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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan APPLICATION of an INFRARED IMAGE TUBE This dissertation has been 69-15,933 microfilmed exactly as received KISS ELL, Kenneth Eugene, 1928- APPLICATION OF AN INFRARED IMAGE TUBE TO ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY. The Ohio State University, Ph«D., 1969 Astronomy University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan APPLICATION OF AN INFRARED IMAGE TUBE TO ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY . DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kenneth Eugene Kissell, B. Sc., M. Sc. $ i f i f S'f $ sjc The Ohio State University 1968 Approved By L lluxi A d v ise r ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The acknowledgments which must be made by this investigator are so numerous that many individuals will doubtless go unthanked. The principle acknowledgment must go to Dr. W. Kent Ford, Jr. of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, who from the very outset of this work has been totally selfless in providing apparatus, counsel and encouragement, and to the Committee itself. Second only to Dr. Ford is Mrs. Edna Kluesner, who for the last weeks has tirelessly served as an extension of myself in translating my thought and scribbles into a written document. Mrs. Rhonda Duvall of the Aerospace Research Laboratories has been of invaluable assistance in reduction of the several hundred spectra to equivalent widths and many other things. Thanks must go to the staff at Lowell Observatory for their excellent support and hospitality during the observing runs at the Perkins reflector, particularly to Dr. John Hall and Mr. Henry G ic la s. In the conduct of the eclipse observations the author is indebted to the staff at the Long Beach Flight Test Division of McDonald- Douglas Aircraft Corp., and to Dr. W arren Arnquist and to the late Dr. Wolfgang Klemperer for enabling the observations to be conducted in 1963 and to Dr. Michel Bader, and Mr. Louis Haughney, Airborne Sciences Office of the NASA Ames Research Center, for their hospita­ lity in allowing the investigator to conduct observations from the ii Galileo research aircraft in the South Pacific eclipse of 1965. Apparatus used in this investigation has been obtained from several institutions. Much of it has been unique in character and provided to the author for extended periods of time. These include the U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, who loaned the thermoelectric cooler; the U. S. Naval Aeronautical Photographic Engineering Laboratory, who loaned the infrared objective for the spectrographic camera; C. M. Sgt. E. T. Tyson of the USAF Avionics Laboratory, Research & Technology Division, at Cloudcroft, New Mexico provided the loan of the power supply and regulator. The USAF Avionics Laboratory, especially Mr. Ronald Ringo of the Navigation and Guidance Applications Branch, also provided valuable counseling on the gyrostablized platform and arranged the transfer of the high sensitivity gyroscopes used on both the ARL and the Douglas Aircraft Co. heliostats. The author wishes to acknowledge the great assistance and expeditious cooperation of Mr. Darrell Frank who assisted in the mechanical details, the testing, and operation of the eclipse apparatus in 1963. M essrs. Clifford Grube, and Sylvester Ross fabricated the spectrographs. M essrs. Grewell and Mauer of the ASD Technical Photographic Division devised the framing camera modifications and programmer. Thanks also go to Mr. Lee Wasserman and Dynamic Devices, Inc., who designed and fabricated the spectrograph tie-down system for the Convair 990 aircraft and cooperated in every way to accommodate design changes during fabrication. The quite encouragement of Profs. Slettebak, Keenan, and Czyzak of the Perkins Observatory to translate the results into the document is gratefully appreciated. Without the positive and permissive encouragement of my boss, Col. Paul G. Atkinson, Jr. of the Aerospace Research Laboratories the final stages of this work would not have been completed. My final acknowledgment is to my wife, Theodora, who has been exceedingly patient in all of the m atters in ways which cannot possibly be set forth. VITA June 28, 1928 Born - Columbiana, Ohio 1949 B. Sc. , cum laude, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1949-1951 Research Associate, Rocket Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1951-1960 Research Physicist, Aerospace Research Laboratories, W right-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 1958 M. Sc. , The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1961-1968 Supervisory Physicist, Aerospace Research Laboratories, W right-Patters on Air Force Base, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "M easurement of Detonation Wave Velocities, " co-author L.. E. Bollinger, ISA Journal (May 1957). pp. 2-5, "Thermodynamic Performance Study of Possible Working