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Housing in Alamar 1 | the Alamar travel guide the New Town travel guides alamaALAMAR internationalINTERNATIONAL NEW new TOWN town INSTITUTE institute 2 | the Alamar travel guide 1 | the Alamar travel guide the New Town travel guides ALAMAR INTI - International New Town Institute 2 | the Alamar travel guide 3 | the Alamar travel guide Content Colofon 4 Chapter I: The New Town travel guides are part of a series issued by the International New Town Institute (INTI). Tracing the roots of Alamar Authors: all participants of the lecture course (TU Delft: Algimantas Varpučanskis, Andrea gentilini, Anouk 24 Chapter II: Klapwijk, Bart Gout, Daphne Bakker, Filippo Fiorani, Gaila Costantini, Giulia Spagnolo, Hana Marisa Mohar, Isabella Del Grandi, Louise Hjerrild, Marina Dondras, Marit Haaksma, Marleen Delfos, Housing in Alamar Matteo Andrenelli, Max Suijkerbuijk, Riccardo De Vecchi, Ruben Hanssen, Sebastiano Pibia, Supriya Krishnan, Victor Koot, Matthijs Boersma, Wouter Kamphuis) 34 Chapter III: Introduction: Michelle Provoost (INTI) Public Buildings in Alamar Staff: INTI / TU Delft, Design as Politics Mike Emmerik, Michelle Provoost, Wouter Vanstiphout, Lena Knappers 46 Chapter IV: Graphic design: Public Space in Alamar Ewout Dorman, Gerard Hadders Publisher: 56 Chapter V: International New Town Institute (INTI) Connections Most of the images used in the publication are developed by the authors or taken by the students during the excursion to Alamar in 2016 unless stated otherwise. It was not possible to 64 Chapter VI: find all the copyright holders of the illustrations used. Alamar Beach With warm thanks to: Jorge Peña Díaz, Aleseis Padro, Miguel Coyula, Han Meyer, Kees Kaan, Paul Cournet, Rita L. Álvarez- Tabío Togores, Manuela Triggianese, Alexander Wandl, Birgit Hausleitner, Camila de León 72 Chapter VII: Music & Culture of Alamar © International New Town Institute (INTI), Rotterdam 2017 Produced in collaboration with TU Delft 86 Chapter VIII: Work & Economy in Alamar 94 Chapter IX: Food production in Alamar 106 Sources 4 | the Alamar travel guide 5 | the Alamar travel guide Chapter I: a million inhabitants, it was by far the biggest city on the mainly agricultural island, followed by cities like Santiago and Cienfuegos, which Tracing the roots only had around 100.000 residents. Check. All energy and investment was concentrated on of Alamar Havana, which was quickly turning into a city of pleasure and entertainment, dominated by American culture. On the one hand this became visible in the shopping streets and well-designed Alamar is one of those new towns which look remarkably familiar at first glance. An department stores that boasted the latest abundance of standardized walk-up flats, modernist social housing of 5-6 storeys of a fashions and trends; 900 nightclubs that offered similar kind that Western European New Towns excelled in during the 50s and 60s. spectacular shows, famous all over the world Organized in neighborhood units, each with their set of shops, schools and services. like the Cabaret Tropicana; casino’s where every A lot of open, green spaces in between and ample provision for cars and traffic. kind of gambling was possible and encouraged But no matter how familiar this cityscape looks: this is Cuba and everything is like Casino Nacional and Montmartre Club; different from what it looks like. To start with: this new town was not built in the 50s international hotels like the Habana Riviera and but in the 70s, in a quite extraordinary way, completely different than its European the Hilton hotel, that catered for the rich and family members. Even if they share the same DNA, Alamar is not only shaped by the famous; and a building frenzy that produced modernist canon of postwar new towns, but just as much by the revolutionary ethos modernist villa’s in such a great number and of Cuba after the triumph of the revolution in 1959 and it even bears the marks of the of such luxury as seen nowhere else, with the prerevolutionary period under the regime of President Fulgencio Batista.1 At second possible exception of Los Angeles. A Havana Casino, 1958 glance, this peculiar mix makes up the unique character of Alamar, new town ‘at the (source: mashable.com/2014/12/24/ havana-before-castro-revolution/ sea’. On the other hand, this festive city was looked Francis Miller/TimeLife Pictures/Getty at by many as Cuba’s own Sodom and Gomorra. Images) Many of the nightclubs and hotels, frequented by Havana derives its popularity as a tourist the American showbiz stars like Ava Gardner, destination for a large part from the fact that Frank Sinatra, Lana Turner and Robert Mitchum, the city remains practically unchanged from were in the hands of the American mafia, as was what it looked like 60 years ago. The old inner pictured in movies like The Godfather, Havana city, Habana Vieja, shows the same colonial and The lost city. American mafia figureheads structure and beautiful buildings, albeit ever like Meyer Lansky and Lucky Luciano eagerly more crumbling, than it did in 1959. Vedado, the developed real estate