and physical con- rope, ranging from England to Sweden to tributing to the success of nonindigenous trol, may affect nontarget species (How- the western regions of the former USSR species. We have little power to predict arth 1991, Simberloff and Stiling 1996, (Turkestan, NW-Himalayas), India and Sri which species will be successful invaders Louda et al. 1997, Follett and Duan 2000, Lanka, and south to Italy and the Mediter- or which ecosystems may be particularly Pemberton 2000, Wajnberg et al. 2001). ranean basin (Tutin et al. 1964, Cavers et vulnerable to invasions (Williamson 1996, Current regulations (U.S. Department of al. 1979, Hegi 1986). The species has been Lonsdale 1999). However, maintaining the Agriculture 1999) incorporate measures introduced to New Zealand (Bangerter diversity of native species and the unique- to greatly improve decision-making pro- 1985) and North America, where it was ness of natural areas requires management cesses and avoid release of nonspecific first recorded on Long Island in 1868 (Nuz- of invasive species. herbivores (Gassmann and Louda 2001). zo 1993). Like many invasive European Yet risks to nontarget species must be species in North America, garlic mustard Ideally, long-term management of inva- weighed against risks of allowing invasive spread from the northeastern seaboard sive plants should be self sustaining and species to remain unchecked. westward (Figure 1) at a rate of approxi- economically feasible. Repeated use of fire, mately 366 km2 year-1 between 1868 and herbicides, flooding, or mowing may Garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata (M. 1929 (Nuzzo 1993). Rate of spread in- threaten species or communities of con- Bieb.) Cavara and Grande, a cool-season, creased to 1950 km2 year-1 between 1930 cern, and is often prohibitively expensive. shade-tolerant, obligate biennial herb, is and1949, and to 6400 km2 year-1 between Chemical treatment of purple loosestrife an important invader in forests of the east- 1950 and 1991 (Nuzzo 1993). By 2000, (Lythrum salicaria L.) often results in ern and midwestern United States and garlic mustard was most abundant in the short-term reductions, but the species re- Canada. Garlic mustard is one of the few northeastern and midwestern states, rang- invades within a few years, often in higher nonindigenous herbaceous species able to ing from southern Ontario south to Geor- abundances than in untreated areas (Skin- invade and dominate the understory of gia and Arkansas (Figure 1). Isolated oc- ner et al. 1994). A coordinated effort (at a North American forests. Although little currences are known from Utah and cost of about $200,000/year) targeting long-term research has been conducted to Colorado, and populations are established purple loosestrife on a watershed basis did document the impact of garlic mustard on in the Pacific Northwest (Figure 1) and not stop the spread of the species in Min- native ground-layer vegetation, sites in- appear to be spreading. Typically, garlic nesota, although efforts were successful in vaded by garlic mustard frequently have mustard spreads in an “advance-retreat” controlling small and isolated populations low native herbaceous species richness. pattern. Within Illinois forests, rate of without established seed banks (Blossey Garlic mustard has been implicated as the spread averaged 5.4 m year-1; however, et al. 2001). The failure to control purple cause of this low diversity (White et al. annual fluctuations ranged from advanc- loosestrife resulted in the development of 1993, Anderson et al. 1996, McCarthy ing as much as 36 m to retreating by 18 m a biological control program and the intro- 1997). Herbicide,
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