DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses A comparison between primary grasslands and abandoned quarries of the magnesian limestone, county Durham, with special reference to scrub invasion Allchin, Elizabeth How to cite: Allchin, Elizabeth (1993) A comparison between primary grasslands and abandoned quarries of the magnesian limestone, county Durham, with special reference to scrub invasion, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5686/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 A ·COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIMARY GRASSLANDS AND ABANDONED QUARRIES OF THE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE, COUNTY DURHAM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SCRUB INVASION by Elizabeth Allchin The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. A dissertation submitted in part fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology by advanced course. University of Durham 1993 ~ 8 MAR 1994 Epipactis atrorubens Acknowledgements I am very grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Brian Huntley for all his help and patience throughout the project. Dr. Tusi Butterfield provided help when it was in desperate need during data analysis. I must also thank Dr. Val Standen for her suggestions and criticism, and for driving me to Witton-le-Wear. Julie Stobbs at Durham County Council and Trina and John Barrett at English Nature provided information on management of the SSSis. I am also grateful to Jenny for having 'done it before' and helping with identification and to Sean for keeping me sane in the last week of writing up! Abstract Seven grassland Sites of Special Scientific Interest on the Magnesian Limestone of County Durham were botanically surveyed using the methodology of the National Vegetation Classification. Both primary grasslands and grassland developed in abandoned quarries were included, but the sampling was limited to open calcicolous grassland and scrub-invaded grassland, with areas of impenetrable scrub and woodland being avoided. Characteristic of these grasslands is blue moor grass, Ses/eria a/bicans, which reaches its southern lowland limit in County Durham. The results were analysed using multivariate techniques to reveal patterns in community composition and possible environmental factors causing this variation. Six main communities are described, comprising both grassland and scrub vegetation. A successional sequence linking these communities and their sub-communities is postulated. It is suggested that abandoned quarries are floristically different from primary grasslands, but may achieve similarity in time if there is a nearby seed source of S. a/bicans. Scrub invasion, mainly by hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna, is ubiquitous in both the primary and secondary grasslands and presents the major threat to the integrity of the limestone flora. The botanical survey reveals a significant change to the flora under scrub, with some of the low-growing calcicoles being partially replaced by tall nutrient-demanding grasses and herbaceous species. However, the invasion of willow (Salix spp.) at one of the abandoned quarries has had negligible impact on the ground flora. The two most common scrub species, hawthorn and dog rose (Rosa canina agg.) appear to have more influence on the ground flora than any other species. It is suggested that the age of these species is more important than density in altering the ground flora. The results of this investigation have been used to make tentative suggestions for management of the sites. Contents Chapter One- Introduction 1 1.1 Magnesian Limestone grasslands 1 1.2 Geology 3 1.3 Geomorphology 4 1.4 Soils 5 1.5 Climate 6 1.6 Quarrying 6 1.7 Vegetation history 7 1.8 Aims of this investigation 9 Chapter Two - Site descriptions 2.1 Trimdon 10 2.2 Bishop Middleham 11 2.3 Raisby Hill Grassland 14 2.4 Wingate 14 2.5 Pittington Hill 15 2.6 Thrislington Plantation 19 2.7 Cassop Vale 25 Chapter Three - Materials and methods 3.1 Sampling 27 3.2 Environmental measurements 28 3.3 Multivariate analysis 28 Chapter Four- Results 4.1 Classification of communities 30 4.2 Ordination 45 4.3 Canonical Correspondence Analysis 52 4.4 Specific effects of scrub invasion on soil pH and calcicolous species Chapter Five- Discussion 5.1 Succession 71 5.2 The impact of scrub on limestone 79 