Green Infrastructure Assessment 1.0 Introduction
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Contents 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Benefi ts of Green Infrastructure and the GIA 5 3.0 Environmental Context 7 4.0 What we have now 11 5.0 Catchment Areas 19 6.0 Summary 81 7.0 Funding and delivery mechanisms 90 What is Green Infrastructure (GI)? “A network of multi-functional green space, urban and rural, which is capable of delivering a wide range of environmental and quality of life benefi ts for local communities” (National Planning Policy Framework) GI delivers ‘ecosystem services’ ‒ The products of natural systems from which people derive benefi ts, including goods and services, some of which can be valued economically and others which have a non-economic value. Ecosystem services include: • Provisioning services (products from land and water) • Regulating services (processes such as pollination, water purifi cation and climate regulation) • Cultural services (heritage, recreation, health and wellbeing) • Supporting services (essential functions such as soil formation and nutrient cycling) Examples of GI Parks and gardens ‒ urban parks, coun- try parks, private country estates, formal gardens Green corridors ‒ road and rail corridors/ verges, pedestrian paths and rights of way, cycle routes, river and canal walks, hedge- rows, ditches Natural and semi-natural greenspaces ‒ nature reserves, grassland, heath or moor, woodland and scrub, bare rock habitats, wetlands, open water bodies and rivers, wastelands Amenity greenspace ‒ children’s play areas, village greens, community gardens, playing fi elds, informal recreation spaces, domestic gardens, green roofs, allotments, heritage sites, cemeteries, agricultural land GIA - Green Infrastructure Assessment 1.0 Introduction 1.1 The Green Infrastructure Assessment (GIA) promotes a network of multi-functional green space with recreational, visual and biodiversity value. This section identifi es existing environmental assets at the landscape scale and by catchment areas within Mid Devon, including an analysis of diff erent GI functions and defi ciencies. It is intended to provide a robust evidence base for strategic policies in the emerging Local Plan. It may also inform negotiations and decision-making on the allocation of monies collected through the Community Infrastructure Levy. Strategic planning objectives should include: • Safeguarding and enhancing biodiversity • Mitigating and adapting to climate change • Improving economic prosperity through sustainable development, green tourism and a local food production • Promoting a low carbon society • Health and wellbeing through improved access to GI The fi ndings of the GIA will inform the new Open Space and Play Area Strategy, consistent with the Council’s strategic objective to develop the local economy, while ensuring that growth is accompanied by a sustainable natural environment. GIA - Green Infrastructure Assessment 3 2.0 Benefi ts of Green Infrastructure and the GIA Biodiversity and nature conservation The GIA considers the biodiversity and natural assets in the district, the need for protection and opportunities for habitat creation or enhancement. The GIA and emerging planning policies should help to reverse the fragmentation of habitats and species. Development should coexist with and complement GI, to minimise and mitigate impacts to biodiversity and landscape setting while actively providing other forms of GI. Climate change mitigation and adaptation GI can help to mitigate and adapt to climate change through fl ood attenuation and water management, shading and cooling, sustainable fuel production and by providing accessible green transport routes as an alternative to car travel. In promoting carbon reduction and more localised ways of living, the Council will have an active role in GI enhancements. Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) incorporated in new development can also provide benefi ts for water treatment, biodiversity, rainwater harvesting and urban cooling. Landscape setting and historic environment The Council has carried out assessments of landscape and settlement character within Mid Devon. These support the GIA by identifying the characteristics of Mid Devon’s landscape and heritage, with guidelines to help ‘protect, manage and plan’. Using evidence from these related assessments, GI-related planning policies should help to protect landscape, settlement character and historic assets and their setting, while seeking improvements to access, education and ecology. Local food production Reducing food miles and benefi ting the local economy, the importance of productive farming land as an important GI resource should not be underestimated. The GIA identifi es local allotment sites and environmental enhancement or energy crop schemes in place, and sources of funding for improved biodiversity. Public health and wellbeing Access to public rights of way, playing fi elds and recreational open space is an essential aspect of public health and wellbeing. Just the sight of undeveloped land with no public access can also benefi t health. High quality and visible green spaces, both in the immediate environment and as part of the surrounding landscape, will improve the attractiveness of new development for investors and the quality of life for the people living and working there. GIA - Green Infrastructure Assessment 5 Landscape setting and Historic churchyard Hedgerows - wildlife heritage - agriculture and a corridors and habitats productive landscape. linking the GI network. Woodland and trees - Allotments, informal open wildlife habitats, visual space - health and wellbeing, amenity and carbon local food production and reduction. carbon reduction. Sustainable Urban Drainage and wildlife habitat Public leisure and recreation, health and wellbeing, Public rights of way - GI linkages Green Roof System wildlife habitat. and habitat connections, health and wellbeing, public leisure and Public open space - sports and recreation. play areas, leisure and recreation, health and wellbeing. 3.0 Environmental Context The National Picture 3.1 In June 2011, the Government published a White Paper titled The Natural Choice: securing the value of nature. The White Paper was based on the recommendations of an independent review of England’s wildlife sites and ecological network. That review, Making Space for Nature, concluded that the country’s collection of wildlife areas is fragmented and does not represent a coherent and resilient ecological network capable of responding to the challenges of climate change or other pressures. This has been carried forward into the Biodiversity Strategy 2020. 3.2 The global and national environmental evidence makes a clear case for change. While not an exhaustive list of the evidence available, the following breakdown highlights some of the environmental issues that must be addressed through action at all levels of governance. Biodiversity Priority species and habitats are still in decline ‒ over 30% of the services we get from our ecosystems and 40% of priority habitats are in decline Over the last 20 years, the area of crops dependent on pollination has increased by 38%, while there has been a 54% decrease in honey bee colonies over the same period There is evidence of potential ecological impacts from artifi cial light Climate change Our carbon footprint abroad is large: 80% of our timber and 30% of our food is imported from overseas; and about 66% of total water use is imported for making the goods we buy Soil degradation through erosion by wind and water, loss of organic matter and compaction, cost the economy between £150 million and £250 million every year. Climate change will magnify soil degradation threats Around 12% of water bodies are unsustainably abstracted, with low water fl ows having an impact on natural water systems. Unless addressed, these impacts will become more apparent as climate change reduces water availability and population growth drives up demand GIA - Green Infrastructure Assessment 7 Population • People’s choices of how and where to live present environmental challenges regarding our demand for land and our ecological footprint • Demographic change is a factor in water stress and in competition for diff erent types of land use • Substantial changes are necessary throughout and beyond the food system to provide food security to 9 billion people worldwide Health and wellbeing • Children are becoming increasingly disconnected from the natural environment. The likelihood of children visiting any green space has halved in one generation • People in disadvantaged areas across England experience greater exposure to air pollution, sea fl ooding, close proximity to large industrial and waste management sites and poor river quality • Social costs of the impacts of air pollution are estimated at £16 billion per year in the UK • In 2010 the frequency of visits to the natural environment were recorded as being signifi cantly lower among the oldest age groups (65+) and within the black and minority ethnic (BME) population, and among members of the lowest socioeconomic groups GIA - Green Infrastructure Assessment Localism and the National Planning Policy Framework 3.3 The Localism Act 2011 and the National Planning Policy Framework have made a number of changes to the planning system. Communities have powers to designate, protect and acquire locally important green spaces. 3.4 Community Right to Bid Communities may identify important local assets such as green spaces, gardens, woodlands, parks or wildlife reserves, and bid for them if they come on the market for sale or lease. 3.5 Neighbourhood Planning