Psyche

Pollinators under Stress: Taxonomy, Physiology, and Behavior of Insect Pollinators

Guest Editors: Zachary Y. Huang and Tugrul Giray Pollinators under Stress: Taxonomy, Physiology, and Behavior of Insect Pollinators Psyche

Pollinators under Stress: Taxonomy, Physiology, and Behavior of Insect Pollinators

Guest Editors: Zachary Y. Huang and Tugrul Giray Copyright © 2012 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.

This is a special issue published in “Psyche.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board

Toshiharu Akino, Japan Lawrence G. Harshman, USA Lynn M. Riddiford, USA Sandra Allan, USA Abraham Hefetz, Israel S. K A Robson, Australia Arthur G. Appel, USA John Heraty, USA C. Rodriguez-Saona, USA Michel Baguette, France Richard James Hopkins, Sweden Gregg Roman, USA Donald Barnard, USA Fuminori Ito, Japan David Roubik, USA Rosa Barrio, Spain DavidG.James,USA Leopoldo M. Rueda, USA David T. Bilton, UK Bjarte H. Jordal, Norway Bertrand Schatz, France Guy Bloch, Israel Russell Jurenka, USA Sonja J. Scheffer, USA Anna-karin Borg-karlson, Sweden Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri, India Rudolf H. Scheffrahn, USA M. D. Breed, USA Jan Klimaszewski, Canada Nicolas Schtickzelle, Belgium Grzegorz Buczkowski, USA Shigeyuki Koshikawa, USA Kent S. Shelby, USA Rita Cervo, Italy Vladimir Kostal, Czech Republic Toru Shimada, Japan In Sik Chung, Republic of Korea Opender Koul, India Dewayne Shoemaker, USA C. Claudianos, Australia Ai-Ping Liang, China Chelsea T. Smartt, USA David Bruce Conn, USA Paul Linser, USA Pradya Somboon, Thailand J. Corley, Argentina Nathan Lo, Australia George J. Stathas, Greece Leonardo Dapporto, Italy Jean N. K. Maniania, Kenya Neal Stewart, USA Lilia I. de Guzman, USA Richard W. Mankin, USA Jeffrey J. Stuart, USA JacquesH.C.Delabie,Brazil Robert Matthews, USA Nan-Yao Su, USA Kleber Del-Claro, Brazil Terrence P. McGlynn, USA Keiji Takasu, Japan Emmanuel Desouhant, France George Melika, Hungary Gianluca Tettamanti, Italy Claude Desplan, USA Kyung Jin Min, Republic of Korea James E. Throne, USA Ibrahima Dia, Senegal Andrew Mitchell, Australia P. G. Tillman, USA Daniel Doucet, Canada Toru Miura, Japan Zeljko Tomanovic, Serbia Falko P. Drijfhout, UK Donald Mullins, USA Dennis Vanengelsdorp, USA G. B. Dunphy, Canada Ephantus J. Muturi, USA Martin H. Villet, South Africa Mark A. Elgar, Australia Francesco Nardi, Italy William T. Wcislo, Panama JayD.Evans,USA Jan Nawrot, Poland DianaE.Wheeler,USA Guido Favia, Italy Ioannis P. Nezis, UK Craig R. Williams, Australia G. Wilson Fernandes, Brazil James Charles Nieh, USA Donald M. Windsor, Panama Brian Forschler, USA Fernando B. Noll, Brazil Chun Fang Wu, USA Frederic Francis, Belgium Patrick M. O’Grady, USA Xuguo Zhou, USA Cleber´ Galvao,˜ Brazil Reddy Palli, USA Kun Yan Zhu, USA Christopher J. Geden, USA Gerald S. Pollack, Canada Yu Cheng Zhu, USA Howard S. Ginsberg, USA Mary Rankin, USA Contents

Factors Affecting Pollinators and Pollination, Zachary Y. Huang and Tugrul Giray Volume 2012, Article ID 302409, 3 pages