Fluids for Non-Chemical Rockets, " Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 4, p. 111-132, January 1961. "An Image-Converter Objective-Grating Spectrograph for the Airborne Observation of the Infrared Flash Spectrum, " ISA Transactions, Vol. 3, 220-228, July 1964. "Requirements for a 4-Axis Tracking Mount for Space Vehicle Photo­ metry, " Space Vehicle Photometry, " Space Research V, North- Holland Publishing Co. 913 (1965). "Diagnosis of Spacecraft Surface Properties and Dynamical Motions by Optical Photometry, " Space Research IX, North-Holland Publishing Co. (In Press). FIELDo OF STUDY Major Field: Astronomy Studies in Stellar Interiors: Profs. Arne Slettebak and Phillip K eenan v VITA (CONTINUED) Studies in Stellar Atmospheres: Prof. Walter Mitchell Studies in Radio Astronomy: Professors John D. Kraus and Hsein C. Ko Studies in Spectroscopy: Professors Wave Shaffer and K. Narahori Rao TABLE OF CONTENTS P ag e ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ii VITA v LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi C hapter I. INTRODUCTION . Historical Background II. ANALYSIS ........................ 13 Relative Efficiency of the Single-Stage Image Tube X 7500-8000 jS R egion Incident Energy on the Deteictor Direct Photographic Recording Observations with I-N Plates Image Tube Recording Extension to Longer Wavelengths and to Multi­ stage Tubes Examination of the Linearity Assumptions Photocathode Electron Optics The Phosphor Screen Phosphor Response Time in. LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 54 The Apparatus Calibration Methods Temperature Effects on th^ Photocathode Phosphor Measurements Contrast Loss Simulation of Absorption Ljnes Directivity of Light Emitted by the Phosphor Absorption and Scattering from P -ll Phosphor in Refractive Systems Relaxation Effects in the P -11 Phosphor Interpretation Summary of Laboratory Results v ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) C h ap ter IV. COMPARISON OF IMAGE TUBE MEASUREMENTS WITH DIRECT PLATES ................................................ .... Supergiant Measurements Discussion Luminosity Class la Luminosity Class lb Luminosity Classes Below lb V. INTENSITY VARIATIONS OF THE OI ABSORPTION FEATURE AT X 7774 IN CEPHEID VARIABLES . Reduction of Visual Estimates Application to the Calibration of Cepheids A Suggestion for Further Work VI. APPLICATIONS TO SOLAR ECLIPSE SPECTROSCOPY Spectrograph Design Aircraft Installation and Tests Eclipse Operation R e su lts Solar Eclipse of 30 May 1965 Description of Apparatus Optical Calibration System Chromospheric Spectra VII. OBSERVATIONS IN THE 1-MICRON REGION Atomic Absorptions BIBLIOGRAPHY v iii LIST OF TABLES T able P ag e 1. Predicted Exposure Times to Record the Standard Stars of Code's List, with Various Types of Detectors. Exposure Criteria Used is to Achieve Photographic Density of 0. 6 Above Background Fog .................................... 19 2. Summary of Measurements of Cathodoluminescent Efficiency of P-11 Phosphors (Eberhardt, 1961) . 28 3. Fraction of Total Flux Emitted by a Lambertian Source which will be Coupled to an Image by Unity Magnification Reimaging Optics of Various Relative A pertures .................................................................... 31 4. Theoretical Smearing of Images Resulting from Earth Ambient Field on Unshielded Image Tubes ..................... 45 5. Luminous Flux Transferred to an Image Formed by Perfect Relay Optics as Zones are Added to the Aperture to Increase the Angle Substanded of the Optics by 5-Degree Increments as. seen from the Phosphor Screen (see sketch on p.29 ) ............................. 87 6. Comparison of Different Reimaging Optics Tested . 89 7. X 7774 Feature Equivalent Width la Supergiants .... 103 8. X 7774 Equivalent Widths - Class lb Super giants. 105 9. X 7774 Equivalent Width - Luminosity Classes II-V. 108 10. Spectral Classifications Assigned to Stars Unclassified on the MK S y stem ........................... 118 11. Bright Cepheid V ariables ....................................................... 121 12. Summary of Spectra Taken of Cepheid Variables. 126 13. Adopted Epochs and Periods for Visual Maxima. 128 14. Variation of Spectral Type and Predicted X 7774 Equivalent Width for 6 Cephei ............................................ 130 ix LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) T able P ag e 15. Summary of Chromospheric Spectra Obtained by Image Tube Spectroscopy in the Total Eclipses of 20 Ju ly 1963 and 30 May 1965 ................................................................ 164 16. Molecular Features Observed in R Leonis Near Minimum in 1964 and 1965 .................................... 170 x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Monochromatic flux distribution from £ Orionis, 15 p Geminorum, and a O rionis ................................................. 2. Absolute sensitivity of Kodak spectroscopic
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