BIO1300 The Human Animal Common in all animals Topic 4: The brain, emotions and Common descent drugs Cambrian explosion Key Words Invertebrate nervous system Vertebrate nervous system Drugs of plant origin Homologous Pharmaceuticals Same functioning Aspirin Similar structure Acetyl Salicylic Acid (ASA) Monoamines of plant origin Willow tree bark (Salix species) Auxin Recreational drugs Phytohormone Plant secondary compounds Plant growth Not required for metabolism Biological activity in animals Play protective role for plants Biochemical pathway Anti-microbial Chemical modification Spice use by humans Addictions Prevent food rot Association with pain Bacteria inhibition Emotional pain Cultural use of spices Physical pain More in meat dishes Dr. Gabor Maté Associated with hot climates Addiction definition Origin of land plants Chronic use Silurian period Neurobiological disease Non-vascular Craving Mosses Compulsion Followed by insects Harm Insect herbivory Narcotic History of insect damage Non-narcotic Plant defense Drugs causing addictions Physical defenses Canadian Journal of Medicine study Large herbivores Not in most health patients Dinosaurs General Psychology study Mammals US Vietnam soldiers Spines Returned addicted Thorns Heroin Glandular trichomes After war over addictions ceased Silicaceous spicules Crystal meth Chemical defenses Canada Alkaloids Percent addicted vs. percent tried Terpenes Drug not cause of addiction Phenolics Lab rats Biological activity Self-administer cocaine Monoamine neurotransmitters Living under stressed conditions Dopamine Rat Park Norepinephrine Dr. Alexander at SFU Serotonin Confortable living conditions Social environment Heroin like a warm hug No interest in morphine Addictions and the brain Addiction rats put in park Opioid apparatus Lost the addictive craving Attachment-reward Even sugar solution didn’t work Endorphins Drugs have addictive potential Dopaminergic system Some animals susceptible Incentive-motivation Happy animals are not Feel-good chemicals Access to drug is not problem Self-regulation mechanisms Psychology of emotions Pre-frontal cortex Neurobiology Orbito-frontal cortex Stressed individuals vulnerable Body-brain system Stable attachment Stress response Rats in isolation Anxiety Dopamine receptors Opiate abuse Incentive-motivation system Heroin Self-administering cocaine Morphine Humans Human emotions Experience of trauma Physical closeness Physical abuse Emotional closeness Sexual abuse Endorphins Emotional stress ‘Endogenous morphine’ Nurturing attachment relationship Alcohol Mood-enhancing drugs Marijuana Normal emotions Cocaine abuse Social lubricants Dopamine increase Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Prevents re-uptake Centre for Disease Control and Addicts have fewer receptors Prevention Stimulation up to normal levels Incidence of ACE Effects on brain Increased addiction risks Inhibits re-uptake National Institute on Drug Abuse Stimulates dopamine production Women drug users Neurotransmitter effect Victims of abuse Cocaine Effect of multiple forms of abuse Crystal meth Symptoms of PTSD Nicotine Susceptibility to addictions Alcohol Pain and trauma Eating Chemical-based happiness system Sex Compensate with drugs and alcohol Dopamine receptors and addictions Trauma and brain receptors Addicted rats Underdevelopment of limbic system Dopamine injections Deficit in brain stimulation Nucleus accumbens Deficit in emotions Temporarily lost addiction Compensated by drugs Began drinking again after wore off Testimonials Drug abuse and tolerance Brain homeostasis Psychedelic chemicals Over-stimulation reduces number of Serotonin receptors Monoamine chemicals Need to take more for same high DMT Withdrawl symptoms Psilocybin Reduced number of receptors LSD Brain understimulated Mescaline Irritability Present in gut receptors Depression Plant origin Fatigue Evolved to deter herbivory Alcohol abuse Serotonin in mammal brain Childhood trauma Perception Self-regulate Sense of self Negative emotions Id Painful emotions Ego Numbing Super-ego Temporary relief Space-time continuum Stress Hallucinations Emotional distress Out of body experience Trauma and PFC/OFC Objective view of self Underdevelopment Psychotherapy research Assessing emotions in others Military use in mind control Impaired decision-making Hippies in San Francisco Short-term gain Ken Kesey Long-term consequences Merry Pranksters Evaluation of risk Grateful Dead Uncertainty Acid parties Reinforces drug use Tune in and drop out Harmful behaviours Psychedelics and therapy Overvaluing drugs Treatment of psychological disorders Undervaluing important things Addictions Relationships Depression Health Obsessive compulsive disorder Job Post-traumatic stress disorder Impairs judgment Anxiety Inhibiting impulses Ayahuasca There is hope Amazonian brew Brain is plastic Mono-amine oxidase inhibitors Can rewire connections Used in traditional rituals Can rebuild receptors Used for centuries Not to remove drugs Being explored by western medicine Treat as patients of psychology Addiction treatment Remove haunting High success rate Address traumas Brain rebuild around healthy emotions