Improving Citizen Science As a Tool for Biodiversity Monitoring
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A Philosophical Treatise on the Connection of Scientific Reasoning
mathematics Review A Philosophical Treatise on the Connection of Scientific Reasoning with Fuzzy Logic Evangelos Athanassopoulos 1 and Michael Gr. Voskoglou 2,* 1 Independent Researcher, Giannakopoulou 39, 27300 Gastouni, Greece; [email protected] 2 Department of Applied Mathematics, Graduate Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, 22334 Patras, Greece * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 4 May 2020; Accepted: 19 May 2020; Published:1 June 2020 Abstract: The present article studies the connection of scientific reasoning with fuzzy logic. Induction and deduction are the two main types of human reasoning. Although deduction is the basis of the scientific method, almost all the scientific progress (with pure mathematics being probably the unique exception) has its roots to inductive reasoning. Fuzzy logic gives to the disdainful by the classical/bivalent logic induction its proper place and importance as a fundamental component of the scientific reasoning. The error of induction is transferred to deductive reasoning through its premises. Consequently, although deduction is always a valid process, it is not an infallible method. Thus, there is a need of quantifying the degree of truth not only of the inductive, but also of the deductive arguments. In the former case, probability and statistics and of course fuzzy logic in cases of imprecision are the tools available for this purpose. In the latter case, the Bayesian probabilities play a dominant role. As many specialists argue nowadays, the whole science could be viewed as a Bayesian process. A timely example, concerning the validity of the viruses’ tests, is presented, illustrating the importance of the Bayesian processes for scientific reasoning. -
Universidad Pol Facultad D Trabajo
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE INFORMÁTICA TRABAJO FINAL DE CARRERA ESTUDIO DEL PROTOCOLO XMPP DE MESAJERÍA ISTATÁEA, DE SUS ATECEDETES, Y DE SUS APLICACIOES CIVILES Y MILITARES Autor: José Carlos Díaz García Tutor: Rafael Martínez Olalla Madrid, Septiembre de 2008 2 A mis padres, Francisco y Pilar, que me empujaron siempre a terminar esta licenciatura y que tanto me han enseñado sobre la vida A mis abuelos (q.e.p.d.) A mi hijo icolás, que me ha dejado terminar este trabajo a pesar de robarle su tiempo de juego conmigo Y muy en especial, a Susana, mi fiel y leal compañera, y la luz que ilumina mi camino Agradecimientos En primer lugar, me gustaría agradecer a toda mi familia la comprensión y confianza que me han dado, una vez más, para poder concluir definitivamente esta etapa de mi vida. Sin su apoyo, no lo hubiera hecho. En segundo lugar, quiero agradecer a mis amigos Rafa y Carmen, su interés e insistencia para que llegara este momento. Por sus consejos y por su amistad, les debo mi gratitud. Por otra parte, quiero agradecer a mis compañeros asesores militares de Nextel Engineering sus explicaciones y sabios consejos, que sin duda han sido muy oportunos para escribir el capítulo cuarto de este trabajo. Del mismo modo, agradecer a Pepe Hevia, arquitecto de software de Alhambra Eidos, los buenos ratos compartidos alrrededor de nuestros viejos proyectos sobre XMPP y que encendieron prodigiosamente la mecha de este proyecto. A Jaime y a Bernardo, del Ministerio de Defensa, por haberme hecho descubrir las bondades de XMPP. -
XEP-0113: Simple Whiteboarding
XEP-0113: Simple Whiteboarding Huib-Jan Imbens mailto:jabber@imbens:nl xmpp:imbens@jabber:org 2003-09-07 Version 0.2 Status Type Short Name Deferred Informational Not yet assigned A proposal for an extremely simple whiteboarding protocol over Jabber. Legal Copyright This XMPP Extension Protocol is copyright © 1999 – 2020 by the XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF). Permissions Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this specification (the ”Specification”), to make use of the Specification without restriction, including without limitation the rights to implement the Specification in a software program, deploy the Specification in a network service, and copy, modify, merge, publish, translate, distribute, sublicense, or sell copies of the Specifi- cation, and to permit persons to whom the Specification is furnished to do so, subject to the condition that the foregoing copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or sub- stantial portions of the Specification. Unless separate permission is granted, modified works that are redistributed shall not contain misleading information regarding the authors, title, number, or pub- lisher of the Specification, and shall not claim endorsement of the modified works by the authors, any organization or project to which the authors belong, or the XMPP Standards Foundation. Warranty ## NOTE WELL: This Specification is provided on an ”AS IS” BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDI- TIONS OF ANY KIND, express or implied, including, without limitation, -
Machine Learning in Scientometrics
