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The Possible Influences of the 2012 Modena Earthquakes on The urren : C t R gy e o s l e o a r r Peletu et al., Hydrol Current Res 2018, 9:1 d c y h H Hydrology DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000289 Current Research ISSN: 2157-7587 Research Article Open Access Transmission of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School Aged Children in Owena, Kajola and Baiken Communities Bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Area, Ondo State, Southwest, Nigeria Peletu BJ1*, Ofoezie IE2 and Olaniyan RF3 1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences (CNAS), Wesley University Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria 2Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria 3Department of Biology, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Nigeria Abstract Background: Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne, water-based parasitic infection caused by blood-dwelling (hence called blood-fluke) trematode worms of the genusSchistosoma. It is a disease of the poor and marginalized. Schistosomiasis remains an important public health problem globally with approximately 779 million estimated to be at risk. This study was carried out to ascertain the prevalence of the disease among school children in the three communities: Owena, Kajola and Baiken with a view to providing important parasitological information and boosting can sustainable control strategies of the disease. Methods: A school based cross-sectional technique was used to collect data on risk factors from 624 school children in March 2014 and 591 in April 2015. Urine samples were collected between the hours of 10:00 am 12:00 pm GMT in dry labeled wide mouthed. Plastic urine container (300-500 ml) each 10 ml was centrifuged and examined for the presence or absence of more nutobiuk eggs. Using X40 objectives of a light microscope. Infection intensity was recorded as number of eggs per 10 ml of urine sample. The intensity of infection was graded as heavy 500 eggs/10 ml urine, moderate (51-499 eggs/10 ml urine) or light (50 eggs/10 ml urine). Data obtained were analyzed using version 20.0 of the Statistical Package for The Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows Software Packages (SPSS on Chicag oil, 2013). Results: Our of the 624 pupils examined in 2014, 256 (41.0%) were positive for S. haematobium eggs in urine, while in 2015, 381 (64.5%) out of 591 were positive. Thus, there was a 23% increase in prevalence between the two genera. Individual intensity of infection varied from 1-6, 468 eggs/10 ml urine. Meaning the most heavily infected pupil in 2015 exceeded more than 68% infection in 2014. The arithmetic memory 2016 in moles was 0.65 in 2015 it was 0.09, while that of females in 2014 was 0.05 and 0.08 in 2015. Conclusion: This study area in Owena, Kajola and Baiken communities bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria show risk communities for urinary schistosomiasis. The overall pattern of S. haematobium eggs per 10 ml urine in the three communities in the two years (March 2014 and April 2015) study shows that it was sex and age dependent. The age-group with highest prevalence is 11-15 years in 2014 and 55.4% in 2015 with range infection for males was 43.6% in 2014 and 71.86 in 2015, while that of females was 37.0% in 2014 and 57.0% in 2015. Therefore, it is recommended that all school-age children especially those in 11-15 age-group should be treated using chemotherapy method. Pipe-borne water to prevent people having contact with the infected fresh water, sewage disposal facilities provided, mass educational therapy (societal sensitization/ health education) is required to reduce infection and transmission of urinary schistosomiasis. Keywords: Schistosoma haematobium urinary; Microhaematuria; Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne, water-based parasitic infection Schistosomiasis; School-aged pupil; Ondo State; Nigeria caused by blood-dwelling (hence called blood-fluke) trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma [12]. The infection is now commonly known Introduction as bilharziasis; swimmer’s itch, snail fever, katayama fever, blood fluke, Out of the five schistosomes species infecting humans, Schistosoma Tsargiyya in Hausa, Atosiaja in Yoruba languages in Nigeria [4,8,13- mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium are of great medical 16]. importance [1-4]. Schistosoma haematobium is found in the venous plexus draining the urinary bladder of human [5,6]. Infection results *Corresponding author: Peletu BJ, Department of Biological Sciences, College from the parasite depositing terminal spined eggs which clog the venous of Natural and Applied Sciences (CNAS), Wesley University Ondo, Ondo State, plexus, preventing blood flow, which leads to the bursting of the veins, Nigeria, Tel: +2348033605295; E-mail: [email protected] allowing blood and eggs to enter the urinary bladder, resulting to the Received September 19, 2017; Accepted October 31, 2017; Published January characteristic symptom of blood in urine, haematuria [6-8]. 