10/82/93
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS
SUPERGROUP EXTENSIONS: FROM CENTRAL CHARGES TO QUANTIZATION THROUGH RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
Victor Al&aya
INTERNATIONAL and ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY Jose A. de Azcarraga
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL. SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION 1982MIRAMARE-TRIESTE
IC/82/93 1. Recently it has been introduced [l] a group theoretical formalism for geometric quantisation vhlch leads to the evolution equation for the wave functions end, accordingly, to(first) quantized systems. The formalism makes only use International Atomic Energy Agency of the parameters of a group G, which may thus be called the "quantum group" and and on canonical structures that may be constructed on it; in this respect, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization approach is close in spirit to that of developing the formalism of gravitational theories as gauge theories on a group manifold [2]. The details of the above INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOE THEORETICAL FHTSICS mentioned quantization procedure [l] need not to concern us now. We shall only mention at present that the formalism is "based on the consideration of central extensions G of a Lie group G by U(l). Physically, the importance of SUPERGROUP EXTENSIONS: FROM CENTRAL CHARGES TO QUANTISATION these "quantum" U(l) extensions may be gathered forir. the case of galilean quantum THROUGH RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS • mechanics, where the ordinary Galilei group does not even leave the Schr'odinger lagrangi&n invariant and where the necessity of the phase transformation factors for covariance indicate the relevance of the extended Galilei group. The vfctor Aldaya generalization of the formalism to the case of a super-Lie group SG may also Departamento de Ffsica Teorica, Facultad de Clencias Ffsicas, Universidad de Valencia, Spain, be easily performed once the modifications of the Cartan calculus required by the graded structure of the supergroup, which includes, anticommuting variables, and are properly taken into account [3]-
Jose" A. de Azcarraga •* The presence of the central U(l) subgroup is clearly associated to a International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy. central generator, i.e., to a central charpe_,in complete analogy to the presence
of the mass in the extended 11-parameter Galilei group G (m) [U ,1 ]. In this ABSTRACT paper we analyze the problem and the physical meaning of extending by U(l) the (H=2)-super-Poincare group. As is well known, supersymmetry [5] provides a way We give in this paper the finite group law of a family of super- of bypassing the no-go theorems [6] when the spinorial generators are allowed groups including the U(l)-extended N=2 super-Poincare group. From this to belong to some representation of an internal symmetry group. It is to be family of supergroups, and by means of a canonical procedure, we are able remarked, however, that the ordinary super-Poincare' group itself cannot be to derive the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations for the fields contained extended by (mass) central charges as one realizes from the impossibility of *) in the superfield. In the process, the physical content of the central constructing a cocycle out of the supertranslations alone, nevertheless, It is charge as the mass parameter and the role of covariant derivatives are well known that the N-super-Poincare group may be extended [7], leading to the shown to come out canonically from the group structure, and the U(l)- presence of central charges [8]. To begin with, here we wish to consider the extended supersymmetry is seen as necessary for the geometric quantization extended supersymmetry form the point of view of (super) group extension theory, of the relativistic elementary systems. providing the extension cocycle and the finite group composition law. We shall restrict ourselves for simplicity to the extended N=2 supersymmetry which may be considered as "minimal" and It is sufficient to illustrate the formalism and MIHAMARE - TRIESTE its applications. Our aim is to show that once the H=2 supersymmetry group July 1982 • To he submitted for publication. *} The existence of a cocycle essential In group extension theory, See, for *• Permanent address: Dpto. de Ffsica TeoVica, Facultad de Ciencias instance, Ref.U. Ffsicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot (Valencia), Spain. is extended by U(l) it becomes a "quantum" group and accordingly leads to the and have the following commutation/antIconmutation rules (relativistic) wave equations of the basic (first) quantized systems in much the same way that G, ,, the quantum group of galilean relativity,leads[l] to the any other )> ^ 0 any other = 0 Schrodlnger equation.
In short, we propose for the group law of the extended N=2 supersymmetry group SG, the (super) quantum group, the following <#
f 9>~) h-4
(1.3)
The last (anti)commutation relation has not the customary form for the extended W y 1 where g = (x , 6°, §"),£- (g,?), ?£U(l), P^R**, [P ] = (mass) and the 11=2 supersymmetry, but it may brought to it by a redefinition of the basis of 1 - -1/2 ' *) supertranslations 6,6 have dimensions of (mass) ; the euclidean (latin) indices the algebra. For this reason, we shall also put X =1 henceforth ; in the same way, a redefinition of the 6's would allow us to eliminate the X in the i,J and the spinorial ones a,3 take the values 1,2. (l.l) corresponds in case X=0. The vector fields D above are the so called covariant derivatives; fact to a family of H=2 super-Poincare groups parametrized "by X,X (see they may be used to introduce constraints compatible with the group action when later); it should be noted, for instance, that the term in m in the definition *) this action is defined "by right vector fields because right and left vector fields of the extension cocycle £{g',g) is relevant precisely because i^l. (in (l.l) we have disregarded the action of the remaining Lorenta transformations; commute [9,l]. Their form, as well as that of any vector field, is not uniquely this is because our quantization formalism is essentially unaffected by the determined because of the different forms which can be given for £ in (l.l) semisimple subgroups "because of their trivial symplectic cohomology. Thus,in (see footnote on page 3). This accounts for the different expressions which may (l.l) p does not appear as a group parameter). be found, in general, for covariant derivatives. It should be noted in (1.3) Given a (super) group law such as (l.l), it is possible to define the the presence of the constant m with dimensions of mass (see (l.l)) as a central charge. left and right vector fields [9]. The left, for instance, are given by L CO X = -L. Given (1-3), one may derive the canonical left 1-form [9] on SG valued on its (super)Lie algebra with the result
(1.2)
The 1-form accompanying ^ in the last term may be called [l] the vertical
(U(l) central vector field) component 0 since it is the part of e dual (Qi^,) = l,@'any other) = 0)
*) Putting 1=1 and X =0 would immediately give the customary extended H=2
*) i.e., it is not a cohoundary (see, e.g., [h]); the addition of a coboundary supersymmetry, "but we wish to retain p. (recall that we have ignored the to a cocycle does not modify the group structure. Lorentz generators).