grassland vegetation 5.3 Effects of different scrub species 82 5.4 Differences between primary and 82 secondary grasslands 5.5 Suggestions for management 83 References 85 List of Tables 1.1 Some species at the edge of their range in County 2 Durham 1.2 Uses of Magnesian Limestone 7 3.1 Domin Scale of abundance 27 4.1 Summary of communities and sub-communities 32 4.2 Summary of Ses/eria a/bicans grassland community 33 and sub-communities 4.3 Summary of Crataegus monogyna scrub community 40 and sub-communities 4.4 Eigenvalues of the first 4 principal axes of variation in 45 the floristic data 4.5 Eigenvalues of DCA, CCA and 3 partial CCAs 52 4.6 Partial correlation coefficients, canonical coefficients 55 and t-values in PCCA 2 4.7 Partial correlation coefficients, canonical coefficients 62 and t-values in PCCA 3 4.8 The occurrence of seven calcicoles under scrub 69 5.1 Analysis of soils from Thrislington 80 List of Figures 1.1 Distribution map of Ses/eria a/bicans 1 1.2 Geological map of eastern County Durham 3 1.3 Distribution of soil types on the Magnesian Limestone 5 4.1 Species ordination 48 4.2 Samples ordination (codes) 49 4.3 Samples ordination 50 4.4 Selected species ordination 51 4.5 PCCA 2: Species 56 4.6 PCCA 2: Selected species 58 4.7 PCCA 2: Samples (codes) 59 4.8 PCCA 2: Samples 60 4.9 PCCA 3: Species 64 4.10 PCCA 3: Selected species 65 4.11 PCCA 3: Samples (codes) 66 List of Photographs Frontispiece Epipactis atrorubens 1 Sparsely colonised spoil heap at Bishop Middleham 12 2 Ses/eria a/bicans grassland at the rim of Bishop 12 Middleham Quarry (foreground) with Salix scrub colonising the quarry floor 3 Bee orchid (Ophrys apifera) at Bishop M iddleham 13 4 Scrub encroachment on Raisby Hill Grassland 16 5 Raisby Quarry Floor 16 6 Scrub encroachment at Wingate 17 7 Scrub encroachment at Wingate 17 8 Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) invasion on Pittington 18 Hill 9 Pittington Quarry 18 10 Mountain Everlasting (Antennaria dioica) at 20 Thrislington 11 Perennial flax (Unum perenne ssp. anglicum) at 21 Thrislington 12 Perennial flax and rock rose (Helianthemum 21 nummularium) at Thrislington 13 Dark red helleborine (Epipactis atrorubens) at 22 Thrislington 14 Ses/eria a/bicans grassland and scrub invasion at 23 Thrislington 15 Ses/eria a/bicans grassland and scrub invasion at 23 Thrislington 16 Sheep grazing at Thrislington 24 17 Acid grassland (foreground) and calcareous grassland 26 (background) at Cassop Vale 18 Gorse ( U/ex europaeus) and Brachypodium sy/vaticum 26 at Cassop Vale 19 Pyramidal orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis) in willow 74 scrub at Bishop Middleham 20 Common spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsi~ 75 21 Fragrant orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea) 76 22 Orchids in willow scrub at Bishop Middleham 78 List of Appendices 1 Site maps to show positions of quadrats 2 Phytosociological tables 3 Complete species list with codes 4 Description of releves 5 Species confined to primary and secondary grasslands 6 Species lists CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Magnesian Limestone Grasslands The total national resource of Magnesian Limestone grassland constitutes 270 ha, of which 177 ha are in County Durham and Tyne and Wear (English Nature, 1992). There are small pockets of grassland remaining in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire, but County Durham supports the largest remnants (Ratcliffe, 1977). These remnants comprise both 'primary' (unquarried) grasslands as well as secondary grasslands developed in abandonded quarries. Most of the original area of natural vegetation has been turned over to agriculture, so there are few areas of primary grassland remaining, most of which are on steep slopes which cannot be cultivated. These are subject to many pressures such as quarrying, agriculture, over-grazing, eutrophication, scrub invasion and recreation (Spencer, 1976). In 1975 Marren described the plight of the Magnesian Limestone as "critical, with many former sites reduced in interest, and others threatened with tipping, quarrying and scrub encroachment". In County Durham 430 ha, including woodlands, wetlands, grasslands and old quarries, retain wildlife habitat worthy of conservation. Of this, 70 ha (16%) have been destroyed since the end of the Second World War (Doody, 1977). For example, 10 of the original 24 ha in Bishop Middleham SSSI have been lost due to tipping and reworking. Scrub encroachment is perhaps the most widespread threat to the limestone flora. Pritchard (1989) suggests that approximately 60% of sites suffer from scrub invasion and that clearance of scrub could increase the amount of grassland by 15%. Not only does scrub shade out the ground flora, but the establishment of woody species can alter soil chemistry and pH (McCulloch, 1974).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WORLD WAR 1 Commemoration 2014 CONTENTS PAGE 1