02, 2018 Chronic pathology and morbidity of urinary shcistosomiasis are Citation: Peletu BJ, Ofoezie IE, Olaniyan RF (2018) Transmission of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School Aged Children in Owena, Kajola and Baiken caused by eggs trapped in tissues during the pervesical migration or Communities Bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Area, Ondo State, after embolisation (blockage) in the livers spleen, lungs or cerebrospinal Southwest, Nigeria. Hydrol Current Res 9: 289. doi: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000289 system [9,10]. Once in the tissues, the eggs secrete proteolytic enzymes Copyright: © 2018 Peletu BJ, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under that provoke granulomatons inflammation, ulceration, pseudopolyposis the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted of the vesical and ureteral walls [8,11]. use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Hydrol Current Res, an open access journal ISSN: 2157-7587 Volume 9 • Issue 1 • 1000289 Citation: Peletu BJ, Ofoezie IE, Olaniyan RF (2018) Transmission of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School Aged Children in Owena, Kajola and Baiken Communities Bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Area, Ondo State, Southwest, Nigeria. Hydrol Current Res 9: 289. doi: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000289 Page 2 of 8 Schistosomiasis, filariasis, leprosy, leishmaniasis, malaria and its adjoining three randomly selected communities (Owena, Kajola and trypanosomiasis are the six major tropical diseases, specially targeted Baiken) which are rural to semi-urban settlement in Ondo East Local for control by the Special Programme for Research and Training on Government Area, Ondo State (Figure 1) and lies between 7°00′-7°301 Tropical Diseases of the United Nations Development Programme N and longitudes 5°001-5°301 E. Further illustrations are presented in (UNDP), The World Bank and The World Health Organization. the map of Owena showing OwenaDam and the eight sampling sites [1,3,10,14,15,17,18]. Schistosomiasis is the second important tropical of Owena, Kajola and Baiken Communities (Figure 2) and the map of disease inferior to malaria [8]. Owena showing Owena Reservoir and the eight sampled sites. The distribution of schistosomiasis cuts across 76 countries in Urine collection and quantification of Schistosoma African, Latin Ameria and Asia. Schistosoma haematobium endemicity haematobium eggs cuts across 54 countries in Eastern Mediteranean. S. mansoniis endemic in 53 countries of Caribean, South America, the Eastern Mediteranean A school-based cross-sectional technique was used for urine and Africa. S. intercalatumis reportedly endemic in 10 Central African collection and quantification ofSchistosoma haematobium eggs [8,24]. nations [1,3,10]. This is on the basis that children, especially school aged-children represent the prime reservoir for the schistosome parasites and children Ofoezie [13] reported that the disease is endemic in 23 of the 36 are more amenable to mass chemotherapy than adults [10,25]. From states in Nigeria while its status in 13 other states is unknown (i.e., no the three randomly selected riparian communities, (Owena-Ondo, record does not mean no case). Recent studies have shown that the Kajola and Baiken) three schools (one from each of the communities) disease also occurs in some of these states with unknown status e.g., were selected on the basis of their proximity to the water bodies Ondo [3,15,19]. [26]. These schools include Owena Communitiy Grammar School, In sub-Saharan Africa there is evidence of a link between the Owena, Ebenezer (Anglican Primary School, Kajola) and St. Peter’s occurrence of human schistosomiasis and several human factors such (RCM) Primary School, Baiken. Urine collection and examination for as religion, primary occupation, educational level, household income, Schistosoma haematobium eggs were carried out in March 2014 and sanitary facilities, principal source of water supply, age variation, April 2015. distance of river from residence, and the proportion of individuals Data collection less than 15 years old in households [20-22]. By consensus, however, the most important driving factor is availability of appropriate water In 2014, urine samples were collected from a total of 624 school habitats for snail breeding with human water contact patterns, which aged-children in the three communities combined. In 2015, urine on its own is driven by poverty and ignorance. samples were collected from the same above-named schools to the total of 591. The collection and examination of urine samples were carried Although, Ondo State has now joined the unenviable list of out using the sedimentation by gravity cum centrifugation technique states where schistosomiasis occurs, epidemiological information of as described by Asaolu et al. [27-30]. Each pupil was given a clean dry the disease in the state is still very scanty. Ondo State is drained by labeled wide mouthed plastic urine container (300-500 ml) to provide Owena River and while prevalence of infection has been reported a urine sample between the hours of 10 am and 12 pm GMT, the best from various communities along some tributaries of the river, there time interval of eggs deposit in the bladder [10,31].
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