Oblicza Polskiej Sonaty XX Wieku Na Skrzypce Solo

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Oblicza Polskiej Sonaty XX Wieku Na Skrzypce Solo PRACE NAUKOWE Akademii im. Jana D áugosza w Cz Ċstochowie Seria: Edukacja Muzyczna 2012, z. VII Maryla RENAT Akademia im. Jana D áugosza w Cz Ċstochowie Oblicza polskiej sonaty XX wieku na skrzypce solo Posta ü sonaty na skrzypce solo bez towarzyszenia akompaniamentu zrodzi áa si Ċ w niemieckiej muzyce barokowej. Zanim osi ągn Ċá a swoj ą kulminacj Ċ w ge- nialnej sztuce Johanna Sebastiana Bacha, zaistnia áa w twórczo Ğci kompozytorów wcze Ğniejszych generacji: Johanna Schmelzera (ok. 1620–1623 do 1680) i Heinricha Ignaza von Bibera (1644–1704). Ich sonaty znane s ą dzi Ğ niemal wy áą cznie koneserom muzyki barokowej, a przecie Ī na bazie kompozytorskich osi ągni Ċü Schmelzera i von Bibera, w tym zw áaszcza podwalin tworzenia faktu- ry polifonicznej w odniesieniu do instrumentu smyczkowego, wyros áa bachow- ska wizja 3 Sonaty i 3 Partity na skrzypce solo , które w dzisiejszej wiolinistyce pe áni ą rol Ċ „skrzypcowej biblii”, fundamentu techniki figuracyjnej i wielog áo- sowej (w tym w du Īej mierze gry akordowej). Epoki: klasyczna i romantyczna tego gatunku nie kontynuowa áy. Incydentalnymi „spadkobiercami” bachowskie- go wzorca byli tylko nieliczni twórcy: Friedrich Wilhelm Rust (1739–1796), badacz muzyki Bacha (jego dwie solowe sonaty: d-moll i B-dur powsta áy pod du Īym wp áywem mentora), Francesco Geminiani (1679–1762), Iwan Chando- szkin (1747–1804) 1. Odrodzenie si Ċ tej postaci sonaty nast ąpi áo u progu XX wieku. Dokona áo si Ċ w muzyce wielkiego apologety niemieckiej tradycji polifonicznej, Maxa Regera (1873–1916). W 1900 roku Reger komponuje pierwszy cykl sonat op. 42, a w 1905 roku – drugi cykl siedmiu sonat op. 91. Jest rzecz ą znamienn ą, Īe utwory te, tak wa Īne dla ca áej XX-wiecznej muzyki skrzypcowej, równie Ī rzad- ko s ą wykonywane. Bachowski wzorzec jest w obydwu cyklach bardzo czytelny i jako taki zosta á przez Regera zasymilowany z tradycj ą klasyczn ą i XIX- wiecznym wirtuozostwem. Trzy wymienione tu czynniki historyczne skojarzone są z j Ċzykiem rozszerzonej tonalno Ğci, siln ą chromatyk ą, z áoĪon ą faktur ą, a wi Ċc 1 Z. Jahnke, Z. Sitowski, Literatura skrzypcowa. Rys historyczny , Polskie Wydawnictwo Mu- zyczne, Warszawa 1962, s. 37. 12 Maryla RENAT cechami znamiennymi dla regerowskiego stylu. Dwukrotnie kompozytor ten tworzy „w áasn ą wersj Ċ” bachowskiej ciaccony (IV cz ĊĞü IV Sonaty g-moll op. 42 oraz III cz ĊĞü VII Sonaty a-moll op. 91). Podejmuje te Ī form Ċ fugi 2. * * * WáaĞnie za spraw ą Regera – pedagoga solowa – sonata skrzypcowa w swej odrodzonej, bachowskiej inkarnacji przenikn Ċá a do muzyki polskiej. Pierwsza próba na tym polu wysz áa spod pióra Marcelego Pop áawskiego (1882–1948), skrzypka, kompozytora, pedagoga. Pop áawski, tak jak wielu innych polskich muzyków tamtej epoki, kszta áci á si Ċ za granic ą. Studia kompozytorskie odbywa á w Lipsku, w áaĞnie w klasie Maxa Regera, pó Ĩniej tak Īe u Vincenta d’Indy’ego w Pary Īu i Aleksandra G áazunowa w Petersburgu. Dzia áaá kolejno w kilku oĞrodkach (Kijów, Toru Ĕ, Warszawa, àód Ĩ), a najwa Īniejsz ą sekcj ą jego dzia- áalno Ğci by áa pedagogika skrzypcowa. Pop áawski komponowa á bardzo wiele (ok. 200 utworów), lecz wi Ċksza