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Vizualizá Cia Času UNIVERZITA KOMENSKE HO BRATISLAVA FAKULTA MATEMATIKY, FYZIKY A INFORMATIKY KATEDRA POCITAC OVEJ GRAFIKY A SPRACOVANIA OBRAZU VIZUALIZA CIA CASU DIPLOMOVA PRA CA Bratislava Autor: Erik Machac M aj 2003 Konzultant: RNDr. Andrej Ferko, PhD. C estne prehlasujem, ze som tu to diplomovu pracu napısal sam a ze som pouzil iba literatu ru vymenovanu v zozname pouzitej literatu ry. Erik Machac 1 Poú akovanie Chcem poť akovaô mojmu konzultantovi Andrejovi Ferkovi a autorovi temy Ondrejovi Mazanovi za ich pomoc pri tvorbe tejto diplomovej prace. 2 Su hrn V dobe globalizacie, prieniku internetovych technolšgiı do takmer vsetkych kazdodennych cinnostı sa kladie v¨csı doraz na presnejsiu a kompletnejsiu informaciu o case, nielen miestnom ale hlavne globalnom c ase. Jednym z moznych riesenım zobrazovania casu, ktore by vyhovovalo tymto narokom, by mohol byô autorsky navrh Ondreja Mazana v spojenı s internetovym c asom. CieĎom mojej diplomovej prace je zmapovanie problematiky merania a vizualizacie casu a implementovanie novej vizualizacie podĎa navrhu Ondreja Mazana. V praci postupne najdete u vod do problematiky, zamyslenie sa nad casom, histšriu zobrazovania a merania casu. Dalej sa oboznamite so zakladnymi mechanizmami, ktore vystupuju v dnesnom meranı casu, s internetovymi strankami o case, s novymi alternatıvnymi casovymi systemami a s netypickymi hodinami, blizs ie s hodinami Ondreja Mazana. Potom sa uz praca bude venovaô samotnemu softverovemu dielu „ implementacii, pouzitiu a ohlasom na novy sposob zobrazovania casu. K prıloham tejto prace, okrem roznych tabuliek a obrazkov, najdete CD1, na ktorom sa nachadzaju spustiteĎne ukaz ky spolu so zdrojovymi kšdmi. 1 Ak nemate spomenute CD, sku ste navstıviô moju stranku http://pec.upc.uniba.sk/~machac alebo mi poslite e-mail na [email protected] 3 Obsah 1 U vod 6 1.1. C o je to cas .............................................................................. 6 1.2. Predstava casu ............................................. ............................. 7 1.3. Potreba merania casu ............................................................... 8 1.4. Histšria merania casu .... .......................................................... 10 1.4.1. Kalendare 10 1.4.1.1. Staroveke kalendare ........................................ 10 1.4.1.2. Histšria dnesneho kalendara ........................... 12 1.4.1.3. Kalendare pouzıvane dnes .............................. 13 1.4.1.4. Budu ce kalendare .......................................... .. 14 1.4.2. Hodinky 14 1.4.2.1. Prve hodinky .................................................. 15 1.4.2.2. Mechanicke hodiny ........................................ 17 1.4.2.3. Kremıkove a atšmove hodiny ........................ 17 1.5. C asove jednotky a svetove casy .............................................. 18 1.6. C asove pasma .......................................................................... 19 1.7. Letny cas ................................................................................. 20 2 Prehá ad 21 2.1. Alternatıvne casove systemy ... ............................................... 21 2.2. Alternatıvne vizualizacie casu ................................................. 28 2.2.1. Mechanicke hodiny s viacerymi informaciami o case ...................................................... 30 2.2.2. Softverove hodiny ......................................................... 33 3 Implementa cia 38 3.1. Pouzite technolšgie .................................................................. 39 3.1.1. HTML+JavaScript ......................................................... 39 3.1.2. Macromedia Flash ......................................................... 39 3.1.3. PHP .................................................... .............................41 3.1.4. Java ...................................................... ...........................42 3.2. Budu ce pouzitie ť alsıch technolšgiı ........................................ 43 4 Vysledky 45 4.1. Vysledky prehĎadu problematiky ............................................. 45 4.2. Vysledky implementacie ......................................................... 46 4 5 Za ver 47 5.1. Sucasne trendy a budu cnosô ..................................................... 47 5.2. Zhrnutie a budu ca praca ........................................................... 48 A Prılohy 49 A.1. TabuĎka casovych pasiem ........................................................ 49 A.2. Rozmerovy nac rtok C asovej symboliky .................................. 50 A.3. Ine prılohy ................................................... ............................. 50 B Literatu ra 51 5 Kapitola 1 U vod 1.1. Co je to cas ňViem veĎmi dobre, co je cas, pokiaĎ o nom nerozmysĎam. Akonahle zacnem o c ase premysĎaô, neviem c o to je.