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The Invasion of the Leech Piscicola Respirans (Hirudinea: Piscicolidae

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The Invasion of the Leech Piscicola Respirans (Hirudinea: Piscicolidae Biologia 66/2: 294—298, 2011 Section Zoology DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0019-0 TheinvasionoftheleechPiscicola respirans (Hirudinea: Piscicolidae) on the fins of European grayling Thymallus thymallus Aleksander Bielecki1, Joanna M. Cichocka1,JanuszTerlecki2 & Andrzej Witkowski3 1Department of Zoology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego St. 5, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Applied Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego St. 5, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland 3Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Sienkiewicza St. 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland Abstract: This study presents the parasitical relationships between the leech Piscicola respirans and European grayling Thymallus thymallus. It determines leech invasion intensity and extensity as well as describes the preferences of fin selection by the parasite as a place to attach and feed. It also shows the significance of fin selection by the leech in the initial phase of life cycle. Finally, the study defines P. respirans as a predominantly fin-parasite of fishes. Most probably the host-searching mechanism is based on positive phototaxis. Key words: leech; Hirudinea; Piscicolidae; European grayling Introduction fore using statistical analysis was not easy (Lestage 1936; Sitowski 1937; Epure 1945; Hoffman 1955a, b; Freshwater species of fish leeches (piscicolids), with Wojtas 1959; Bielecki 1977). a few exceptions, live in Holarctic continental waters Piscicola respirans always occurs on fishes in huge (Utevsky & Trontelj 2004; Utevsky 2007). Piscicolid amounts, resulting in economic losses. Moreover, par- leeches are parasites of many fish species (Sket & Tron- asite infestation discourages fishermen from catching telj 2008) although a few species also feed on crus- such infected fish (Bielecki 1977, fishermen’s oral in- taceans and octopus blood (Epshtein 1959; Burreson formation). & Allen 1978; Janssen 1993). Fish leeches feeding on Classification of the species P. respirans is a con- blood, for example Piscicola geometra (L., 1761), stay troversial matter. Epshtein (1968) and Bielecki (1997) on their hosts for a comparatively short time – up to 24 suggested that this species should be classified in hours. Since leeches drop off quickly after attaching to a the genus Piscicola. However, traditional research by host, parasitologists have shown little interest in study- Sawyer (1986) as well as molecular studies by Utevsky ing them (Polyanski 1955; Utevsky & Trontelj 2004). & Trontelj (2004) and Utevsky et al. (2007) have shown However, Piscicola respirans Troschel, 1850, stays on the possibility of transferring P. respirans to the genus its host throughout its life cycle (about 3–4 months) Cystobranchus. and leaves the host only after laying cocoons. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship Some parasitic leeches can occur in huge amounts. between the parasite P. respirans and one of its hosts A good example is Johanssonia kolaensis Selensky, – the European grayling. The authors put forward two 1914, which parasitizes Anarhichas L. fishes, and in hypotheses: 1. It is most probable that P. respirans is extreme cases destroy their fins (Epshtein 1968). More- an obligatory fin-parasite; 2. there is a high probability over, piscicolids are vectors of fish haematozoans (Khan of parasitic invasion, mainly on paired fins. & Paul 1995). Piscicola respirans is a fish ectoparasite. Its main hosts are salmonid fishes (Salmonidae): salmon Salmo Material and methods salar L., 1758, brown trout Salmo trutta morpha trutta L., 1758, brook trout Salmo trutta morpha fario L., European graylings were caught using electrofishing in the 1758, thymallid fish (Thymallidae) European grayling Dunajec River on the segment between Ostrowsko – Sro- mowce Wy˙zne and in the estuary parts of two tributaries: Thymallus thymallus (L., 1758), as well as cyprinid the Niedziczanka and the Le´snicabrooks,from7to11April, fishes (Cyprinidae): barbel Barbus barbus (L., 1758) 1986. A random sample of 100 mature European graylings and dace Leuciscus leuciscus (L., 1758). Most studies were caught for examinations. The fish body lengths were concerning leech occurrence on fish were based on very measured with an accuracy of 0.5 cm. The numbers of little material (this also applies to P. respirans), there- leeches were assessed on all fins and on the trunk. c 2011 Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Invasion of Piscicola respirans on European grayling 295 Fig. 1. Frequency of European graylings (in %) with fins para- Fig. 3. Frequency of European graylings with certain number of sitized by Piscicola respirans; n – number of European graylings leeches on