cz ĊĞü jego dorobku uleg áa zniszczeniu podczas okupacji. Kompozycje skrzypcowe zajmowa áy tu poczesne miejsce (2 koncerty, liczne utwory solowe) 3. Zachowany w zbiorach Biblioteki Narodowej w War- szawie r Ċkopis Sonaty e-moll (Mus. 2436) jest pierwszym, rodzimym przyk áa- dem solowej sonaty skrzypcowej. W zachowanym r Ċkopisie na pierwszej stronie widnieje cyfra „I”, co sugerowa áoby, Īe sonata posiada áa wi Ċcej cz ĊĞ ci lub kom- pozytor planowa á napisanie kolejnych. Autograf liczy 4 strony i datowany jest na 6 VII 1911, z adnotacj ą „Kijów”. Sonata e-moll jest wyra Ĩnie inspirowana bachowsk ą ciaccon ą – stanowi ącą ostatni ą cz ĊĞü II Partity d-moll . àatwo tu wysnu ü konkluzj Ċ, Īe inspiracja tym pierwowzorem mog áa wyp áyn ąü ze strony mistrza Regera lub wynika ü z w áasnej edukacji wiolinistycznej. Utwór posiada form Ċ wariacji ostinatowych. W dzie- wi Ċciotaktowym temacie o dyskretnie wkomponowanym charakterze tanecznym stosowana jest naprzemienno Ğü regularnych ósemek i triol (u Bacha zbli Īony model rytmizacji wyst Ċpuje w Courante z II Partity d-moll ). Pop áawski skom- ponowa á go w oprawie akordowej. Po temacie rozpoczyna si Ċ cykl 10 wariacji polifonicznych i figuracyjnych (na zmian Ċ). G áównym czynnikiem ró Īnicuj ącym ich nast Ċpstwo s ą Ğrodki techniki skrzypcowej, przy istotnym wspó áudziale ryt- miki. Pop áawski si Ċga do idei „polifonii pozornej”, polegaj ącej na prowadzeniu dwóch planów melodycznych na górnych (A, E) i dolnych strunach (G, D), wplecionych w jednolity rytmicznie ci ąg figuracyjny. Technika ta, obficie sto- 2 Por. M. Renat, Sonaty na skrzypce solo Maxa Regera w dialogu z tradycj ą bachowsk ą, [w:] Odwieczne pie Ğni w muzyce, kulturze i w cz áowieku. Mieczys áawowi Kar áowiczowi w stulecie Ğmierci. Muzykologia i edukacja: przybli Īanie muzyki, obja Ğnianie kultury , „Forum Muzykolo- giczne” z. 6, red. J.K. Dadak-Kozicka i in., Sekcja Muzykologów Zwi ązku Kompozytorów Polskich, Warszawa 2009, s. 247–265. 3 T. Baranowski, Pop áawski Marceli , [w:] Encyklopedia muzyczna PWM . Cz ĊĞü biograficzna , t. 8: pe–r , red. E. Dzi Ċbowska, Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne, Kraków 2004, s. 157–158. Oblicza polskiej sonaty XX wieku na skrzypce solo 13 sowana przez Bacha, w uj Ċciu polskiego kompozytora poszerzona zostaje na- st Ċpstwami dwud Ĩwi Ċkowymi oraz wej Ğciami do wysokich pozycji. Przyk áad 1. Marceli Pop áawski, Sonata e-moll na skrzypce solo (1911), takty 17–22 Czynnikami stylizuj ącymi, a nieobecnymi w barokowym archetypie, s ą Ğrodki wirtuozowskiej techniki XIX-wiecznej, takie jak: pochody oktawowe w wysokim rejestrze, figuracje arpeggio na czterod Ĩwi Ċkach. Liczne kombina- cje figuracji, dwud Ĩwi Ċków i nieregularnie w áą czanych akordów, stosowane w drugim odcinku wielu wariacji, oraz cz Ċste zmiany rejestrów powoduj ą narra- cyjny niepokój, w áaĞciwy dla aury muzyki modernistycznej prze áomu XIX i XX wieku. U Pop áawskiego wszystkie wariacje bazuj ą na ruchliwo Ğci rytmicznej o ró Īnym stopniu jego nasilenia. Ekspansja ruchu rytmicznego, wyzwalaj ąca automatycznie ruchliwo Ğü meliczn ą, daje w warstwie ekspresyjnej wyraz inten- sywnej akcji d Ĩwi Ċkowej, znaczonej stanem niepokoju. Spokojniejsze s ą waria- cje typowo polifoniczne, poruszaj ące si Ċ (ze wzgl Ċdu na faktur Ċ) w w ĊĪ szej przestrzeni