    BISHOP MIDDLEHAM and MAINSFORTH WORLD WAR 1 Commemoration 2014 CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction 3. The Parish 8. The War 26. The War Memorial 27. The Men 32. WW2 33. Poetry Extracts and Pictures St Michael’s School 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bishop Middleham NEWTON HAILE Bishop Middleham Calendar NEWTON HAILE Parish Council Records NEWTON HAILE The Story of Bishop Middleham MRS DORIS CHATT, MRS DOROTHY TURNER MRS JESSIE WILKINSON. ‘Both Hands Before The Fire’ SPENCER WADE Kelly’s Directory 1914 North East War Memorials Project County Durham Records Office Durham Light Infantry Museum Armed Service Records Commonwealth War Graves Commission Beamish Museum Hartlepool, Now and Then And a variety of other internet sources. ‘What a curious thing the internet is.’ Michael Thompson Any omissions, or mistakes are unintentional. All proceeds from the sale of this book will be donated to; St Michael’s Church St Michael’s C of E Primary School Bishop Middleham Village Hall North East War Memorial Project POETRY EXTRACTS and PICTURES from ST MICHAEL’S PRIMARY SCHOOL 2014 THE GREAT WAR BATTLEFIELD The brave soldier sits uncomfortably, As I walk to the battlefield, Shuffle, Shuffle. With my crimson red shield, The angry soldier stomps, I can see and smell blood, Stomp, Stomp. In this dirty field full of dark dirty The hungry soldier munches mud. nervously, As I stand silently, Chomp, Chomp. I feel like the one and only. The fearsome soldier strides I hear no joyful cheer, determinedly, Just terrified screams and cries of Splish, Splash. By SOPHIE fear. The fierce soldier runs quickly, Boom, Boom. All I wanted was to be brave, THE BATTLEFIELD And keep my family safe.
    [Show full text]
  • (Public Pack)Agenda Document for County Planning Committee, 03/10
    County Planning Committee Date Tuesday 3 October 2017 Time 1.00 pm Venue Council Chamber, County Hall, Durham Business Part A 1. Apologies for absence 2. Substitute Members 3. Declarations of Interest 4. Minutes of the meetings held on 4 and 25 July 2017 (Pages 3 - 34) 5. Applications to be determined a) DM/15/00127/MIN - Thrislington Quarry West, Ferryhill, DL17 9EY (Pages 35 - 102) Extraction of remaining limestone reserves and revised working area for extraction of Basal Permian sand for 15 years until 2030, relocation of internal haul road and a scheme for the progressive and final restoration of the site. 6. Such other business as, in the opinion of the Chairman of the meeting, is of sufficient urgency to warrant consideration 7. Any resolution relating to the exclusion of the public during the discussion of items containing exempt information Part B Items during which it is considered the meeting will not be open to the public (consideration of exempt or confidential information) 8. Such other business as, in the opinion of the Chairman of the meeting, is of sufficient urgency to warrant consideration Helen Lynch Head of Legal and Democratic Services County Hall Durham 25 September 2017 To: The Members of the County Planning Committee Councillor J Robinson (Chairman) Councillor F Tinsley (Vice-Chairman) Councillors A Bell, J Clare, D Hicks, I Jewell, C Kay, A Laing, L Maddison, H Nicholson, G Richardson, A Shield, A Simpson, P Taylor, M Wilkes and S Wilson Contact: Ian Croft Tel: 03000 269702 Agenda Item 4 DURHAM COUNTY COUNCIL At a Meeting of County Planning Committee held in Council Chamber, County Hall, Durham on Tuesday 4 July 2017 at 1.00 pm Present: Councillor F Tinsley (Chairman) Members of the Committee: Councillors A Bell, D Bell, J Clare, D Hicks, C Kay, H Nicholson, G Richardson, A Shield, L Taylor, P Taylor and M Wilkes 1 Apologies for Absence Apologies for absence were received from Councillors I Jewell, A Laing, L Maddison, J Robinson, A Simpson and S Wilson.