ĺ Augustinus Aurelius C as je neoddeliteĎna sucasô nasej existencie, vsetko sa odohrava v case. Vnımame ho mimozmyslovo, bez toho aby sme na to su stredili. Kazdy z nas ma predstavu o tom, co je to cas. Rozdielne su tieto predstavy v zavislosti od kultu ry a vzdelania. Ine predstavy maju prıslusnıci domorodych kmenov v Afrike, ine my „ Euršpania, ine zase fyzici a filozofi. Vseobecne sa cas od antiky chape ako jednosmerne a rovnomerne plynu ce kontinuum, ktore ubieha v celom vesmıre rovnako rychlo a nezavisle od vecı a udalostı, ako nekonecny, jednorozmerny a homogenny. Isaac Newton cas nazyval absolu tnym: Sam od seba a vťaka svojej podstate absolu tny, skutocny a matematicky cas plynie rovnomerne a bez vzôahu k comukoĎvek vonkajsiemu. Nazyva ho tiez trvanım. Teda plynutie casu sa neda meniô. Neda sa zastaviô, spomaliô ani zrychliô a ani obratiô jeho plynutie nasp¨ô. To co sa neda v skutocnosti realizovaô sa stava vť acnym nametom pre rozne umelecke diela, hlavne pre filmy, knihy a v dnesnej dobe aj pre pocıtacove hry, v ktorych sa pouzıva technika spomalenia alebo zrychlenia casu, vo filmoch sa dokonca pouzıva aj sp¨tny beh casu. Pocıtacova grafika je teda nastroj, ktory nam dokaz e vizualizovaô aj neskutocne. 6 V knihach, hlavne v zanri sci-fi, napr. [Dick94], sa casto vyskytuju rozne casove bomby, cestovanie v case (stroje casu), vyskytovanie sa objektov, Ďudı v jednom okamihu na viacerych miestach sucasne a podobne. PodĎa klasickej, newtonovskej fyziky bol teda cas (spolu s priestorom) javiskom, na ktorom sa odohravali vsetky udalosti, ktore boli tymto casom ovplyvnene (napr. zostarnutie), ale same cas (a ani priestor) neovplyvnovali. Az na zaciatku 20. storocia s prıchodom vseobecnej tešrie relativity sa cas stava dynamickou velicinou, podĎa ktorej priestor a cas urcuju vsetko dianie a sami su tymto dianım menene. Newtonovsku absolu tnosô casu vyvracia asi najznamejsı paradox z oblasti tešrie relativity, paradox dvojciat, kedy jedno, ktore sa vyda na dlhy kozmicky let rychlosôou blızkou rychlosti svetla, starne rychlejsie ako druhe, ktore zostane na Zemi. Ako uvadza aj Stephen Hawking [Hawk91], tento paradox je paradoxom iba ak zotrvame pri mys lienke, ze cas je absolu tny. C ize podĎa tešrie relativity sa cas spomaĎuje posobenım veĎkej gravitacie a dokonca sa aj zastavuje v ciernych dierach. V dnesnej dobe vsak takmer nikto zo Zeme, svoju rodnu planetu nikdy neopustı, rychlosti na nej zťaleka nedosahuju rychlosô svetla a teda mozeme uvazovaô o case z hĎadiska klasickej fyziky, cize o case ako absolu tnej velicine. 1.2. Predstava casu C as je abstraktny, a na to, aby sme si ho dokazali predstaviô, musıme ho vedieô vizualizovaô. Najzakladnejsım zobrazenım c asu je priamka, nazyvana casova os. Priamka ma vlastnosti casu, je nekonecna, jednorozmerna a mozeme si na nej predstaviô smer. Na casovej osi kazdemu bodu prislu cha jeden okamih casu. Medzi dvoma bodmi na tejto osi je u secka, ktora moze znaciô trvanie udalosti a jej dlz ka znamena urcity casovy u sek, interval. Na casovej osi sa moze nachadzaô aj jeden dolezity bod, ktory nazyvame prıtomnosô. Tento bod 7 rozdeĎuje cas na minulosô a budu cnosô. Tento bod sa stale posu va v smere plynutia casu a premiena budu cnosô na prıtomnosô a prıtomnosô na minulosô. Prıtomnosôou oznacujeme sucasnosô, tento okamih, prave teraz. Uz Augustinus Aurelius vedel, ze existuje iba prıtomnosô, minulosô v prıtomnosti existuje iba ako spomienka v pam¨ti a budu cnosô iba ako ocakavanie. Obr. 1.1. C asova os Josip Kleczek [Klec93] vo svojom c lanku o case pıse o zaujımavom experimente. Na Ustave lekarskej psycholšgie v Mnıchove chceli pokusmi zistiô ako dlho trva prıtomnosô, inak povedane aky kratky c asovy interval dokaz eme rozlısiô. Zistili, ze sluch je najrychlejsı zmysel. Pri pokusoch pusôali v slu chadlach kratke tšny vybranym Ďudom. Do kazdeho ucha jeden, s urcitym casovym posunom. Pri casovom posune 3 milisekundy uz boli posluchac i schopnı rozoznaô, ze sa jedna o dva tšny, ale nevedeli urciô, ktory poculi skor. Az pri casovom posune 30 miliseku nd vedeli spravne urciô poradie tšnov. Vysledok je, ze na to, aby sme rozlısili minulosô a sucasnosô, potrebujeme priblizne casovy rozdiel 30 miliseku nd. 1.3. Potreba merania casu V sucasnosti sa cely svet riadi casom. Na organizovanie spolocnosti, na to aby spravne fungovala, potrebujeme cinnosti planovaô a zosu ladiô navzajom. 8 Musıme vedieô, kedy mame zacaô pracovaô, na to aby sme sa dostali do prace potrebujeme vedieô odchody autobusov, ak sa chceme s niekym stretnuô musıme sa dohodnuô kedy, a tak ť alej. Jednoducho vsade potrebujeme urcovaô cas. Tato potreba vznikla vsak oveĎa skor. Uz keť si praveky clovek vsimol ako sa strieda svetlo s tmou, rocne obdobia a zistil rozne su vislosti spojene s tymito
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