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Regeneration Traits of Celtis Sinensis Pers. and Aphananthe Aspera (Thunb.) Planch

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Regeneration Traits of Celtis Sinensis Pers. and Aphananthe Aspera (Thunb.) Planch Regeneration Traits of Celtis sinensis Pers. and Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planch. in a Created Urban Tree Plantation approximately 20 years after construction Keizo TABATA* and Yukihiro MORIMOTO** Abstract： The groundbreaking example of creation of a tree plantation in an urban area is the “Inochi-No-Mori” project. The main goal of vegetation creation in Inochi-No-Mori is a deciduous broad-leaved forest dominated by Celtis sinensis and Aphananthe aspera. C. sinensis and A. aspera forests are thought to be the native vegetation of the Kyoto basin. For creation of C. sinensis and A. aspera plantations in urban areas, the promotion of natural regeneration of these two woody species is a necessity. To achieve this goal, an understanding of the growth characteristics of seedlings of these two species is required. To clarify the growth characteristics, recruitment, mortality and relative height growth rates of seedlings of C. sinensis and A. aspera in Inochi- No-Mori, we set up 163 quadrats (163 m2) on the forest floor of this tree plantation. As a result, there were no significance differences in mortality rates between two species. Recruitment rates of A. aspera seedlings, were relatively low. But low mortality and high growth rates were observed in this species. Although there were high recruitment rates in the C. sinensis seedlings, mortality rates were high and growth rates were relatively low. In a created urban tree plantation, the regeneration processes of the closely related species C. sinensis and A. aspera differed. Key Words： created urban tree plantation, growth characteristic, woody seedling succession. The main goal of vegetation creation in INTRODUCTION Inochi-No-Mori is a deciduous broad-leaved forest dominated by Celtis sinensis Pers. and Modern urban areas are not appropriate spaces Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planch. (Morimoto for most wildlife to inhabit because the top priority and Natuhara, 2005). Through the analysis of for these areas is convenience for humans. Urban fossil pollen, it is estimated that a deciduous ecosystems possess poor biological diversity. In this broad-leaved forest dominated by C. sinensis and situation, creation of near natural tree plantations A. aspera covered the Kyoto basin approximately and improvement of ecosystems in urban areas are 8,500–5,000 years ago (Takahara, 1998). Therefore, needed (Natuhara, 1998). The groundbreaking C. sinensis and A. aspera forests are thought to be example of creation of a tree plantation in an the native vegetation of the Kyoto basin (Shidei, urban area is the “Inochi-No-Mori” project 1993; Morimoto and Natuhara, 2005). Further, (Morimoto and Natuhara, 2005). At the site of a because C. sinensis and A. aspera are deciduous former freight station in Kyoto city where the trees and grow to a large size, they form a diverse vegetation had once been lost, soil has been city landscape in every season (Sakamoto, 1988). replenished and several mature trees have been These forests are suitable for recreational and planted sparsely during construction. Since then, relaxation places of city residents because C. human interference has been minimized as much sinensis and A. aspera forests have a bright as possible. Creation of a near natural tree atmosphere (Sakamoto, 1988). C. sinensis and A. plantation is the intended result of vegetation aspera bear sap fruits (Okamoto and Kitajima, * Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University * * Faculty of Bioenvironmental science, Kyotogakuen University Journal of Environmental Information Science 45-5 1 freight train station of Japan National Railways on this site. The main target for vegetation creation at Inochi-No-Mori is Tadasu-No-Mori Forest in Shimogamo-Jinja shrine, one of the oldest shrine in Kyoto. The vegetation of Kyoto City Tadasu-No-Mori Forest is a deciduous ・Umekoji-Park broad-leaved forest dominated by A. aspera and C. sinensis. A secondary target for vegetation ・Kyoto City creation of Inochi-No-Mori is the deciduous broad-leaved forest dominated Quercus serrata 0 10 20m Murray that was once located in the hills around ● Celtis sinensis 〇 Aphananthe aspera Kyoto basin. When Inochi-No-Mori was created in 0 5 10km ● Others 1996, several forest stands with different densities Figure 2 Spatial distribution of planted trees of trees and with different tree species were in Inochi-No-Mori established (Morimoto and Natuhara, 2005). plantation and seedlings that were ≥15 cm in Mainly soil from the tunnel construction of the height. No study has been done in a created tree subway in Kyoto city was deposited in this site. plantation at a more advanced stage of vegetative Soil pH of the topsoil (10–15 cm) was measured at Umekoji-Park succession focusing