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Psychedelic Psychiatry December 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 4 ISSN: 2690-0912 The Journal of Psychedelic Psychiatry A Critical Review Investigating whether there are similarities in EEG band waves between Schizophrenic patients and participants given DMT or Ayahuasca Tea A Ketamine-Induced Episode of Insight: A Case Report Ethical Guidelines for Ketamine Clinicians Ketamine-Hypnosis Package (KHP): A Clinical Case Study for the treatment of depression and addiction administering Ketamine with Hypnotherapy. Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief: Tyler Kjorvestad, MD Editor-at-Large: Gershom Hernandez, MD Managing Editor: Ashley Belcher, D.O. Deputy Editors: Joseph Pullara, M.D. Anthony Ceman, M.D. Christine Duncan, D.O. Josh Siegel, M.D., Ph.D. i New Perceptions Podcast Expand Your Knowledge by listening to the official podcast of The Journal of Psychedelic Psychiatry. Join us as we discuss the latest trends within the Psychedelics community with Clinicians, Advocates, and Policy Makers. We also explore the latest research in our author interviews and through our roundtable editors’ discussions. Subscribe Spotify: Apple Podcast Google Play Overcast Stitcher RadioPublic Breaker Anchor Follow Us Twitter Facebook Instagram ii Articles: A Critical Review Investigating whether there are similarities in EEG band waves between Schizophrenic patients and participants given DMT or Ayahuasca Tea A Ketamine-Induced Episode of Insight: A Case Report Ethical Guidelines for Ketamine Clinicians Ketamine-Hypnosis Package (KHP): A Clinical Case Study for the treatment of depression and addiction administering Ketamine with Hypnotherapy. iii Article A Critical Review Investigating whether there are similarities in EEG band waves between Schizophrenic patients and participants given DMT or Ayahuasca Tea Medusa Warrior, BSc (Hons), MSc Abstract: Early research suggests that the endogenous neurobiological chemical Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) may be responsible for schizophrenic symptoms [1]. This article investigates EEG band waves between participants given Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) or Ayahuasca Tea and schizophrenic patients. Evaluation of articles on EEG band wave monitoring of DMT or Ayahuasca participants was compared to articles on EEG band wave monitoring in schizophrenic patients. It is hypothesized that adult DMT and Ayahuasca participants and adult schizophrenic patients would have similar EEG oscillation-band waves. Ranlund et al. [2] found that schizophrenic patients produced lower band waves, and this review supported the findings that there were similarities, especially in lower band waves between the two groups. Although the reviewed Ayahuasca articles produced higher EEG wave band oscillations, the additional plant compounds added to Ayahuasca Tea may account for the resulting discrepancy in this review. The similarities in EEG band wave oscillations between the pure DMT injection and the schizophrenic patients did support the hypothesis, although, the EEG band waves only show neuron activity and not specific DMT brain chemicals. There may be a connection between the symptoms reflected in schizophrenic patients, suggestive of endogenous DMT, due to the similarities when DMT is administered. INTRODUCTION produce the same EEG results seen in schizophrenic patients and that endogenous Endogenous Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a DMT may be responsible for these results. naturally occurring compound in plants, EEG oscillation-band waves can be monit- animals, and humans [3]. It is believed to help ored alongside subjective experiences being in the neuroprotection of cell death by using verbally relayed to the researchers by antioxidant properties which are involved in questionnaires on changes in consciousness suppressing the apoptosis mechanism [4]. The while under the influence of DMT or entheogenic tea Ayahuasca contains DMT, Ayahuasca. Previous results from the which produces hallucinations, unlike any subjective experience are needed to show the other psychedelic drug [5]. During similarities between the EEG changes and schizophrenia, people have been known to any changes to consciousness that are experience ‘realistic’ alternative realities, experienced by the participants. This review which have the same kind of images seen will question some of the subjective methods, with endogenous DMT [1] . This novel article including neurophenomenology [7] and the investigates the established literature by Hallucinogen Rating Scale [6], in relation to linking EEG band waves, in schizophrenic understanding DMT or Ayahuasca partici- patients with the band waves observed after pation and schizophrenia symptoms. It also ingesting DMT or Ayahuasca. The focus will reviews whether EEG methods are