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DITERSIFIED FARMING in the COTTON BELT, There Are Few

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DITERSIFIED FARMING in the COTTON BELT, There Are Few DITERSIFIED FARMING IN THE COTTON BELT, L SOUTH ATLANTIC COAST, By W. J. SPILLMAN, Agriculturist, Bureau of Plant Industry, in Charge of Farm Management Investigations. INTRODUCTION, There are few portions of the united States in which it is possible to produce a greater variety of agricultural products than in the ter- ritory comprising the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Large quantities of farm produce of various kinds are now shipped to other sections, the principal exports being the products of the cotton plant; garden vegetables of all kinds; fruits, particularly berries and peaches; and, from the more southern points, pineapples and oranges. In addition, the growing of rice has at various times become an important factor in the agricultui*e of the coast counties. It is not the object of this article to call attention to what has already been accomplished in diversifying the agricultural products of the States mentioned, but rather to point out lines along which still further progress can be made. There has been a remarkable advance in the agricultural development of the South during the past fifteen years, and more particularly during the paiît five years. More atten- tion is now paid to the diversification of crops on individual farms; better methods of tillage have been adopted, and a more intelligent use of the manurial resources of the fann has been made. These changes have resulted largely from the teachings of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations and the persistent agitation in the press of the desirability of diversified farming. There are still, how- ever, some more or less radical changes which might be made to the advantage of both country and city populations. That these can be made, the history of the past few years renders certain. To those who are not familiar with conditions in the cotton-growing sections of the country, it may seem strange that cotton occupies so important a place on the ordinary southern farm. The people of the South generally recognize the desirability of growing other crops than 2 A1905 13 193 194 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cotton, but it is not at all a simple matter to do this. In addition to the natural conservatism of the agricultural classes—a condition not altogether to be regretted and due largely to the risk involved in under- taking new lines of farming—the South has to deal with a labor prob- lem which, in some of its phases, is not met with elsewhere in this country. In the old days, when the soil was not exhausted and the demand for cotton exceeded the supply, the cultivation of this staple was immensely profitable. Then the necessity of maintaining soil fertility was not realized; planters did not know that continuous cultivation without restoring to the soil the humus it originally contained would result in its sterility. Consequently, a single-crop system of farming developed. Perhaps it would be more accurate to say that the system consisted of two crops, cotton and corn, cotton being much the more important. Furthermore, cotton is an easy crop to grow, suffering less from neglect than almost any other plant, and many of the laborers adapted to its cultivation are incapable of the proper management of dairy cows or other classes of live stock. Therefore, for several generations the labor of the South was trained to grow cotton and to look upon this crop as the only source of income. The laborers of to-day natur- ally object to innovations, and particularly to the introduction of methods the purpose of which they do not clearly comprehend. It follows that, in order to make any radical changes in the type of farm- ing which prevails over most of the cotton-growing section, it is necessary to train the available labor in entirely new channels and to give it a sense of responsibility not heretofore necessary. These facts account in a large measure for the continuance of cotton and corn in the position they have so long occupied in the agriculture of the South. Another factor of importance in the continuance of a single type of farming is the lack of markets for crops other than cotton and its products. This, of course, is due entirely to the fact that cotton has occupied so large a place in the markets of the South. A large pro- portion of the tenants and small farmers must anticipate their next crop to supply the necessities of life. Cotton being the one reliable cash crop of most sections, it is diflScult to obtain advances on other produce. Although there are extensive markets for all kinds of farm products throughout the South, except in the case of a comparatively small number of articles they are now supplied from distant regions. Experience has shown, however, that local products, when of good quality, can establish themselves in the home markets. A very good instance of this is found on one of the diversification farms conducted jointly by the Georgia Experiment Station and the Department of Agriculture. About sixteen years ago the owner of this farm undertook to convert it from a cotton farm into a dairy farm. DIVERSIFIED FARMING IN THE COTTON BELT. 195 The change was completed in about ten years. Butter has always been the leading dairy product on this farm. At first there was great diffi- culty in disposing of the butter, and it had to be shipped here and there, wherever a market could be found. At the present time this farm not only makes up all its own milk, but buys as much more from neighboring farms, and produces about 5,000 pounds of butter a year, which is all sold to one large store in Atlanta, and the purchaser says he would take double the quantity if he could obtain it. All are familiar with the results that follow in a section of country devoted to the production of a single money crop when the price of the one staple goes below the cost of production. This has fre- quently occurred in the cotton-growing States, bringing great hard- ship to tenants and small farmers who depended solely on cotton for their income. But this is not the only evil that accompanies a single- crop system of farming. The lack of farm animals and their manure has led to great impoverishment of the soil in many sections. Not only has the fertility of the soil been reduced to a minimum, but the gradual rotting out of the humus originally present (which is always a result of clean culture), together with the shallow plowing which is prevalent in many localities, has left the soil in such a mechanical con- dition that in the more rolling portions of the country torrential rains cause serious washing. As a means of overcoming this tendency to wash, a system of ter- racing has been developed, the fields of many hillside farms resembling a series of stair steps. When these terraces are properly laid out and -^íí^ well cared for, they prevent serious washing of the soil. This, how- ever, is not a satisfactory way of remedying the difficulty. In the first place, the terraces occupy no small part of the area of the fields; and, secondly, they render the cultivation of the remainder much more expensive. The experience of the dairy farm previously referred to, which is located on a red-clay soil decidedly hilly in character, has demonstrated that with a proper system of handling the soil these terraces, except on very steep hillsides, are wholly unnecessary. On the farm in question deep plowing is always practiced, and the soil is kept stocked with humus by the addition of large quantities of barn- yard manure. The terraces have been plowed up and there is no washing. The greatest needs of the group of States discussed in this paper may be summed up in greater diversification of crops on each farm, more live stock, better methods of tillage, and more attention to means of preserving the fertility and good mechanical condition of the soil. Those who are familiar with agricultural conditions in other parts of the country will realize that there are few sections about which the same may not be said. 196 YEABBOOK OF THE DEPAETMENT OF AGBICULTXJEE. As is usually the case in a region that has devoted its energies to the production of a single crop, the first efforts at breaking away from old methods often consist in going largely into another single-crop system of farming rather than in the production of a greater variet^^ of crops on each farm. In different communities different crops become leaders. In some parts of the cotton-growing sections peaches have become the staple product; in others, strawberries; in others, one or more truck crops. As a result the evils of the new system are frequently greater than those of the old. Market conditions are uncertain; no one knows how much of the new crop can be disposed of at a profit; expenses are often greatly increased; and failure to sell to advantage is likely to be followed by an inclination to return to the former system. The risk in the exclusive production of truck and fruit is particu- larly great. These qrops may very properly form a considerable pro- portion of the product of every farm, and in particular localities they may constitute the main reliance of the farm, but there should be other agricultural interests which can be relied upon in case of disas- trous market conditions for fruit and truck.
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