DEPARTAMENTO DE INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL Escuela Tecnica´ Superior de Ingenieros Informaticos´ Universidad Politecnica´ de Madrid PhD THESIS Machine Learning in Scientometrics Author Alfonso Iba´nez˜ MS Computer Science MS Artificial Intelligence PhD supervisors Concha Bielza PhD Computer Science Pedro Larranaga˜ PhD Computer Science 2015 Thesis Committee President: C´esarHerv´as Member: Jos´eRam´onDorronsoro Member: Enrique Herrera Member: Irene Rodr´ıguez Secretary: Florian Leitner There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure. Acknowledgements Ph.D. research often appears a solitary undertaking. However, it is impossible to maintain the degree of focus and dedication required for its completion without the help and support of many people. It has been a difficult long journey to finish my Ph.D. research and it is of justice to cite here all of them. First and foremost, I would like to thank Concha Bielza and Pedro Larra~nagafor being my supervisors and mentors. Without your unfailing support, recommendations and patient, this thesis would not have been the same. You have been role models who not only guided my research but also demonstrated your enthusiastic research attitudes. I owe you so much. Whatever research path I do take, I will be prepared because of you. I would also like to express my thanks to all my friends and colleagues at the Computa- tional Intelligence Group who provided me with not only an excellent working atmosphere and stimulating discussions but also friendships, care and assistance when I needed. My special thank-you goes to Rub´enArma~nanzas,Roberto Santana, Diego Vidaurre, Hanen Borchani, Pedro L. -
Application of Fuzzy Query Based on Relation Database Dongmei Wei Liangzhong Yi Zheng Pei
Application of Fuzzy Query Based on Relation Database Dongmei Wei Liangzhong Yi Zheng Pei School of Mathematics & Computer Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China Abstract SELECT <list of ¯elds> FROM <list of tables> ; The traditional query in relation database is unable WHERE <attribute> in <multi-valued attribute> to satisfy the needs for dealing with fuzzy linguis- tic values. In this paper, a new data query tech- SELECT <list of ¯elds> FROM <list of tables>; nique combined fuzzy theory and SQL is provided, WHERE NOT <condition> and the query can be implemented for fuzzy linguis- tic values query via a interface to Microsoft Visual SELECT <list of ¯elds> FROM <list of tables>; Foxpro. Here, we applied it to an realism instance, WHERE <subcondition> AND <subcondition> questions could be expressed by fuzzy linguistic val- ues such as young, high salary, etc, in Employee SELECT <list of ¯elds> FROM <list of tables>; relation database. This could be widely used to WHERE <subcondition> OR <subcondition> realize the other fuzzy query based on database. However, the Complexity is limited in precise data processing and is unable to directly express Keywords: Fuzzy query, Relation database, Fuzzy fuzzy concepts of natural language. For instance, theory, SQL, Microsoft visual foxpro in employees relation database, to deal with a query statement like "younger, well quali¯ed or better 1. Introduction performance ", it is di±cult to construct SQL be- cause the query words are fuzzy expressions. In Database management systems(DBMS) are ex- order to obtain query results, there are two basic tremely useful software products which have been methods of research in the use of SQL Combined used in many kinds of systems [1]-[3]. -
On Fuzzy and Rough Sets Approaches to Vagueness Modeling⋆ Extended Abstract
From Free Will Debate to Embodiment of Fuzzy Logic into Washing Machines: On Fuzzy and Rough Sets Approaches to Vagueness Modeling⋆ Extended Abstract Piotr Wasilewski Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics University of Warsaw Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland [email protected] Deep scientific ideas have at least one distinctive property: they can be applied both by philosophers in abstract fundamental debates and by engineers in concrete practi- cal applications. Mathematical approaches to modeling of vagueness also possess this property. Problems connected with vagueness have been discussed at the beginning of XXth century by philosophers, logicians and mathematicians in developing foundations of mathematics leading to clarification of logical semantics and establishing of math- ematical logic and set theory. Those investigations led also to big step in the history of logic: introduction of three-valued logic. In the second half of XXth century some mathematical theories based on vagueness idea and suitable for modeling vague con- cepts were introduced, including fuzzy set theory proposed by Lotfi Zadeh in 1965 [16] and rough set theory proposed by Zdzis¸saw Pawlak in 1982 [4] having many practical applications in various areas from engineering and computer science such as control theory, data mining, machine learning, knowledge discovery, artificial intelligence. Concepts in classical philosophy and in mathematics are not vague. Classical the- ory of concepts requires that definition of concept C hast to provide exact rules of the following form: if object x belongs to concept C, then x possess properties P1,P2,...,Pn; if object x possess properties P1,P2,...,Pn, then x belongs to concept C. -