satis- be on adults participating in EEG monitoring factory given the spatial limitations in after ingesting Ayahuasca [6], intravenous understanding what occurs in the brain DMT [7], and EEG monitoring taken from during DMT or Ayahuasca ingestion and schizophrenic patients [8]. schizophrenia. This study uses quantitative data to Previous research has shown a show that DMT or Ayahuasca ingestion may correlation between EEG band wave changes 1 Warrior and DMT administration [7] or ingesting for detecting changes in many neuro- Ayahuasca tea, containing DMT [6]. EEG psychiatric diseases and may be considered a monitoring of schizophrenic patients [8] [9] has biomarker as the results usually show also shown band wave changes similar to that changes in specific wave bands [13]. The of DMT research by Timmermann et al. [7]. results explore the similarities between EEG Although using EEG monitoring for this wavebands (delta, theta, alpha and beta) purpose is acceptable in terms of reliability between different groups of people. For and validity, there are methodological limit- example, a group drinking Ayahuasca tea ations to this when confirming that these containing DMT, a group intravenously changes are due to DMT circulating within injected with pure DMT and research carried the brain. out using EEG on psychotic patients. The It has been suggested that the review will also touch on various rating development of some schizophrenic systems scales used alongside the EEG research, may be due to changes in endogenous DMT which provides subjective information about production in patients [1]. DMT is known to the various levels of consciousness be produced in the body and may produce the experienced. same altered realities, voices, and visions This project aims to highlight the experienced by schizophrenic patients [10]. possibility of the same EEG wavebands Research into this phenomenon is difficult to correlating to both psychotic episodes and establish due to the reliability and validity of when partaking of exogenous DMT. It will the methods and procedures that have been also address the controversies of quantitative used to date. and qualitative techniques presented in Previous studies used for mental specific research papers when examining the health issues, such as schizophrenia, are similarities between DMT ingestion and predominantly defined by a psychiatric psychotic episodes via EEG. diagnosis classification system, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental METHODS Disorders (DSM) or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and It may be that the studies covered here, are Related Health Problems (ICD). Neuro- based on methodological procedures that lead psychiatry is now investigating biological to inconsistent sampling due to inconsistent differences and responses to understand psychiatric classifications. For example, the schizophrenia [11], as symptom classification DSM or ICD diagnosis of schizophrenia for the definition of health issues is becoming relies purely on symptoms rather than more controversial because the classification genetics or other biomarkers such as DMT in criteria are ever-changing [12]. Therefore, the urine or blood [14]. objective of this article is not to investigate There may be altered or increased the different types of schizophrenia. Instead, endogenous DMT production in patients with it is to encourage ways of moving forward to schizophrenia [1] and therefore, there is merit substantiate the possibility of endogenous in understanding the limitations, reliability, DMT being associated with psychotic and validity of the core EEG research episodes. findings to date. This understanding should Electroencephalography (EEG) allow a judgment about whether these records high temporal resolutions of brain methods are suitable for investigating activity and can be presented using five similar-ities between band wave changes for different Hertz (Hz) band waves. It is useful 2 Critical Review Investigating whether there are similarities in EEG band waves between Schizophrenic patients and participants given DMT or Ayahuasca Tea DMT or Ayahuasca administration and was unavailable for this review. As the schizophrenic patients. interest in psychedelic compounds increases This article is not a full systematic there is likely to be a steady increase in the review, but a narrative literature review, literature produced. consisting of English articles found initially The study design of EEG monitoring using Google/Scholar. Manual searches implemented for DMT injection consisted of were conducted from the reference lists of the a small sample of healthy male and female initial articles. In an attempt to avoid adult participants [7]. They were screened for unbiased dissemination, thesis and psychiatric conditions along with other unpublished papers
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