skalowej. Sonata e-moll Marcelego Pop áawskiego jako pierwszy przyk áad solowej so- naty skrzypcowej w polskiej twórczo Ğci XX-wiecznej stapia bachowski wzorzec z j Ċzykiem d Ĩwi Ċkowym i wyrazowo Ğci ą w áaĞciw ą dla czasu swego powstania. W 1928 roku powsta áa Sonata na skrzypce solo Tadeusza Szeligowskiego (1896–1963), która niestety nie zachowa áa si Ċ. Druga dost Ċpna solowa sonata powsta áa dopiero 22 lata pó Ĩniej. Jest ni ą So- nata na skrzypce solo op. 26 Paw áa Kleckiego (1900–1973), znanego w Ğwiecie muzycznym g áównie jako wybitnego dyrygenta. Utwór opublikowa áa w 1933 roku w Lipsku oficyna Breitkopf &Härtel. U progu swej kariery równolegle prowadzi á dzia áalno Ğü kompozytorsk ą i dyrygenck ą. Trudna sytuacja Īyciowa (pochodzenie Īydowskie) spowodowa áa cz Ċste zmiany miejsca pobytu kompo- zytora. Sonata powsta áa w Niemczech, gdzie Klecki pracowa á jako dyrygent filharmonii berli Ĕskiej. Jednak Īe na skutek nasilaj ących si Ċ represji opu Ğci á Niemcy i uda á si Ċ do Charkowa, pó Ĩniej Mediolanu. Autor has áa leksykalnego podaje informacje o losie spu Ğcizny twórczej Kleckiego: Ca áa przedwojenna spu Ğcizna kompozytorska Kleckiego zosta áa pozostawiona w Medio- lanie w dwóch metalowych skrzyniach i po bombardowaniu miasta przez aliantów autor mia á j ą za stracon ą. W 1965 przypadkiem wykopano skrzyni Ċ z ziemi podczas prac bu- 14 Maryla RENAT dowlanych, ale Klecki ba á si Ċ j ą otworzy ü z obawy, Īe pod wp áywem powietrza wszystko rozsypie si Ċ w proch. Kiedy wdowa otworzy áa skrzynie, okaza áo si Ċ, Īe ich zawarto Ğü jest w Ğwietnym stanie; obecnie spu Ğcizna kompozytorska Kleckiego, popularna w latach dwudziestych, popad áa w okresie powojennym w zapomnienie. Dopiero ostatnio powraca do repertuaru, budz ąc podziw dla talentu kompozytorskiego jej twórcy, czerpi ącego z ca- áej gamy Ğrodków stylistycznych muzyki pó Ĩnoromantycznej 4. Jest kolejn ą stylizacj ą idiomu Bacha. Czterocz ĊĞ ciowa kompozycja Kleckie- go to w ca áej okaza áoĞci inkarnacja bachowskich sonat, podana j Ċzykiem rozsze- rzonej tonalno Ğci z równoczesnym stosowaniem Ğrodków wirtuozowskich 5. Ka Īda z cz ĊĞ ci odnosi si Ċ do konkretnego modelu, ukszta átowanego w cyklu Bacha: — I cz ĊĞü , Molto sostenuto w a-moll, jest nawi ązaniem do wolnych, pocz ątko- wych cz ĊĞ ci sonat mistrza. Wyra Ĩnie wyczuwalna jest tu inspiracja I cz ĊĞ ci ą Adagio z III Sonaty C-dur Bacha, opart ą w ca áoĞci na punktowanym moty- wie inicjalnym. Ta pocz ątkowa, jednotaktowa fraza staje si Ċ ziarnem, z któ- rego wyrasta narracja ca áej cz ĊĞ ci. Klecki post Ċpuje podobnie, wychodz ąc równie Ī z punktowanego motywu, tyle Īe rozwijanego ju Ī w stylistyce XX- -wiecznej; — II cz ĊĞü , Allegro non troppo w D-dur, to skrótowa trawestacja bachowskich fug, uj Ċta w prosty, repryzowy uk áad formalny. Klecki traktuje tu model fugi z dystansem, ograniczaj ąc si Ċ tylko do jednorazowej imitacji tematu w ogni- wach: ekspozycyjnym i repryzowym; — III cz ĊĞü , Poco adagio w e-moll, ponownie odnosi si Ċ do wolnych, Ğrodko- wych cz ĊĞ ci swego pierwowzoru; — IV cz ĊĞü , Allegro marcato w a-moll, odzwierciedla figuracyjne, bachowskie fina áy, z t ą ró Īnic ą, Īe w áą cza w tok muzyki figuracje dwud Ĩwi Ċkowe i po- st Ċpy akordowe, które asymiluj ą cechy przej Ċte z fug.
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