Research Hotspots and Frontiers of Product R&D Management
applied sciences Article Research Hotspots and Frontiers of Product R&D Management under the Background of the Digital Intelligence Era—Bibliometrics Based on Citespace and Histcite Hongda Liu 1,2, Yuxi Luo 2, Jiejun Geng 3 and Pinbo Yao 2,* 1 School of Economics & Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; [email protected] 3 School of Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200333, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The rise of “cloud-computing, mobile-Internet, Internet of things, big-data, and smart-data” digital technology has brought a subversive revolution to enterprises and consumers’ traditional patterns. Product research and development has become the main battlefield of enterprise compe- Citation: Liu, H.; Luo, Y.; Geng, J.; tition, facing an environment where challenges and opportunities coexist. Regarding the concepts Yao, P. Research Hotspots and and methods of product R&D projects, the domestic start was later than the international ones, and Frontiers of Product R&D many domestic companies have also used successful foreign cases as benchmarks to innovate their Management under the Background management methods in practice. “Workers must first sharpen their tools if they want to do their of the Digital Intelligence jobs well”. This article will start from the relevant concepts of product R&D projects and summarize Era—Bibliometrics Based on current R&D management ideas and methods. We combined the bibliometric analysis software Citespace and Histcite. Appl. Sci. Histcite and Citespace to sort out the content of domestic and foreign literature and explore the 2021, 11, 6759. -
Download (Accessed on 30 July 2016)
data Article Earth Observation for Citizen Science Validation, or Citizen Science for Earth Observation Validation? The Role of Quality Assurance of Volunteered Observations Didier G. Leibovici 1,* ID , Jamie Williams 2 ID , Julian F. Rosser 1, Crona Hodges 3, Colin Chapman 4, Chris Higgins 5 and Mike J. Jackson 1 1 Nottingham Geospatial Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; [email protected] (J.F.R.); [email protected] (M.J.J.) 2 Environment Systems Ltd., Aberystwyth SY23 3AH, UK; [email protected] 3 Earth Observation Group, Aberystwyth University Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3JG, UK; [email protected] 4 Welsh Government, Aberystwyth SY23 3UR, UK; [email protected] 5 EDINA, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9DR, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 August 2017; Accepted: 19 October 2017; Published: 23 October 2017 Abstract: Environmental policy involving citizen science (CS) is of growing interest. In support of this open data stream of information, validation or quality assessment of the CS geo-located data to their appropriate usage for evidence-based policy making needs a flexible and easily adaptable data curation process ensuring transparency. Addressing these needs, this paper describes an approach for automatic quality assurance as proposed by the Citizen OBservatory WEB (COBWEB) FP7 project. This approach is based upon a workflow composition that combines different quality controls, each belonging to seven categories or “pillars”. Each pillar focuses on a specific dimension in the types of reasoning algorithms for CS data qualification. -
Phylogeny of Ensifera (Hexapoda: Orthoptera) Using Three Ribosomal Loci, with Implications for the Evolution of Acoustic Communication
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38 (2006) 510–530 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny of Ensifera (Hexapoda: Orthoptera) using three ribosomal loci, with implications for the evolution of acoustic communication M.C. Jost a,*, K.L. Shaw b a Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, USA b Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Received 9 May 2005; revised 27 September 2005; accepted 4 October 2005 Available online 16 November 2005 Abstract Representatives of the Orthopteran suborder Ensifera (crickets, katydids, and related insects) are well known for acoustic signals pro- duced in the contexts of courtship and mate recognition. We present a phylogenetic estimate of Ensifera for a sample of 51 taxonomically diverse exemplars, using sequences from 18S, 28S, and 16S rRNA. The results support a monophyletic Ensifera, monophyly of most ensiferan families, and the superfamily Gryllacridoidea which would include Stenopelmatidae, Anostostomatidae, Gryllacrididae, and Lezina. Schizodactylidae was recovered as the sister lineage to Grylloidea, and both Rhaphidophoridae and Tettigoniidae were found to be more closely related to Grylloidea than has been suggested by prior studies. The ambidextrously stridulating haglid Cyphoderris was found to be basal (or sister) to a clade that contains both Grylloidea and Tettigoniidae. Tree comparison tests with the concatenated molecular data found our phylogeny to be significantly better at explaining our data than three recent phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological characters. A high degree of conflict exists between the molecular and morphological data, possibly indicating that much homoplasy is present in Ensifera, particularly in acoustic structures. In contrast to prior evolutionary hypotheses based on most parsi- monious ancestral state reconstructions, we propose that tegminal stridulation and tibial tympana are ancestral to Ensifera and were lost multiple times, especially within the Gryllidae. -