and entertainment urban extension dating back from the 1850s still projects to turn Havana into a Latin Las Vegas.2 showcases the impressive art deco architecture There were hundreds of brothels and more gems and the modernist masterpieces from the than 10.000 prostitutes working the streets. fifties in an original state that is unique in the Without the nuisance and the risk of permanent ‘A cane cutter and his family standing in world. But even though the formal appearance investigations and US government control, front of their home’, 1944 (source: mashable.com/2014/12/24/ of the city is basically unchanged, the use and Havana offered an excellent playground for havana-before-castro-revolution/ atmosphere of these urban areas is nothing like American organized crime, especially since George Skadding/The Life Picture Collection/Getty Images) it used to be. President Fulgencio Batista actively promoted the development of Havana as entertainment capital. He stimulated the building of casino’s Sodom and Gomorra and hotels with tax incentives and protected the In the fifties, Havana was an international, mobsters; Meyer Lansky was a close friend. If Obispo Street in Habana Vieja, 1952 (source: bestcubaguide.com/ hustling and bustling metropolis of the kind he sincerely thought entertainment and tourism beautiful-1960s-old-havana-photos-archive/) that Latin American capitals usually were: with were the way forward for to develop Havana, is 1. Fulgencio Batista was President of Cuba (1940–1944), Prime 2. Many publications exist on this theme, see for instance: Minister of Cuba (1952–1952), and again President of Cuba Enrique Cirules, The Mafia in Havana. A Carribean Mob Story, (1955–1959). Ocean Press, Australia 2004 6 | the Alamar travel guide 7 | the Alamar travel guide unknown. It is known however, that he carried with him more than 300 million dollars from graft and pay-offs, when he fled the country on new year’s eve 1958/9.3 Parallel to the mundane and hedonistic development of Havana in the 40s and 50s, also inequality and segregation grew. The city was exiting but unfair. All the characteristics of an unequal city, that were common in most Latin American cities in that era, also existed in Havana: extensive areas of the city consisted of slums, poverty was appalling, illiteracy was high, and racial segregation was normal. The entertainment world included and attracted gambling, prostitution, crime, and widespread corruption. Up to the highest regions of government an unimaginable corruption pervaded. Unofficially Havana was becoming a semi-American city and Cuba was seen as one of the states of the USA, a status that was comparable to that of Puerto Rico or Hawaii. It is not difficult to understand how this development was an affront to all those parties that had been fighting –literally- for the independence of Cuba from colonial rule since the 19th century, starting with Jose Marti, the godfather of the Cuban revolution who organized and inspired the first insurgence in 1895. TPA (Town Planning Associates), Havana Pilot Plan, proposal for Habana Vieja, 1958 Two American plans Source: Joseph M. Rovira, José Luis Sert. 1901-1983, Milan 2000 The influx of American money and culture had a huge and stimulating effect on modern architecture, which in the 40s and 50s went through ‘a period of greatest formal and conceptual excellence’.4 The architectural scene was very active, with a high pace But not only the actual buildings that we can still see today as the legacy of the of innovation and experiment, and designers like Mario Romanach, Frank Martínez, Batista period bear witness to a period of great and controversial transformation. Eugenio Batista, Nicolas Quintana and Nicolas Arroyo. The exchange with colleagues Two unexecuted plans that were well underway when the triumph of the revolution abroad was lively and intensive and Havana hosted visitors like Mies van der Rohe, happened, would have forever changed the face of the city as well as its atmosphere Richard Neutra, Walter Gropius and Philip Johnson; magazines were published and and program. The architects of these two plans, that share a rather megalomaniac Associations, Clubs and Groups were founded. This period saw economic recovery approach, were not Cuban, but American, and both were figureheads of the Modern and real estate development was actively promoted by the government, notably with Movement. the 1952 Condominium Law, which made it possible to profitably develop towers higher than six storeys along the Malecon. The well-known FOCSA apartment José Luis Sert’s proposals for Havana’s inner city (1955-1958) are surprising even building in Vedado (1956) s an example of this, changing the skyline of Havana in a today: were they even serious? Just as rigorous as Le Corbusier’s Plan Voisin thirty striking way.5 years earlier (1925) for the center of Paris, he proposed such radical changes for The modernist style, influenced by the loose forms of contemporary Brazilian Habana Vieja that the urban fabric would have been utterly destroyed.
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