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(GIZ) Gmbh Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn, Germany Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn, Germany E [email protected] I www.giz.de Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) (German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development [BMZ]) Steffen Erdle Head of the Regional Project RE-ACTIVATE: “Promoting Employment through Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in the MENA Region” Email: [email protected] Freie Universität Berlin Forschungszentrum für Umweltpolitik (FFU) Ihnestr. 22 14195 Berlin Tel.: 49 (0)30-838-54492 Klaus Jacob, Holger Bär (from left to right): 1. A construction worker is taking insulation measures. © GIZ / O. Benbila. – 2. Energy efficiency measurement. © Shutterstock - 3. Technicians are assem- bling a stator. © Enercon GmbH. - 4. A man is installing a photovoltaic rooftop system. © GIZ / C. Weinkopf. Berlin, 2016-11-21 2 This study has been produced on behalf of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, through its regional project RE-ACTIVATE (“Employment Promotion through Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in the Middle East and North Africa”) in the scope of the SE4JOBS project (“Sustainable Energy for Jobs”). RE-ACTIVATE is working on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) to help develop markets for employment-intensive renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) applications in the countries of the MENA region. SE4JOBS was launched as a collaborative effort and working platform of several GIZ projects dealing with different aspects of sustainable energy and socio-economic development promo- tion. RE-ACTIVATE serves as a coordinator and “secretariat” of the project. Several GIZ sector project have been actively involved in SE4JOBS, specifically those working on “Sustainable Economic Development”, “Innovative Approaches of Private Sector Develop- ment”, and “Employment Promotion in Development Cooperation”. The project has been supported by a consortium of adelphi, a Berlin-based think tank and public policy consultancy for climate, environment and development issues, and the Centre for Environmental Policy Research (FFU) of the Free University of Berlin (FU). SE4JOBS aims to identify and assess available worldwide experience and good practices in developing and emerging countries on how to strengthen the link between socio-economic development and sustainable energy. The focus is on employment and value creation. The goal is to support international know-how exchange and policy dialogue by offering a set of specific, application-oriented instruments and recommendations that help policy makers and planners to develop better approaches and institutional settings for an optimal valorisation of the socio-economic benefits of sustainable energy applications while adapting them to the specific needs and conditions of their countries and organisations. The following key deliverables have been produced in the framework of SE4JOBS: A set of good-practice case studies assessing in greater analytical depth and according to a single methodology the specific approaches and trajectories of six selected global front-running countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The creation of an application-oriented toolbox based on the results of these studies as well as on available global experiences in this regard, including from MENA. A set of capacity building and training modules allowing for the targeted dissemination of the findings and the conclusive strengthening of local stakeholders. A series of national and international outreach activities and expert workshops was organised by RE-ACTIVATE throughout 2015. Participants mainly included government representatives, technical experts, and practitioners from international organisations who provided insights and inputs that proved in fact instrumental for the success of the project. These meetings allowed for the first-hand presentation of intermediary results, the collection and integration of comments and suggestions and the consequential refining of the SE4JOBS products. They also permitted an interactive exchange with local stakeholders, which moreover came at an auspicious moment as many of the involved countries are currently in the process of scaling up their RE/EE deployment, often in conjunction with ambitious industrial develop- ment and job creation schemes. The outcomes of these exchanges could therefore be used to support and enrich discussions and decisions on the ground. The authors of the study are Klaus Jacobs and Holger Baer from the FFU. The text was re- viewed by Steffen Erdle from RE-ACTIVATE as well as by GIZ experts working in Turkey, notably Doerte Heimann. Proofreading was done by Malte Forstat. All contributions received in this context are gracefully acknowledged. 