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Monograph of the North American Freshwater Fish Leeches (Oligochaeta: Hirudinida ; Piscicolidae) and Molecular Phylogeny of the Family Piscicolidae

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Monograph of the North American Freshwater Fish Leeches (Oligochaeta: Hirudinida ; Piscicolidae) and Molecular Phylogeny of the Family Piscicolidae W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2007 Monograph of the North American freshwater fish leeches (Oligochaeta: Hirudinida ; Piscicolidae) and molecular phylogeny of the family Piscicolidae Julianne I. Williams College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Genetics Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Williams, Julianne I., "Monograph of the North American freshwater fish leeches (Oligochaeta: Hirudinida ; Piscicolidae) and molecular phylogeny of the family Piscicolidae" (2007). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616905. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-2fh1-ex38 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MONOGRAPH OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER FISH LEECHES (OLIGOCHAETA: HIRUDINIDA: PISCICOLIDAE) AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE FAMILY PISCICOLIDAE A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Julianne I. Williams 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Alf\ Julianne I. Williams Approved, February 2007 £ U i. Eugene Burreson, Ph.D. Committee Chairman/ Advisor •lney, Ph.D. Kimberly Reece, Ph.D. MarVSiddall, Ph.D. American Museum of Natural History New York, New York Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW......................................................................................................... 2 Biology ............................................................................................................................... 3 Anatomy of piscicolid leeches ........................................................................................4 North America taxonomy ................ ; ...........................................................................10 Higher level taxonomy ................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2: MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL PHYLOGENY OF THE FAMILY PISCICOLIDAE.........................................................................................................19 Materials and methods ................................................................................................... 19 Results.............................................................................................................................. 30 Discussion ........................................................................................................................34 CHAPTER 3: MONOGRAPH OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER FISH LEECHES.................................................................................................................................... 44 Materials and methods ...................................................................................................44 Cystobranchus.................................................................................................................46 Cystobranchus verrilli......................................................................................47 Gonimosobdella.........................................................................................................................51 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Page Gonimosobdella klemmi................................................................................... 54 Gonimosobdella mammillata.......................................................................... 62 Gonimosobdella meyeri................................................................................... 69 Gonimosobdella salmositica............................................................................76 Gonimosobdella virginica................................................................................ 84 Myzobdella...................................................................................................................... 92 Myzobdella lugubris..........................................................................................94 Myzobdella patzcuarensis.............................................................................. 105 Myzobdella reducta......................................................................................... 110 Piscicola.........................................................................................................................117 Piscicola milneri..............................................................................................119 Piscicola punctata........................................................................................... 127 CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY..................................................................................................... 135 DISCLAIMER........................................................................................................................... 137 LITERATURE CITED.............................................................................................................138 VITA............................................................................................................................................147 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the following people for assistance in collecting specimens: Toby Bolton, Lincoln Marine Science Centre, South Australia for Austrobdella translucens\ Donald Buth, University of California at Losa Angeles (UCLA) for Malmiana buthr, Janine Caira, University of Connecticut for Pterobdella amara from Australia and Zeylanicobdella arugamensis and Branchellion sp. from Borneo; Steve Coles, Bishop Museum, Hawaii for Stibarobdella macrothela', Ross Daley, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania for Stibarobdella tasmanica ; Bill Font, Southeastern Louisiana University for Myzobdella lugubris and Aestabdella abditovesiculata from Hawaii; Jim Gartland and the trawl survey, VIMS for Aestabdella leiostomr, Dave Gauthier, VIMS for Stibarobdella macrothela from Virginia; Simon Jones, Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Vancouver, BC, Canada for assistance in collecting Cystobranchus salmositicus\ Julianne Kalman, UCLA for Austrobdella californiana; Egil Karlsbakk, University of Bergen, Norway for Platybdella anarrhichae and Calliobdella lophir, Rasul Khan, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada for Johanssonia arctica\ Kristen Kuhn, University of Delaware for Notobdella nototheniae from subAntarctic islands; Sarah Muffelman, VIMS for Myzobdella lugubris from Virginia estuaries; Jack Musick and the 2004 Ichthyology class, VIMS for assistance in collecting Myzobdella lugubris from freshwater; Robert Olson, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University for Branchellion lobata and for assistance in collecting Aestabdella abditovesiculata and Malmiana virida from Oregon; Michel Segonzac, IFREMER, France for Bathybdella sawyerr, Mark Siddall, American Museum of Natural History, New York for Stibarobdella macrothela from Heron Island, Australia and Branchellion ravenellir, Michele Treloar, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania for Austrobdella bilobata\ and Serge Utevsky, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine for Piscicola geometra. I owe special thanks to Weldon Newton, Lac en Coeur, Quebec, Canada for noticing leeches on lake trout and contacting my advisor about their identity. He subsequently invited us to stay at his cottage and took us fishing v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. to collect live specimens. Without his curiosity and gracious hospitality, and that of the entire Lac en Coeur community, we would not have been able to solve the P. geometra/P. milneri identification issue. I thank Bill Moser of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History for help with specimen loans, depositing of specimens, and searching for rare literature. I thank Jean-Marc Gagnon for allowing me to examine specimens of Piscicola at the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada. I thank Kim Reece, Nancy Stokes, Mark Siddall, Elizabeth Borda, Rebecca Budinoff, Rita Crockett, and Susan Denny for essential help with sequencing and sectioning. I thank
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