Michael D. Greenfield
Animal Choruses Emerge from Receiver Psychology (A Tale of Two Synchronies) Michael D. Greenfield Univ. St. Étienne (ENES), France Univ. Kansas (Ecol & Evol Biol), USA Labex CeMEB Mediterranean Center for Environment and Biodiversity What is an animal chorus ? (It’s about time) Temporal adjustments in broadcasting at three levels of precision : a b (an evening chorus) c d individual e 12 18 24 6 12 h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (collective singing * leader - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - bouts) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 5 10 15 min 90° phase angle (regular rhythm - - - - - - and precise phase - - - - - - relationships) 0 1 2 3 sec 0 5 10 Time (sec) Physalaemus pustulosus (Túngara frog; Anura: Leptodactylidae); 5 Male Chorus Physalaemus pustulosus (Túngara frog; Anura: Leptodactylidae); 5 Male Chorus A B C Individual D E -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (sec) Frogs have rules + - 0 15 30 45 60 Time (sec) Magicicada cassini (Cicadidae); Periodical Cicada (17-year) Synchronous Chorus; Brood IV; June 1998; Douglas Co., Kansas Pteroptyx tener (Lampyridae); Synchronous fireflies of the Indo-Malayan Region Kumari Nallabumar 2002 Strogatz & Stewart 1993 Uca annulipes (Crustacea: Ocypodidae); Western Indo-Pacific; Synchronized waving Stefano Cannicci Synchronized courtship in fiddler crabs; Backwell et al. 1998 Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera : Arctiidae) Specialized rhythmic chorusing : potential adaptive features * Retention of species-specific rhythm or call envelope -- -- -
Pesticidal Plants
Pesticidal Plants • Philip C. • Philip Stevenson, R. Steven Belmain and Murray B. Isman Pesticidal Plants From Smallholder Use to Commercialisation Edited by Philip C. Stevenson, Steven R. Belmain and Murray B. Isman Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Plants www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Pesticidal Plants Pesticidal Plants From Smallholder Use to Commercialisation Special Issue Editors Philip C. Stevenson Steven R. Belmain Murray B. Isman MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Philip C. Stevenson Steven R. Belmain Murray B. Isman University of Greenwich University of Greenwich University of British Columbia UK UK Canada Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Plants (ISSN 2223-7747) from 2019 to 2020 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/plants/special issues/Pesticidal). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03928-788-8 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03928-789-5 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Philip C. Stevenson. c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. -
Temporal Sensorfusion for the Classification of Bioacoustic Time
Abteilung Neuroinformatik Prof. Dr. Gunther¨ Palm Temporal Sensorfusion for the Classification of Bioacoustic Time Series Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. der Fakultat¨ fur¨ Informatik der Universitat¨ Ulm von Christian R. Dietrich aus Hirschegg 2003 ii Amtierender Dekan: Prof. Dr. Friedrich W. von Henke Erster Gutachter Prof. Dr. Gunther¨ Palm Zweiter Gutachter PD Dr. Alfred Strey Tag der Promotion 25.06.04 Abstract Classifying species by their sounds is a fundamental challenge in the study of animal vocalisations. Most of existing studies are based on manual inspection and labelling of acoustic features, e.g. amplitude signals and sound spectra, which relies on the agreement between human experts. But during the last ten years, systems for the automated classification of ani- mal vocalisations have been developed. In this thesis a system for the classification of Orthoptera species by their sounds is described in great detail and the behaviour of this approach is demonstrated on a large data set containing sounds of 53 different species. The system consists of multiple classifiers, since in previous studies it has been shown, that for many applications the classification performance of a single classifier system can be improved by combining the decisions of multiple classifiers. To determine features for the individual classifiers these features have been selected manually and automatically. For the manual feature selec- tion, pattern recognition and bioacoustics are considered as two coher- ent interdisciplinary research fields. Hereby the sound production mecha- nisms of the Orthoptera reveals significant features for the classification to family and to species level. Nevertheless, we applied a wrapper feature selection method, the sequential forward selection, in order to determine further discriminative feature sets for the individual classifiers.