    [Show full text]
  • Here Were a Number of Bright Sparks from the Year
    NORTH EAST ENGLAND BRANCH BUTTERFLY CONSERVATION BUTTERFLY SUMMARY 2017 North East England C ompiled by Michael Perkins, Ian J Waller, & Roger Norman B utterfly Conservation CONTENTS Page number Contents Page ................................................................... Inside front cover Recorders’ Review ........................................................................................ 3 Weather Summary ........................................................................................ 5 Species Accounts: 2017............................................................................... 7 Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages ...................................................................... 8 Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris .......................................................... 9 Essex Skipper Thymelicus lineola............................................................ 10 Large Skipper Ochlodes sylvanus ............................................................ 10 Orange-tip Anthocharis cardamines ......................................................... 12 Large White Pieris brassicae .................................................................... 13 Small White Pieris rapae .......................................................................... 14 Green-veined White Pieris napi ................................................................ 15 Clouded Yellow Colias croceus ................................................................ 16 Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Durham Rare Plant Register 2011 Covering VC66 and the Teesdale Part of VC65
    Durham Rare Plant Register 2011 Covering VC66 and the Teesdale part of VC65 JOHN L. DURKIN MSc. MIEEM BSBI Recorder for County Durham 25 May Avenue. Winlaton Mill, Blaydon, NE21 6SF [email protected] Contents Introduction to the rare plants register Notes on plant distribution and protection The individual species accounts in alphabetical order Site Index First published 2010. This is the 2011, second edition. Improvements in the 2011 edition include- An additional 10% records, most of these more recent and more precise. One kilometre resolution maps for upland and coastal species. My thanks to Bob Ellis for advice on mapping. The ―County Scarce‖ species are now incorporated into the main text. Hieracium is now included. This edition is ―regionally aligned‖, that is, several species which are county rare in Northumberland, but were narrowly rejected for the Durham first edition, are now included. There is now a site index. Cover picture—Dark Red Helleborine at Bishop Middleham Quarry, its premier British site. Introduction Many counties are in the process of compiling a County Rare Plant Register, to assist in the study and conservation of their rare species. The process is made easier if the county has a published Flora and a strong Biological Records Centre, and Durham is fortunate to have Gordon Graham's Flora and the Durham Wildlife Trust‘s ―Recorder" system. We also have a Biodiversity project, based at Rainton Meadows, to carry out conservation projects to protect the rare species. The purpose of this document is to introduce the Rare Plant Register and to give an account of the information that it holds, and the species to be included.
