DOCSLIB.ORG

MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching Prof. Rami Langar LIGM/UPEM [email protected] http://perso.u-pem.fr/~langar 1 Outline o Routing vs. switching o Label Switching properties o IPOA o IP switching o Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) o Label Distribution Protocol o Traffic Engineering 2 Two forwarding paradigms o Station breaks long message into packets o Packets sent one at a time to the network o Packets handled in two ways n Datagram (e.g., IP routing) n Virtual Circuit (e.g., ATM) 3 Datagram (e.g., IP routing) o Each packet treated independently o Packets can take any practical route o Packets may arrive out of order o Packets may go missing o Up to receiver to re-order packets and recover from missing packets 4 Conventional IP routing o Router have to execute a forwarding decision for every received IP packet : n Routing algorithm execution (performed in advance), n Packet reception from the input queue, n Header analysis (Checksum, TTL, @IP, …), n Access control (optional), n Send the packet to the output queue. => Important queue congestion if all packets are routed in the same way. 5 Conventional IP routing 1. Remove a packet 2. Check for sanity, 4. Place packet on from an input decrement TTL correct output queue field queue Forwarding Process 3. Match packet’s If queues If queues destination to get full, just get full, just a table entry drop packets! drop packets! IP Forwarding Table Router 6 Conventional IP routing o Advantages: n IP is the first defined and used protocol, n IP is the only protocol for global Internet working o Deployed in all machines since mid 90’s n Connectionless: Simplicity, no need for signalization n Flexibility (adaptive routing), o Disadvantages: n No QoS support, n High routing table size n Large IP Header (At least 20 bytes) n Poor performance (in early 2000’s 105 packets/s VS 108 today) n Usually designed to obtain shortest path, o Do not take into account additional metrics. 7 Virtual Circuit (e.g., ATM) o Preplanned route established before any packets sent o Each packet contains a virtual circuit identifier instead of destination address o No routing decisions required for each packet o Three steps: n Establishment of the connection, n Data transfer, n Connection release. Virtual Circuit 8 ATM o Advantages : n High performance – 20 millions of cells/s, n Connection mode – Supports QoS, n Fast packet switching with fixed length packets (cells) n Integration of different traffic types (voice, data, video) o Disadvantages: n Complex (More complex than routing), n Expensive n Need for signaling (Q.2931 for UNI and PNNI within ATM core networks) n Additional delay to establish the virtual path n Not widely adopted. 9 Best of both worlds o Idea: Combine the forwarding algorithm used in ATM with IP. n The aim of IP switching is to combine L3 functionalities (simplicity, flexibility, …) with the high performance of L2 (i.e., switching is faster than routing). n The gain is considerable: in switching mode, the delay is 10 microsec ; 10 to 15 higher in routing mode. Instead of having a rate of 300 000 packets/s with a classic router, we obtain 3 to 15 millions of packets/s with a switch. PACKET ROUTING HYBRID CIRCUIT SWITCHING IP ?? ATM 10 Solutions o First approach : IP over ATM (the oldest solution) n Supports TCP/IP applications, which are highly used before the development of ATM. n Allows interoperability between ATM networks and existing networks that use IP. o LAN Emulation (ATM Forum) o MPOA (ATM Forum) o IPOA (IETF) o Second approach : Label switching o IP switching o TAG switching o MPLS (IETF) 11 IPOA o Classical IP over ATM (IETF RFC 1577 et 1483) n Interconnect several IP LANs using ATM links : conversion of IP @ to ATM @ and vice-versa, n LAN stations form Logical IP subnets (LIS), n Use of AAL5 to encapsulate IP packets within the ATM layer, n Use of ATMARP servers for the translation between IP @ and ATM @, n Then, establishment of VC between stations, n No possible broadcast within a LIS. 12 Pre-MPLS o IP-switching: n Proposed by IPSILON (Nokia) in 1994 and based on ATM, n Route determined by IP flow, n IP-switch nodes replace IP routers: first packet routed normally to determine the VP. Then, packets within the same flow are switched, n IP switch is an hybrid IP router/ATM switch. o TAG-switching: n Proposed by CISCO in 1997, n Support other L2 technologies: ATM, Ethernet, PPP, … n Support resource reservation using RSVP n Basis for MPLS: Label switching. 13 MPLS o Multi-Protocol Label Switching : IETF Working Group established in April 1997. o Objective: develop a standard for IP switching and working on different types of networks such as ATM, Frame Relay, Ethernet, etc. o Integrate the proposals of different companies: n TAG switching : CISCO (Ethernet), n IP switching : IPSILON (IP over ATM), n ARIS : IBM (IP over ATM, FR) o Independent from routing protocols (RIP, OSPF, …), o Can be used with IPv4 and IPv6. 14 MPLS : Bases o Multi Protocol Label Switching is arranged between Layer 2 and Layer 3 15 MPLS: Principle o IP packet receives a LABEL upon the entrance in the network, o The packet is then switched based on the LABEL value, o The LABEL is changed at every hop, o And so on and so forth until the arrival at the boundary of the MPLS domain. o The label IP ‘popped’ and the IP packet is forwarded thanks to the destination IP address. 