-It- -3- to the central generator with defines a flbered structure. Specifically, D and is not 33lbl(3 D D ls not SG —•• SG, . , s SG, SG being the H=2 supersymmetry defined by (1.1} without the (a2) *(a2) P° because
(i.e., such that ®(X) 5 ix© = 0 for all the vector fields defining the reducing conditions). This is obtained by adding to (2.3) the covariant *) It should be clear that our aim was not to represent the extended H-super- derivatives D, „, and 5,.. •,. The other possibility, V, .* and D/.^, symmetry, a problem which would have led to a variety of multlplets [8].The set \tXe-} \ CCX J \ C(X} \ Be t of basic fields here obtained is, nevertheless, one of them. may be shown to lead to similar results; however, an election such as
-5- X = 0 and X $ 0 are essentially different. The case of X = 1 corresponds REFERENCES to the customary super-Polneare' symmetry; X = 0 may "be used in connection with the aon-relativistic limit. In the case of m = 0, the remaining term in £, [l] V. Aldaya and J.A. de Azcarraga, J. Math. Phys. 23., 129T (1982); [(l.l)] still gives a cocycle which defines an extension of (N=>1 or 11=2) super- Lett. Huovo Cimento 33., 3 In (1982). Poineare which leads to the Weyl equations for the massless neutrino. The [2] Y. Jfe'eman and T. Eegge, La Eiv. del Huovo Cimento ,1_, no.5 (1978) connection of the above results with those obtained in the framework of a The authors are grateful to Professor W. Thirring for having called pseudoclassical [11,12] model where the role of the central charges was also this reference to their attention. See also R. D'Auria, P. Fre' explored [ll] will 'be considered elsewhere. and T. Regge, La Riv. del Nuovo Cim. 3., no. 12 (19S0).
[3] For an account of Cartan calculus with antieommuting variables see, e.g., K. Hermann, Quantum and Fermion Differential Geometry, Math. Sci. Press, Brookline MA. (1977).
[10 V. Bargmann, Ann. of Math. 5JL> 1 (1967) •
[5] Recent general reviews on supersymmetry are: P, Fayet and 3. Ferrara, Phys. Reports 32C., no.5 (1977); J. Wess in Toioics in Quantum Field Theory and Gauge Theories, J.A. de Azcarraga Ed., Springer, Berlin (1978);
ACKNOWLEDGEMEHTS A. Ealatn and J. Strathdee, Fortschr. der Phys. 2£, 57 (1978); S.W. Hawking and M. Roe'ek (Eds.), Superspace and Supergravity,
One of the authors (J.A.) is grateful to Professor J.L. -fcopuszaifski for Cambridge Univ. Press (l98l).
a valuable discussion on central charges and to the International Centre for [6] L. O'Raifeartaigh, Phys. Rev. I39B, 1052 (1965); Theoretical Physics, Trieste, for the kind hospitality extended to him and for S. Coleman and J. Mandula, Phys. Rev. 152., ^S1 C196T). financial support. [7] R. Haag, J. ^Kipuszanski and M. Sohnius, (fuel. Phys. B§3_, 257 (1975).
[8] For further work on central charges see, e.g., S. Ferrara, C.A. Savoy and B. Zumino, Phys. Lett. 100E. 393 (l98l), J.L. -Eopuszarfski and M. Wolf, Hucl. Phys, B198, 280 (1982), S. Ferrara and C.A. Savoy, Lectures at the Spring School on Supergravity, ICTP Trieste, (CEHH preprint TH 31^9 (l98l)iand references therein; see also Ref.ll.
[9] See, e.g., S. Kohayashi and K. Nomizu, Foundations of Differential Geometry vol.1, Interscience (1963); Y. Choquet-Bruhat, C. De Witt-Morette, M. Dillard-Bleick, Analysis, Manifolds and Physics, North Holland, Amsterdam (1978).
[101 V. Aldaya and J.A. de Azcarraga, to be published.
[11] J.A. de Azcarraga and J. Lukierski, Phys. Letters 113B, 170 (1982).
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