    [Show full text]
  • Geometry of the Butterknowle Fault at Bishop Auckland (County Durham, UK), from Gravity Survey and Structural Inversion
    ESSOAr | https:/doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10501104.1 | CC_BY_NC_ND_4.0 | First posted online: Mon, 11 Nov 2019 01:27:37 | This content has not been peer reviewed. Geometry of the Butterknowle Fault at Bishop Auckland (County Durham, UK), from gravity survey and structural inversion Rob Westaway 1,*, Sean M. Watson 1, Aaron Williams 1, Tom L. Harley 2, and Richard Middlemiss 3 1 James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, James Watt (South) Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. 2 WSP, 70 Chancery Lane, London WC2A 1AF, UK. 3 School of Physics, University of Glasgow, Kelvin Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. * Correspondence: [email protected]; Abstract: The Butterknowle Fault is a major normal fault of Dinantian age in northern England, bounding the Stainmore Basin and the Alston Block. This fault zone has been proposed as a source of deep geothermal energy; to facilitate the design of a geothermal project in the town of Bishop Auckland further investigation of its geometry was necessary and led to the present study. We show using three-dimensional modelling of a dense local gravity survey, combined with structural inversion, that this fault has a ramp-flat-ramp geometry, ~250 m of latest Carboniferous / Early Permian downthrow having occurred on a fault surface that is not a planar updip continuation of that which had accommodated the many kilometres of Dinantian extension. The gravity survey also reveals relatively low-density sediments in the hanging-wall of the Dinantian fault, interpreted as porous alluvial fan deposits, indicating that a favourable geothermal target indeed exists in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • The North Pennines
    LANDSCAPE CHARACTER THE NORTH PENNINES The North Pennines The North Pennines The North Pennines Countryside Character Area County Boundary Key characteristics • An upland landscape of high moorland ridges and plateaux divided by broad pastoral dales. • Alternating strata of Carboniferous limestones, sandstones and shales give the topography a stepped, horizontal grain. • Millstone Grits cap the higher fells and form distinctive flat-topped summits. Hard igneous dolerites of the Great Whin Sill form dramatic outcrops and waterfalls. • Broad ridges of heather moorland and acidic grassland and higher summits and plateaux of blanket bog are grazed by hardy upland sheep. • Pastures and hay meadows in the dales are bounded by dry stone walls, which give way to hedgerows in the lower dale. • Tree cover is sparse in the upper and middle dale. Hedgerow and field trees and tree-lined watercourses are common in the lower dale. • Woodland cover is low. Upland ash and oak-birch woods are found in river gorges and dale side gills, and larger conifer plantations in the moorland fringes. • The settled dales contain small villages and scattered farms. Buildings have a strong vernacular character and are built of local stone with roofs of stone flag or slate. • The landscape is scarred in places by mineral workings with many active and abandoned limestone and whinstone quarries and the relics of widespread lead workings. • An open landscape, broad in scale, with panoramic views from higher ground to distant ridges and summits. • The landscape of the moors is remote, natural and elemental with few man made features and a near wilderness quality in places.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom of Quarries
    SUNDERLAND A19 WASHINGTON HENDON A693 RYHOPE CHESTER- LE-STREET A183 A19 CHESTER- LE-STREET HOUGHTON- LE-SPRING CHESTER- A1 (M) HETTON-LE-HOLE LE-STREET DALTON-DE-DALE MURTON WEST RAINTON EASINGTON LANE A19 HAWTHORN EASINGTON BEARPARK COLLIERY EASINGTON DURHAM B1280 For more information on our A181 reserves, membership and to A177 BRANDON Kingdom of Quarries Trimdon Grange book a visit please telephone B1281 Raisby Hill Grassland Quarry QUARRINGTON Take a journey through time in some of Durham 0191 584 3112 HILL COXHOE A1086 A167 KELLOE Wildlife Trust’s Nature Reserves. Visit these www.durhamwt.co.uk A19 Bishop Middleham TRIMDON GRANGE B1280 abandoned quarries that tell a fascinating Help conserve these Quarry A179 FROM TEES TO TYNE geological and ecological story. internationally important SPENNYMOOR TRIMDON A177 HARLTEPOOL sites for the future by FERRYHILL ELWICK becoming a member of DALTON A688 BISHOP Durham Wildlife Trust. MIDDLEHAM B1278 PERCY FROM TEES TO TYNE SEDGEFIELD SEATON CAREW A689 A689 BISHOP A19 A689 AUCKLAND A6072 A167 A177 A1185 A178 Enjoying your visit A1(M) NEWTON AYCLIFFE Key to maps inside this BILLINGHAM During your visit there are a few simple WHITTON A68 leaflet rules that will help us to preserve these wild A1085 spaces for you and our future. A66 A1(M) Squeeze Stile A1085 Dogs: please keep your dogs on a lead A167 STOCKTON- MIDDLESBROUGH A68 ON-TEES Children: please keep your children safe - Stile A66 these are places with cliff edges and steep A174 Kissing Gate slopes. A67 A67 Nature: there are places that are in delicate Steps balance and disturbing them with fires and A66 litter can be very damaging.