16 MPLS terminology (1) o LABEL: short and fixed-length value to identify a FEC, usually of local significance. o FEC: Forwarding Equivalence Class represents a group of packets that share the same requirements for their transport. n The assignment of a particular packet to a particular FEC is done just once (when the packet enters the network). o Label Stack: successive and ordered LABELs. o Label Switching Router (LSR): router with MPLS functionalities. o Label Edge Router (LER): resides at the edge of an MPLS network and assigns and removes the labels from the packets. o Label Switched Path (LSP): equiv. Virtual Circuit. Path through one or more LSRs at one level of hierarchy followed by packets in a particular FEC. o FTN – FEC To NHLFE Map: used for forwarding unlabeled packets. o ILM - Incoming Label Map: maps label to a set of NHLFE entries. o NHLFE - Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry: contains the information necessary to forward a packet for which a label has already been assigned: the packet's next hop address, operation (whether the MPLS header of the packet must be swapped or popped), and the label. 17 MPLS terminology (2) 18 MPLS terminology (3) 19 Ingress LER Output port, label, queuing and scheduling rules Forwarding FTN & Packet Labeling Table NHLFE Packet Context Queuing and classification scheduling Convention al IP ports MPLS IP IP payload MPLS IP Packet core header Label ports o LER terminates and originates LSP’s and performs both label based forwarding and conventional IP forwarding. o Ingress LER - labels unlabeled packets and creates an initial MPLS frame by pushing one or more MPLS label entries. o Egress LER - terminates LSP by popping the top MPLS stack entry. 20 LSR ILM & NHLFE Output Tables Ports Next hop + port Queuing and Scheduling Input MPLS MPLS Payload Ports Label o At each LSR, forwarding is done by the single index lookup into the switching table using the packet’s MPLS label. o The switching table is loaded a priori with a unique next-hop label, output port and queuing and scheduling rules. o The establishment of mapping information is responsibility of control part - done using Label Distribution Protocols 21 LSP Setup o “mpls-linux” is an open source project http://sourceforge.net/projects/mpls-linux/ o Scripts are designed to assist increating the entries in MPLS datastructures. n ./ingress.sh<label><interface><fwd_ip_add> o Updates NHLFE n ./lsr.sh<i/c_label><i/c_interface><o/g_label><o/g_interface> <fwd_ip_add> o Updates NHLFE + ILM n ./egress.sh<i/c_label><i/c_interface> o Updates ILM 22 Forwarding Equivalent Class (FEC) IP2 417 IP2 666 IP2 233 IP2 IP2 IP1 417 IP1 666 IP1 233 IP1 IP1 Packets IP1 and IP2 are forwarded in the same way --- they are in the same FEC. • FEC is a more general concept than virtual paths/channels used in ATM. All packets can be divided into subsets called FECs based on IP src @, IP dest @, IP protocol, src/dest port, etc. • FECs can be • coarse grained consisting of all the packets with same destination address • Allow the overall system of be scalable where it is useful to handle large bundle of flows as a single class of traffic • Help in rerouting in event of occurrence of a fault • fine grained as in packets belonging to a particular application running between two hosts. • Help in providing different QoS to different flows. 23 LABEL definition o LABEL is determined by the first router based on different parameters (TCP fields, IP address, etc.), o LABEL identifies a FEC : Forwarding Equivalent Class (FEC = “a subset of packets that are all treated the same way by a router”), o In conventional routing, a packet is assigned to a FEC at each hop (i.e. L3 lookup), in MPLS it is only done once at the network ingress nodes (at the edge of the network). o LABEL will be used by the internal nodes as an index in their tables to determine the next hop and the value of the next LABEL, o The concept of FECs provides for a great deal of flexibility and scalability.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Routing and Congestion Control in Datagram Networks
    Routing and Congestion Control in Datagram Networks Zheng Wang Submitted for the degree of PhD at University College London January 1992 ProQuest Number: 10608852 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10608852 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT Routing and congestion control can be viewed as two closely related processes in a resource control system which manages the network resources. One of the basic prob­ lems is to adapt to changing conditions. Our analysis shows that inadequate information and delayed feedback can cause oscillation and instability. In this dissertation we exam­ ine the problems in routing and congestion control in a datagram environment and pro­ pose a number of solutions. The essence of the ideas is to deal with momentary fluctua­ tions and average steady trends separately. The behavior of shorest-path routing algorithms is investigated. A new approach for dynamic routing based on the concept of decentralized decision making is introduced. A dynamic routing algorithm based on this new approach, Shortest Path First with Emer­ gency Exits (SPF-EE)y is developed, which eliminates many of the problems that the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm exhibits under heavy and dynamic traffic.