on seedlings at earlier stages 175 points in Inochi-No-Mori on August, 2012 ● Inocｈi-No-Mori of growth. (Tabata, 2012 unpublished data). The mean value We investigated mortality, growth, and (± standard deviation) of pH of the soil was 6.1 recruitment of seedlings of C. sinensis and A. (±0.6). aspera at the early stages of growth in A survey on all planted trees with a diameter at Inochi-No-Mori about 20 years after initiation. In breast height of 5 cm or larger in Inochi-No-Mori addition, the influences of the initial size of was conducted in 2015 (Figure 2). The total basal 0 500 1000m seedlings, light environment on the forest floor, area of all planted trees was 24.0 m2/ha. Q. serrata Figure 1 Location of study site and the potential supply of seeds were examined. Murray had the largest basal area (6.1 m2/ha); Q. All maps were created based on the Fundamental Geospatial Data provided by the Geospatial Thus, the purpose of this study is to clarify glauca Thunb. had the second largest basal area 1)2) Information Authority of Japan . regeneration processes of C. sinensis and A. aspera (3.6 m2/ha); and Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino 1988) which provide food to wild birds such as gray a necessity. To achieve this goal, an understanding in the created tree plantation in an urban area. had the third largest basal area (2.7 m2/ha). Basal starlings (Okamoto and Kitajima, 1988). C. of the growth characteristics of seedlings of these area of C. sinensis was 1.9 m2/ha. Basal area of A. sinensis and A. aspera improve biodiversity in two species is required. There are previous studies 1. METHODS aspera was 1.3 m2/ha. There were a total of 381 urban areas. Thus, creation of C. sinensis and A. of the growth characteristics of seedlings of these individual planted trees (630.0 individuals/ha). Q. aspera plantations in urban areas is very two species (Higa et al., 2006; Higa et al., 2012; 1.1 Study site serrata had the largest number with 101 beneficial. Panetta, 2001). However, these studies were The study site, Inochi-No-Mori, is located in individuals. There were 22 individuals of C. In creation of natural habitats, strategies must conducted in riparian forests (Higa et al., 2006) or Umekoji General Park (Figure 1) (34º59’N, sinensis and 21 individuals of A. aspera. be adopted that take advantage of the natural on experimental farms (Higa et al., 2012; Panetta, 135º44’E; 11.65 ha) in Shimogyo ward in Kyoto city. 1.2 Establishment of quadrat resilience of these biological communities 2001). They are not studies in urban forests that Kyoto City had a mean annual air temperature of We set up 1-m × 1-m quadrats at 5-m intervals (Committee on Ecosystem Management, The possess specific functions and structures 15.9ºC (28.2ºC in the highest; 4.6ºC in the lowest), in the entire area of Inochi-No-Mori in 2012. A Ecological Society of Japan, 2005). Further, in (Sakamoto, 1999). Studies in mature urban forests and an average annual precipitation of 1,491.3 total of 163 quadrats were established. creation of near natural tree plantations in urban and plantations have been described by Sakamoto mm over the past 30 years (1981–2010)3). This 1.3 Measurement of growth condition of areas, minimal human interference and the et al. (1987), Tabata and Morimoto (2012), and area belongs to the warm temperate evergreen seedlings facilitation of natural regeneration are desirable. Tabata et al. (2015). There is only one study broad-leaved forest zone with a warmth index of We identified individuals of all woody seedlings For creation of C. sinensis and A. aspera conducted in a created urban tree plantation 130.7ºC・months and a coolness index of –0.4 ºC・ that emerged in the 163 quadrats. Species names plantations in urban areas, the promotion of (Tabata and Morimoto, 2012); however, this study months3). Inochi-No-Mori is 6048 m2. It was and heights of seedlings were recorded. Surveys natural regeneration of these two woody species is focused on the early development stage of the tree established in April, 1996. Previously, there was a were conducted in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015. 2 Journal of Environmental Information Science 45-5 freight train station of Japan National Railways on this site. The main target for vegetation creation at Inochi-No-Mori is Tadasu-No-Mori Forest in Shimogamo-Jinja shrine, one of the oldest shrine in Kyoto. The vegetation of Tadasu-No-Mori Forest is a deciduous broad-leaved forest dominated by A. aspera and C. sinensis. A secondary target for vegetation creation of Inochi-No-Mori is the deciduous broad-leaved forest dominated Quercus serrata 0 10 20m Murray that was once located in the hills around ● Celtis sinensis 〇 Aphananthe aspera Kyoto basin. When Inochi-No-Mori was created in ● Others 1996, several forest stands with different densities Figure 2 Spatial distribution of planted trees of trees and with different tree species were in Inochi-No-Mori established (Morimoto and Natuhara, 2005).
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