    [Show full text]
  • County Durham Plan (Adopted 2020)
    County Durham Plan ADOPTED 2020 Contents Foreword 5 1 Introduction 7 Neighbourhood Plans 7 Assessing Impacts 8 Duty to Cooperate: Cross-Boundary Issues 9 County Durham Plan Key Diagram and Monitoring 10 2 What the County Durham Plan is Seeking to Achieve 11 3 Vision and Objectives 14 Delivering Sustainable Development 18 4 How Much Development and Where 20 Quantity of Development (How Much) 20 Spatial Distribution of Development (Where) 29 5 Core Principles 71 Building a Strong Competitive Economy 71 Ensuring the Vitality of Town Centres 78 Supporting a Prosperous Rural Economy 85 Delivering a Wide Choice of High Quality Homes 98 Protecting Green Belt Land 124 Sustainable Transport 127 Supporting High Quality Infrastructure 138 Requiring Good Design 150 Promoting Healthy Communities 158 Meeting the Challenge of Climate Change, Flooding and Coastal Change 167 Conserving and Enhancing the Natural and Historic Environment 185 Minerals and Waste 212 Appendices A Strategic Policies 259 B Table of Superseded Policies 261 C Coal Mining Risk Assessments, Minerals Assessments and Minerals and/or Waste 262 Infrastructure Assessment D Safeguarding Mineral Resources and Safeguarded Minerals and Waste Sites 270 E Glossary of Terms 279 CDP Adopted Version 2020 Contents List of County Durham Plan Policies Policy 1 Quantity of New Development 20 Policy 2 Employment Land 30 Policy 3 Aykley Heads 38 Policy 4 Housing Allocations 47 Policy 5 Durham City's Sustainable Urban Extensions 61 Policy 6 Development on Unallocated Sites 68 Policy 7 Visitor Attractions
    [Show full text]
  • List of Articles Published Between 1964 and 2012 in the Journal of the Durham County Local History Society
    List of articles published between 1964 and 2012 in the Journal of the Durham County Local History Society. Back copies of some DCLHS Bulletins (now the Journal) are available at various prices with recent Journals priced at £5.00. For details of all publications contact: Professor G.R. Batho, DCLHS Editor and Sales Organiser, c/o Miners’ Hall, Red Hill, Durham DH1 4BB. Tel. 0191 3709941 or e.mail: [email protected]. 2 1964 Frank Atkinson A Museum with a Difference 3 1965 J.M. Fewster The Baker Baker papers 4 1965 S.C. Newton County Durham in the 17th century: a guide to problems and sources 5 1966 Paul Rutledge Elizabethan enclosure at Stainton-le-Street 6 1966 Vera Chapman Introducing ice houses: some local examples 7 1967 Irene Smith Frumety: a local dish 7 1967 Frank Atkinson Peat spades 7 1967 Janet Smith The pursuit of learning : Kimblesworth Colliery school 7 1967 Vera Chapman Plough mugs 8 1968 H.L. Beadle Upper Teesdale lime kilns 8 1968 Janet Smith The records of Methodism 9 1968 H.L. Beadle The history of Cowgreen mines 9 1968 W.A.L. Seaman The Headlam papers 9 1968 Janet Smith The local records of Nonconformity 9 1968 Allan F. Pallister Burial in wool 9 1968 Irene Smith More on Frumety: a local dish 10 1969 Janet Smith Some records of education in County Durham 10 1969 David Reid State papers as a source for Durham social history in the 1840's 10 1969 R.A. Barnby Darlington's railway workshops 10 1969 E.W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins and Treatment of Derelict Land in County Durham
    Durham E-Theses the origins and treatment of derelict land in county Durham Hartley, Derek How to cite: Hartley, Derek (1998) the origins and treatment of derelict land in county Durham, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4648/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The origins and treatment of derelict land in County Durham DEREK HARTLEY The University of Durham Department of Geological Sciences January 1998 This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree ofM.Sc. in Environmental Management Practice The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the written consent of the author and information derived from it should be acknowledged. This work is the copyright of Derek Hartley 1998 1 2 MAY 1998 ABSTRACT The study considers the programme of derelict land reclamation carried out in County Durham, which was largely dictated by considerations of economic development and visual impact.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Conservation on a Shoestring