    [Show full text]
  • Segment Routing: a Comprehensive Survey of Research Activities, Standardization Efforts and Implementation Results
    SUBMITTED TO IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS 1 Segment Routing: a Comprehensive Survey of Research Activities, Standardization Efforts and Implementation Results Pier Luigi Ventre, Stefano Salsano, Marco Polverini, Antonio Cianfrani, Ahmed Abdelsalam, Clarence Filsfils, Pablo Camarillo, Francois Clad Revision R2 - June 2020 Abstract—Fixed and mobile telecom operators, enterprise net- APIs, Northbound APIs, Open Source, Software Defined Net- work operators and cloud providers strive to face the challenging working, SDN, Service Function Chaining, SFC, Standards demands coming from the evolution of IP networks (e.g. huge bandwidth requirements, integration of billions of devices and millions of services in the cloud). Proposed in the early 2010s, I. INTRODUCTION Segment Routing (SR) architecture helps face these challenging demands, and it is currently being adopted and deployed. SR Egment Routing (SR) is based on the loose Source architecture is based on the concept of source routing and S Routing concept. A node can include an ordered list of has interesting scalability properties, as it dramatically reduces instructions in the packet headers. These instructions steer the the amount of state information to be configured in the core forwarding and the processing of the packet along its path in nodes to support complex services. SR architecture was first implemented with the MPLS dataplane and then, quite recently, the network. with the IPv6 dataplane (SRv6). IPv6 SR architecture (SRv6) The single instructions are called segments, a sequence of has been extended from the simple steering of packets across instructions can be referred to as a segment list or as an SR nodes to a general network programming approach, making it Policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Source Routing 2.0
    Source Routing 2.0 Why Now? Why Again? Nick Slabakov [email protected] ‹#› v3 Outline Source Routing • Historical Notes SPRING • Principles of operation • Why it has motivated new discussions on source routing SPRING Inspirations • SPRING-inspired second look at existing problems Conclusions ‹#› Terminology Level-Set • Source Routing • Explicit definition of a packet path within the packet header by the source. • Source Routing is a generic term, there are many methods of doing it. • Segment Routing • Emergent network architecture based on the distribution of label (and IPv6 segment) info in the IGP. • Segment Routing is one specific way of doing Source Routing. • SPRING (Source Packet Routing In NetworkinG) • IETF working group tasked with standardizing the architecture and protocols associated with Segment Routing. ‹#› Source Routing – Short History Key idea • Prescribe the path of the packet in its header at the source; the source has unique knowledge about the desired path. • A nice side-effect is that loops can be avoided. • Reduce/remove forwarding state in the network, put it in the packet instead. Examples • Niche high-performance interconnects • Myrinet, SpaceWire, etc. • Token Ring, APPN, ANR (IBM), … • IP • IPv4 – LSRR and SRRR options. • IPv6 – Extension header of routing type. ‹#› IP Header-Based Source Routing Security Concerns and Solutions IPv4 options and IPv6 header extensions • Treated as easily spoof-able and prone to amplification attacks. • Generally disabled on all Internet-connected routers. • RFC5095 actually deprecates Type 0 routing extension header: • “An IPv6 node that receives a packet with a destination address assigned to it and that contains an RH0 extension header MUST NOT execute the algorithm specified in the latter part of Section 4.4 of [RFC2460] for RH0 …”.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
    Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Definition Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) is a versatile solution to address the problems faced by present-day networks—speed, scalability, quality-of-service (QoS) management, and traffic engineering. MPLS has emerged as an elegant solution to meet the bandwidth-management and service requirements for next- generation Internet protocol (IP)–based backbone networks. MPLS addresses issues related to scalability and routing (based on QoS and service quality metrics) and can exist over existing asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and frame-relay networks. Overview This tutorial provides an in-depth look at the technology behind MPLS, with an emphasis on the protocols involved. The tutorial also discusses why MPLS is an important component