Forecasting the Influence of Climate Change on Agroecosystem Services: Potential Impacts on Honey Yields in a Small-Island Developing State, Diana L. Delgado, Mar´ıa Eglee´ Perez,´ Alberto Galindo-Cardona, Tugrul Giray, and Carla Restrepo Volume 2012, Article ID 951215, 10 pages

Wild Bumblebee (Bombus) Diversity and Nosema (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) Infection Levels Associated with Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) Production and Commercial Bumblebee Pollinators, Sara L. Bushmann, Francis A. Drummond, Lee A. Beers, and Eleanor Groden Volume 2012, Article ID 429398, 11 pages

Effects of Soil Quality Enhancement on Pollinator-Plant Interactions,YasminJ.Cardoza, Gabriel K. Harris, and Christina M. Grozinger Volume 2012, Article ID 581458, 8 pages

Efficiency of Buzzing Bees in Fruit Set and Seed Set of Solanum violaceum in Sri Lanka, R. W. M. U. M. Wanigasekara and W. A. I. P. Karunaratne Volume 2012, Article ID 231638, 7 pages

Pollination Biology of Potentilla recta (Sulfur Cinquefoil) and Its Cooccurring Native Congener Potentilla gracilis in Northeastern Oregon, James McIver and Karen Erickson Volume 2012, Article ID 281732, 18 pages

Effects of Long Distance Transportation on Honey Bee Physiology, Kiheung Ahn, Xianbing Xie, Joseph Riddle, Jeff Pettis, and Zachary Y. Huang Volume 2012, Article ID 193029, 9 pages

Pollination Requirements and the Foraging Behavior of Potential Pollinators of Cultivated Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) Trees in Central Amazon Rainforest,M.C.Cavalcante,F.F.Oliveira, M. M. Maues,´ and B. M. Freitas Volume 2012, Article ID 978019, 9 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2012, Article ID 302409, 3 pages doi:10.1155/2012/302409

Editorial Factors Affecting Pollinators and Pollination

Zachary Y. Huang1 and Tugrul Giray2

1 Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 2 Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931, USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Zachary Y. Huang, [email protected]

Received 4 November 2012; Accepted 4 November 2012 Copyright © 2012 Z. Y. Huang and T. Giray. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

While it has been known for at least a decade that the colony foraged upon. Future studies are needed to determine why numbers of the managed pollinator, the Western honey bee thisnativespeciessuffered such a high rate of infection. Apis mellifera, was on the decline, pollinator problem was not well publicized until the Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) Stress from Transportation. There are specific stressors only further ravaged the honey bee population in the United experienced by managed pollinators. Case in point, each year, States [1]. In addition to honey bees, now it is known that over one million managed honey bee colonies are moved bumble bees [2] and other pollinators [3] are also on the across the United States to California for almond pollination. decline, perhaps due to combined effects of pesticide use and Imagine being transported across three time zones in a habitat destruction by Homo sapiens. While in the past the highly crowded environment with poor ventilation—it does main focus has been on the honey bees, we felt that a special not sound healthy. Yet, we understand little about how issue that includes other pollinators was warranted. Thus transportation affects honey bee physiology or behavior. K. was born this special issue, highlighting various important Ahn et al. conducted an extensive study with three trials challenges pollinators face. in three different states (California, Georgia, and Michigan) to determine the effects of long distance transportation Stress from Pathogen. The paper by S. L. Bushmann et al. on honey bee physiology. They used a common source determined if the prevalence of Nosema bombi infection was of bees, age-marked them by painting, then split them related to history of commercial bumble bee use. Previous into two colonies, one experiencing transportation and studies suggested that bumble bee rearing facilities can one being stationary. They measured juvenile hormone spread parasites to local bumble bee populations, but it is not titers, reasoning that transported bees will experience more clear whether use of commercial bumble bees in the field may stress, higher mortality of older bees, and thus young bees increase infection rate of a pathogen. The study did not find a should develop faster to become foragers. Foragers would higher infection rate of Nosema in w