    Bulletin of the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management Issue 98 | December 2017 Nature Conservation on a Shoestring In this issue Conservation on a Shoestring: Working for Wildlife – Pantheon: A New Resource The Mutualistic Benefits of Environmental Partnerships for Invertebrate Survey University – Nature Reserve between Water Companies Standards and Analysis Collaborations and Wildlife Trusts Welcome Information Nature Conservation on a Shoestring In Practice No. 98 December 2017 Most CIEEM members will agree that a healthy, wildlife-rich natural world is valuable ISSN 1754-4882 in its own right as well as being the foundation of our wellbeing and prosperity; Editor we depend on it and it depends on us. Yet too many forces in the world are pulling Dr Gillian Kerby ([email protected]) wildlife and people apart, unnecessarily damaging natural systems, disrupting Internal contributions ecological processes and reducing biodiversity. The turbulence of the political climate coordinator opens up major risks but also presents new opportunities for nature conservation. Mr Jason Reeves ([email protected]) We have our work cut out to turn this chaos to the advantage of the natural world. Editorial Board Mr Jonathan Barnes, Dr Kate Bayley, The Wildlife Trusts believe that everyone deserves to live in a healthy environment, Dr Andrew Cherrill, Mr Dominic Coath, rich in wildlife and full of opportunities to enjoy the natural world. By working Mr Neil Harwood, Dr Caroline McParland, together, in the places that are closest and most important to us, people can change Mrs Kate Morris, Mr Paul Rooney, the natural world for the better – whoever and wherever we are – for ourselves and Mr Paul Scott, Miss Katrena Stanhope, Mr Darren Towers for future generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedgefield Local Plan Environment Chapter
    Sedgefield Borough Local Plan Page 1 ENVIRONMENT The Borough consists of distinctive landscape areas that together create its particular character and provide the setting for the built environment of the various towns and villages. Most of the towns and villages in the Borough developed rapidly in response to growth in industry and coal mining over the last 100 years and contain relics of the industrial past; some show evidence of their agricultural origins. Parts of twelve towns and villages are designated conservation areas. There are over 170 listed buildings of architectural or historic interest. The built environment provides the background to where people live, work and spend much of their leisure time and helps to create the identity of different places. The natural environment consists primarily of the countryside between and around settlements but also areas of open space within towns and villages. The countryside is mainly in agricultural use but is also a valuable resource for recreation, leisure and wildlife. The open spaces within settlements are of value for a variety of uses and provide an attractive setting to built development. Within the countryside there are areas recognised for their special quality and interest. There are four areas of historic landscape, three of which are designated as conservation areas, seven Sites of Special Scientific Interest and four scheduled ancient monuments. The landscape is varied and is divided into four characteristic areas: the Magnesian Limestone escarpment, the River Wear Valley Shelf, and River Wear Valley Area of Landscape Value, and the Southern and Eastern Lowlands. The Borough is fortunate in that there is little derelict land remaining from its industrial past.
    [Show full text]