in the deployment of converged networks. Topics 1. Introduction 2. Traditional Routing and Packet Switching 3. MPLS and Its Components 4. MPLS Operation 5. MPLS Protocol Stack Architecture 6. MPLS Applications 7. Standards Groups Self-Test Correct Answers Glossary 1. Introduction Over the last few years, the Internet has evolved into a ubiquitous network and inspired the development of a variety of new applications in business and Web ProForum Tutorials Copyright © 1/24 http://www.iec.org The International Engineering Consortium consumer markets. These new applications have driven the demand for increased and guaranteed bandwidth requirements in the backbone of the network. In addition to the traditional data services currently provided over the Internet, new voice and multimedia services are being developed and deployed. The Internet has emerged as the network of choice for providing these converged services. However, the demands placed on the network by these new applications and services, in terms of speed and bandwidth, have strained the resources of the existing Internet infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • MPLS Segment Routing Driving a Modern Approach to MPLS Transport
    White Paper MPLS Segment Routing Driving a modern approach to MPLS transport For many years, one of the biggest challenges in network design has been effectively managing traffic flow end-to- end across the network. Stated more specifically: How is traffic intelligently classified and path engineered throughout the network? Furthermore, how can this traffic be classified into differentiated levels of service, without adding unnecessary complication to management, control plane, or data plane state in this critically important part of the network? Now, modern cloud and service provider networks in the SDN era require even more flexible control on steering of their traffic flows, at a much greater scale. With globally optimized SDN controllers utilizing parameters like distance, available bandwidth, latency, cost of long-haul links and business logic into their path computation algorithms, there is an increased need for flexible, intelligent source routing solutions. More and more operators have made a concerted effort to simplify their networks and eliminate the dependency on a wide set of protocols to achieve their goals. As native IPv6 deployments increase, there is a need for a native solution for IPv6 networks and IP backbones that provides the same capabilities as current MPLS networks. This seems like an impossible set of opposing requirements to reconcile. Traditional MPLS implementations did address some of the original challenges, but they came with a complex array of protocols, suffered from scaling challenges and had rigid vendor specific path computation algorithms for Traffic Engineering (TE). They also did not provide native IPv6 support across the protocol stack. Segment routing is the technology that elegantly addresses this varied set of requirements across many different networking domains: datacenter, content delivery networks and metro networks, to name a few.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (Atm) Technology to Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (Pacs): a Survey
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-1996 Application of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (Atm) technology to Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (Pacs): A survey Sridharan R Madabhushanam University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Madabhushanam, Sridharan R, "Application of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (Atm) technology to Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (Pacs): A survey" (1996). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 3249. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/vpsr-biak This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fiom the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Configuring Static MPLS
