Race, Resistance and Co-Optation in the Canadian Labour Movement: Effecting an Equity Agenda Like Race Matters
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RACE, RESISTANCE AND CO-OPTATION IN THE CANADIAN LABOUR MOVEMENT: EFFECTING AN EQUITY AGENDA LIKE RACE MATTERS by Ajamu Nangwaya A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Adult Education and Counselling Psychology Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Ajamu Nangwaya (2011) RACE, RESISTANCE AND CO-OPTATION IN THE CANADIAN LABOUR MOVEMENT: EFFECTING AN EQUITY AGENDA LIKE RACE MATTERS Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Ajamu Nangwaya Graduate Department of Adult Education and Counselling Psychology University of Toronto Abstract The purpose of this research project was to analyze the dialectic of co- optation/domestication and resistance as manifested in the experience of racialized Canadian trade unionists. The seven research participants are racialized rank-and-file members, elected or appointed leaders, retired trade unionists, as well as staff of trade unions and other labour organizations . In spite of the struggle of racialized peoples for racial justice or firm anti-racism policies and programmes in their labour unions, there is a dearth of research on the racialized trade union members against racism, the actual condition under which they struggle, the particular ways that union institutional structures domesticate these struggles, and/or the countervailing actions by racialized members to realize anti-racist organizational goals. While the overt and vulgar forms of racism is no longer the dominant mode of expression in today’s labour movement, its systemic and institutional presence is just as debilitating for racial trade union members. This research has uncovered the manner in which the electoral process and machinery, elected and appointed political positions, staff jobs and formal constituency groups, and affirmative action or equity representational structures in labour unions and other labour organizations are used as sites of domestication or co-optation of some racialized trade unionists by the White-led labour bureaucratic structures and the forces in defense of ii whiteness. However, racialized trade union members also participate in struggles to resist racist domination. Among some of tools used to advance anti-racism are the creation of support networks, transgressive challenges to the entrenched leadership through elections, formation of constituency advocacy outside of the structure of the union and discrete forms of resistance. The participants in the research shared their stories of the way that race and gender condition the experiences of racialized women in the labour movement. The racialized interviewees were critical of the inadequacy of labour education programmes in dealing effectively with racism and offer solutions to make them relevant to the racial justice agenda. This study of race, resistance and co-optation in the labour movement has made contributions to the fields of critical race theory, labour and critical race feminism and labour studies. iii Acknowledgements I would like to express my eternal gratitude to my thesis supervisor Dr. Jack Quarter for his guidance, patience, encouragement, gentle reminders, thoughtful feedback and comments and for being the best supervisor with whom a doctoral student would want to work. The presence of Dr. Quarter in my corner was critical to the completion of this dissertation in the time that I did it, given my family, employment and community and trade union activism obligations and responsibilities. Jack, I would like to thank you for being a consistent and helpful partner along this doctoral thesis journey. I would like to extent my appreciation to Dr. Njoki Wane and Dr. Daniel Schugurensky, members of the thesis committee, for their careful reading of the manuscript and thoughtful questions and suggestions. Dr. Jean-Paul Restoule, I appreciate your close reading of the thesis and the helpful suggestions that you offered. Dr. Grace-Edward Galabuzi, many thanks for your detailed, interrogative, insightful and excellent appraisal report on the thesis. Dr. John Portelli, thanks for chairing the oral examination and the mentoring support that you have given me over the last two years. The research participants who consented to share their knowledge, insights, stories and perspectives on race, resistance and co-optation in the Canadian labour movement were critical and invaluable partners in this investigation. I am grateful for your contribution and would like to say thank you for your commitment, solidarity and participation in this research project. I would also like to acknowledge and thank my son Jumoke Nangwaya-Guy for his patience in putting up with the “distractions” that were involved in the thesis work as well as the numerous union meetings, conventions and other gatherings that you had to attend. You were a trooper throughout the whole process. There are many comrades who are deserving of special acknowledgement for the encouragement and solidaristic support that they gave to me during the work on this research project. I would like to thank Desemal Thomas, Ijeoma Ekoh, Carmen Harper, Mervis White, Nkechinyelum Chioneso, Winnie Ng, Akil Jabari, Adwoa Onuora, Carol Wall, Chris Ramsaroop, Jessica Gordon Nembhard, Renee Reid, Shelly Brown and Jahlani Niaah for their encouragement and support. I would also like to thank the members of Jack’s thesis support committee for keeping me on track and their contributions that they have made to this research project over the years. iv Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………...iv Dedication………………………………………………………………………………vii Chapter 1: Racial Subordination, Unions and Research as an act of Activism ……. 1 Introducing the Research …………………………………………………………………1 Rationale and implication of the research project ………………………………………..3 Research questions………………………………………………………………………..5 Situating myself in the Research …………………………………………………………6 Chapter 2: The Problematic of Race and Racism within the Labour Movement….18 The social construction, meaning and utility of race …………………………………....18 Labour’s attitude and Behaviour toward the racialized other ……………………….......26 Shifting perspective on race and human rights in the house of labour ………………….34 Nuanced contextual participation of the racialized other in locals ……………………...41 Racialized trade unionists asserting voice, 1970 to today ………………………………43 Race and the politics of gender ………………………………………………………….55 Material issues that makes racial justice a strategic necessity …………………………..60 Concluding thoughts..……………………………………………………………………64 Chapter 3: Review of Literature on Critical Organizational Perspectives ………...67 Asserting voice, silencing and organizational co-optation…………... …………………70 Organizational (in)justice ………………………………………………………………..82 Resistance in the organizational context ………………………………………………...89 Critical race theory and the interrogation of otherness………………………………......99 Racial differentiation…………………………………………………………………...100 Intersectionality…………………………………………………………………………105 Concluding thoughts …………………………………………………………………...107 Chapter 4: Methodological Approach ………………………………………………111 Participants and Procedures…………………………………………………………….112 Data Collection ………………………………………………………………………...114 Data Analysis …………………………………………………………………………..115 Ethical Considerations …………………………………………………………………116 Portrait of the research participants…………………………………………………….118 v Chapter 5: Results: Part 1 - The State of the Union on Race, Co-optation and Business as Usual……………………………………………………………………...120 Overview………………………………………………………………………………..120 Perspectives on Race and Racism……………………………………………………....120 Elections do not ensure democracy and inclusion……………………………………...133 Staff and elected positions in unions as sites of co-optation…………………………...149 Racialized constituency groups inside the box of conformity………………………….159 Concluding thoughts……………………………………………………………………174 Chapter 6: Results: Part 2 - The complexity and contour of resistance: Race, gender, and education…………………………………………………………………177 Overview………………………………………………………………………………..177 Resistance through elections and political structures…………………………………..178 Covert, discrete forms of resistance…………………………………………………….186 Speaking or communicating truth to power…………………………………………….193 Resistance through autonomous organizing………….………………………………...194 Racialized trade union women at the intersection of race and gender………………….200 The state of education on race, resistance and change in the labour movement……….209 Concluding thoughts……………………………………………………………………218 Chapter 7: Discussion and implications of the findings…………………………….220 Discussion of the research questions…………………………………………………...222 Interpreting the results………………………………………………………………….236 Contribution of this study to Critical Race Theory and related practice……………….254 Limitations of the study………………………………………………………………...262 Suggestions for future research………………………………………………………...263 Concluding thoughts……………………………………………………………………265 References …………………………………………………………………………......273 vi List of Appendices Appendix A: Interview Schedule ………………………………………………………286 Appendix B: Questionnaire on Background of Participants …………………………..288 Appendix C: Informed Consent Form …………………………………………………290 vii Dedication I dedicate this work to my father, Isaac Needham, who was the first trade union member in my network, and to racialized members of the non-unionized working-class and organized labour who have/are resisting systemic racism and cannot be bossed or bought