all fins; n – the number of European graylings with with leeches; P – probability of null hypothesis (H0). leeches; P – probability of null hypothesis (H0). quency of infection of the other fins by the leeches was statistically the same (χ2,df=1,P < 0.05); a signif- icant difference was only recorded between caudal and anal fins (χ2,df=1,P < 0.0105). The leeches were recorded both on one fin and on several fins simultane- ously (Fig. 2). Majority (57.7%) of fishes (χ2,df=1,P < 0.001) had only one fin infected, and 30.9% of fishes had two fins with leeches. The percentage of European graylings with leeches on three and four fins was low (6.4% and 5.1%, respectively). The number of leeches recorded on a single fin ranged from 1 to 31 (Fig. 3). Statistically, most often one or two leeches were found; Fig. 2. Frequency of European graylings with certain number of in 42.3% and 24.4% of fishes, respectively (χ2,df=1, fins infected by Piscicola respirans (independently on a fin type); P < 0.05); three leeches were found on 10.3% of fishes, n – the number of European graylings with leeches; P – proba- bility of null hypothesis (H0). and four leeches were found on 6.4% of fishes. A statistically significant increase in the number of leeches on the fins correlated with the increase in Using χ2 2 × 2 tables of frequencies, the following the European grayling body lengths was recorded (rs = null hypotheses were verified: (1) the frequency of European 0.2576, n = 78, P < 0.05). The number of leeches on the graylings with pectoral, pelvic, anal, caudal and dorsal fins caudal fin increased along with the body lengths (rs = parasitized by leeches was the same (there were as many 0.4184, n = 27, P < 0.05; Table 1), but no statistically fishes with leeches on the pectoral fin as on the pelvic fin, significant increases in the numbers of leeches on the anal fin, etc.); (2) the frequency of European graylings with pectoral and pelvic fins were recorded (rs = 0.2796, n one infected fin as well as two, three or four fins infected = 19, P > 0.05) and (rs = 0.2386, n = 48, P > 0.05), in one time was the same; (3) the frequency of European respectively. graylings with varying number of leeches on the fins was the same (there were as many fishes with one leech as there A statistically significant positive correlation be- were with two, three, four, etc.). Spearman’s rank correla- tween the number of leeches on paired fins (rs = 0.8094, tion coefficients were calculated for relations: (i) between n =8,P < 0.05) as well as a correlation between the the body length of parasitized European graylings and the number of leeches and the number of infected fins (rs number of leeches that were located on fins; (ii) between the = 0.4687, n = 45, P < 0.05; Table 1) were recorded. number of leeches and the number of infected fins. Discussion Results It is difficult to compare the obtained results with the The leech P. respirans was recorded on the fins of 78% results of other studies on the relationships between of European graylings. The leech species occurred on all hosts and parasitic leeches (Bielecki 1988b). Hoffman fins, except the adipose fin. On the trunk of fishes, only (1955a, b, 1956) collected extensive data on the wide two leeches were found. Of the 78 European graylings on scaleoccurrenceofP. respirans on fish in the Rhine which leeches were recorded, 61.5% had infected pelvic River basin as well as on the death of many fish caused fins, 34.6% had infected caudal fins and 24.4% had in- by this leech. In the Rhine River basin, P. respirans par- fected pectoral fins (Fig. 1). Statistically, most often asitized mainly brown trout with an average intensity the leeches occurred on the pelvic fins (χ2,df=1,P of 10–20 leeches per fish, and in single cases the inten- < 0.001) and most rarely on the caudal fins. The fre- sity reached up to 47 leeches at the end of April. In the 296 A. Bielecki et al. Table 1. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (rs) between the total length of European grayling (in cm) and the number of leeches Piscicola respirans (n) on infected fins. Bold numbers represent statistical significance (P < 0.05). Characteristics Total length Dorsal fin Caudal fin Anal fin Pelvic fins Pectoral fins Together fins Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients Total length XXX –0.2021 0.4184 0.2480 0.2386 0.2796 0.2576 Dorsal fin 17 XXX 0.4700 0.8660 –0.1240 0.5000 0.4368 Caudal fin 27 6 XXX – 0.4417 0.2343 0.7293 Anal fin 13 3 – XXX 0.1964 – 0.7193 Pelvic fins 48 7 18 8 XXX 0.8094 0.7965 0.8159 Pectoral fins Number of 19 3 6 – 8 XXX Together fins observations 78 17 27 13 48 19 XXX Cerna River in Romania, which flows into the Danube The observation that the number of European River, P. respirans were recorded on barbel in substan- graylings with pelvic fins infected by P. respirans was tial numbers. On each examined fish, 10–15 leeches were the highest (39%) and that most leeches were attached found in April (Epure 1945).
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