    Configuring Static MPLS This chapter contains information on how to configure static multiprotocol label switching (MPLS). • About Static MPLS, on page 1 • Licensing Requirements, on page 4 • Prerequisites for Static MPLS, on page 4 • Guidelines and Limitations for Static MPLS, on page 4 • Configuring Static MPLS, on page 6 • Verifying the Static MPLS Configuration, on page 9 • Displaying Static MPLS Statistics, on page 11 • Clearing Static MPLS Statistics, on page 12 • Configuration Examples for Static MPLS, on page 12 • Additional References, on page 13 About Static MPLS Generally, label switching routers (LSRs) use a label distribution protocol to dynamically learn the labels that they should use to label-switch packets. Examples of such protocols include: • Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard that is used to bind labels to network addresses • Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), which is used to distribute labels for traffic engineering (TE) • Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is used to distribute labels for MPLS virtual private networks (VPNs) To use a learned label to label-switch packets, an LSR installs the label into its Label Forwarding Information Base (LFIB). The static MPLS feature enables you to statically configure the following: • The binding between a label and an IPv4 or IPv6 prefix • The action corresponding to the binding between a label and an IPv4 or IPv6 prefix (label swap or pop) • The contents of an LFIB cross-connect entry Configuring Static MPLS 1 Configuring Static MPLS Label Swap and Pop Label Swap and Pop As a labeled packet traverses the MPLS domain, the outermost label of the label stack is examined at each hop.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 14 in Stallings 10Th Edition
    The Internet Protocol Chapter 14 in Stallings 10th Edition CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 1 Sequence 14 Table 14.1 Internetworki ng Terms (Table is on page 429 in the textbook) Page 2 Sequence 14 1 Host A Host B App X App Y App Y App X Port 1 2 3 2 4 6 Logical connection (TCP connection) TCP TCP Global internet IP address IP Network Access Network Access Protocol #1 Protocol #2 Logical connection Physical Subnetwork attachment (e.g., virtual circuit) Physical point address Router J IP NAP 1 NAP 2 Network 1 Network 2 Physical Physical Figure 14.1 TCP/IP Concepts CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 3 Sequence 14 Why we do not want Connection Oriented Transfer CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 4 Sequence 14 2 Connectionless Operation • Internetworking involves connectionless operation at the level of the Internet Protocol (IP) IP •Initially developed for the DARPA internet project •Protocol is needed to access a particular network CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 5 Sequence 14 Connectionless Internetworking • Advantages —Flexibility —Robust —No unnecessary overhead • Unreliable —Not guaranteed delivery —Not guaranteed order of delivery • Packets can take different routes —Reliability is responsibility of next layer up (e.g. TCP) CS420/520 Axel Krings Page 6 Sequence 14 3 LAN 1 LAN 2 Frame relay WAN Router Router End system (X) (Y) End system (A) (B) TCP TCP IP IP IP IP t1 t6 t7 t10 t11 t16 LLC LLC LLC LLC t2 t5 LAPF LAPF t12 t15 MAC MAC MAC MAC t3 t4 t8 t9 t13 t14 Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical t1, t6, t7, t10, t11, t16 IP-H TCP-H Data t2,
    [Show full text]
  • Will Segment Routing Deliver on Its Promise? a Heavy Reading White Paper Produced for Juniper Networks
    Independent market research and competitive analysis of next-generation business and technology solutions for service providers and vendors Will Segment Routing Deliver on Its Promise? A Heavy Reading white paper produced for Juniper Networks AUTHOR: STERLING PERRIN, PRINCIPAL ANALYST, HEAVY READING INTRODUCTION Segment routing (SR) was introduced to the market just a few years ago with a promise that it would greatly simplify the control plane in IP networks. It promised to move state information from the network to the packet header and provide an end-to-end transport architecture that spans multiple network domains. Service provider support of SR is growing, but work remains in advance of broad industry adoption. In this white paper, Heavy Reading explores the state of SR today: What is working and what’s not? What is the industry doing to ensure broad, reliable adoption at scale for this promising new technology? Topics addressed include the following: • The current state of SR in service provider networks • Challenges to broader adoption • Future use case cases • Proposed path forward for SR STATE OF SEGMENT ROUTING TODAY, CURRENT ADOPTION, USE CASES "Segment routing" and "source routing" are two terms that describe a routing technique in which the source (or ingress) router specifies the route that the packet will take through the network, rather than the path being chosen based on the packet's destination only. SR was officially introduced within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 2013 when the Source Packet Routing in Networking (SPRING) Working Group was formed. SR’s primary differentiation from legacy traffic engineering protocols – such as RSVP-TE, LDP, and MPLS-TP* – is in its implementation and operational simplicity.