3 1 Outcomes 1 1.1 Focus of the case study 1 1.2 Renewable energies and energy efficiency in Turkey 1 1.2.1 Structure and key properties of renewable energies 1 1.2.2 Wind power in Turkey 2 1.2.3 Solar energy in Turkey 3 1.2.4 Geothermal energy in Turkey 6 1.3 Energy efficiency in Turkey 7 1.3.1 Energy efficiency in power generation 7 1.3.2 Energy efficiency in different sectors of the economy 7 1.4 Domestic value added and employment 9 1.4.1 Investments in renewable energies 9 1.4.2 Employment in renewable energies 9 1.4.3 Manufacturing capacities in renewable energies 9 2 Turkey’s framework conditions 12 2.1 Natural conditions 12 2.1.1 Wind power 12 2.1.2 Solar energy 13 2.1.3 Geothermal energy 13 2.2 Demographic information 14 2.3 Energy system 14 2.3.1 Structure and key properties 14 2.3.2 Electricity consumption of households 17 2.3.3 Electricity infrastructure 18 2.3.4 Electricity prices 19 2.4 Economic development 20 2.5 Financial system 21 3 Political strategies, actors and processes 22 4 3.1 General strategy framework for RE and EE 22 3.1.1 Historical overview 22 3.1.2 Electricity Sector Reform and Privatisation Strategy Paper 23 3.1.3 Electricity Market and Supply Security Strategy Paper (2009) 23 3.1.4 MENR’s Strategic Plan 2010-2014 24 3.1.5 National Climate Change Strategy (2010) 25 3.1.6 Energy Efficiency Strategy Paper (2012) 25 3.2 Key actors and the involvement of stakeholders in strategy processes 25 3.3 The process of strategy development and implementation 27 3.3.1 Processes and capacities for strategy development within the government 27 3.3.2 (Vertical/horizontal) integration of interests in strategy development 27 3.3.3 Participation of non-governmental stakeholders 29 3.3.4 Institutions and capacities for implementation 31 3.3.5 Monitoring and evaluation 31 3.4 Goals and action programmes 32 3.4.1 National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2015) 32 3.4.2 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 34 4 Specific policies and measures in Turkey 35 4.1 Human qualifications and technological know-how 35 4.2 Access to capital 36 4.3 Support measures to foster demand 37 4.3.1 Support measures for renewable energies 37 4.3.2 Support measures for energy efficiency 41 5 Outlook on Turkey’s market development and employment potentials in RE and EE 43 5.1 Market development 43 5.1.1 Anticipated market development for RE 43 5.1.2 Anticipated market development for EE in buildings and industry 44 5.2 Estimated employment effects 44 6 Conclusion: key features of the Turkish approach, explanatory limitations of the study and open questions for future research 45 5 6.1 Key features of the Turkish strategies and policies on RE and EE 45 6.1.1 Strategic approach to RE and EE 45 6.1.2 Policy instruments for RE and EE 46 6.2 Explanatory limitations of the study 46 6.3 Open questions for future research 47 7 Sources 49 8 Annex 53 8.1 Solar map of Turkey 53 8.2 MENR Organisational Chart 54 8.3 Policy instruments 54 8.4 Renewable Energy Action Plan 57 Figure 1: Installed renewable power capacity in Turkey, in MW, 2000-2014 2 Figure 2: Installed wind power capacity in Turkey, in MW, 2000-2014 3 Figure 3: Installed solar PV capacity in Turkey, in MW, 2000-2014 4 Figure 4: Installed capacity of solar thermal water heaters, m2 per thousand inhabitants 5 Figure 5: Cumulated installed capacity of glazed and unglazed water collectors, in MWth, in 2012 5 Figure 6: Installed geothermal power capacity in Turkey 2000-2014 6 Figure 7: Efficiency in power generation, compared to Europe and the global average, 1990- 2013 7 Figure 8: Development of the primary energy intensity overall, in industry and in transport, 1990-2013 8 Figure 9: Energy intensity of industry in Turkey, compared to Europe and the global average, 1990-2013 8 Figure 10: Main wind energy developers in Turkey, 2009-2011 (in MW) 10 Figure 11: Wind energy supply chain in Turkey, active international and Turkish companies by sub-sector 10 Figure 12: Ranking of the largest flat plate collector manufacturers 2013 worldwide 11 6 Figure 13: Map of Turkish wind power capacities in operation and under construction (2013) 13 Figure 14: Primary energy consumption in Turkey, by fuel, in 2014 15 Figure 15: Renewable energy production structure, 2007-2012, in million toe 15 Figure 16: Annual electricity generation in Turkey, in TWh, 1985-2013 16 Figure 17: Annual electricity consumption in Turkey, in TWh, forecasts until 2023 16 Figure 18: Structure of electricity generation in Turkey in 2013 17 Figure 19: Electricity consumption per capita in Turkey, compared to the European and global average, 1990-2013 18 Figure 20: Rate of electricity losses from transmission and distribution, 1990-2013, in % 19 Figure
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