    [Show full text]
  • Segment Routing
    Application Engineered Routing: Allowing Applications to Program the Network BRKSPG-2066 Rob Piasecki, Solutions Architect, Services, [email protected] Agenda • AER: Industry Drivers & Overview • AER: Architecture & Technical Concepts . Segment Routing . Intelligent SDN Controller • Use Cases & Implementation . Purpose Built Applications . Demo • Conclusion AER: Industry Drivers & Overview The Problem The Network is facing new challenges Cloud Services IoE Mobility Dynamic and changing traffic patterns UHD Increasingly diverse applications with application-specific transport requirements Other End-to-End control required IPv6 EVOLVED PROGRAMMABLE NETWORK5 Networks Need to be Rethought Applications and Network interaction is key IP APPLICATIONS Core Edge EVOLVED SERVICES PLATFORM Acce ss/ Agg IPv6 EVOLVED PROGRAMMABLE NETWORK IP NGN Era Designed to support a set of services Designed to support any kind of services Static traffic patterns Dynamic traffic patterns Manual configuration (CLI) Automation (APIs, Controllers, …) Apps Independent of Network App & Network Interaction 6 Specific Approaches to the Problem A continuum of enhanced solutions Hosts DC Core Agg Hosts DC Core Agg Hosts DC Core Agg One device, single domain Many devices, single domain Many devices, across domains IP NGN Era EPN Era Policy-Based routing MPLS TE . Scalable Evolution required Effective solutions with some caveats: . Stateless to address the . Little or no application / network interaction new paradigm . Scalability . Programmable . Configuration & troubleshooting complexity . States to be maintained in each network node . Ease of configuration & troubleshooting 7 Applications & Network Interaction Implications for the Network Fabric Many applications with dynamic and changing traffic patterns IP Networks IP Networks & Traffic Engineering Limitations . Limited to a single network Impediment to service domain creation . Scalability . Configuration & Major scalability issues troubleshooting complexity .
    [Show full text]
  • Traffic Engineering with Multi-Protocol Label Switching
    Master Thesis Computer Science Thesis no: MCS-2008-32 August 2008 Traffic Engineering with Multi-Protocol Label Switching Performance Comparison with IP networks By MUHAMMAD NAEEM ASLAM YASSAR AZIZ Department of Interaction and System Design School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology Box 520 SE – 372 25 Ronneby Sweden This thesis is submitted to the Department of Interaction and System Design, School of Engineering at Blekinge Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science. The thesis is equivalent to 20 weeks of full time studies. Contact Information: Yassar Aziz Folkparksvagen 10, Room 10 Ronneby, 37240 [email protected] Muhammad Naeem Aslam [email protected] Studentvagen 01, Room 37 Ronneby, 37240 University advisor(s): Dr. Lawrence Edward Henesey Department of System and Software Engineering Department of Systems and Software Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology Internet : www.bth.se/tek Box 520 Phone : +46 457 38 50 00 SE – 372 25 Ronneby Fax : + 46 457 102 45 Sweden ii ABSTRACT Traffic Engineering (TE) is the stage which deals with geometric design planning and traffic operation of networks, network devices and relationship of routers for the transportation of data. TE is that feature of network engineering which concentrate on problems of performance optimization of operational networks. It involves techniques and application of knowledge to gain performance objectives, which includes movement of data through network, reliability, planning of network capacity and efficient use of network resources. This thesis addresses the problems of traffic engineering and suggests a solution by using the concept of Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS).
    [Show full text]
  • Segment Routing
    “Segment routing is a game changer,” years ago as efforts to build out global A simpler solution How Segment Routing is according to Craig Hill, distinguished networks were simply becoming “too Segment routing removes the architect at the U.S. Public Sector costly and too difficult,” said Dorman. requirements for multiple protocols division of Cisco Systems. “What and network-wide synchronization, Changing the Limitations in US segment routing has done is Prior to segment routing, multi-protocol and their state, that traditional MPLS dramatically reduce the complexity in label switching (MPLS) packets were added, while still providing the same the network while adding key feature forwarded using label switching instead services and reducing the complexity Federal Network Architectures enhancements,” he said. Organizations of IP-based routing—which meant of management and operations. with large-scale networking demands the routers forwarded traffic based A simpler approach for routing data that also works with legacy systems are already putting segment routing on the label and not the destination It utilizes a “source routing” technique to work. address. This required only the “edge” in which the sending router specifies is poised to help agencies reboot their networks—and lower their costs. routers to perform an IP lookup, while the route that the packet of information “Segment routing has been growing intermediate “core” routers performed will take through the network—akin like wildfire in the service provider only a label lookup. to a driver choosing a preferred route, By FedScoop Staff market,” said Joe Dorman, a solutions depending on traffic conditions—rather architect at Cisco.
    [Show full text]