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Nasal Carriage, Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Healt

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Nasal Carriage, Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Healt Legese et al. BMC Res Notes (2018) 11:250 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3353-2 BMC Research Notes RESEARCH NOTE Open Access Nasal carriage, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers in Adigrat and Wukro hospitals, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia Haftom Legese1,2*, Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay1, Amlisha Kahsay1, Tadele Araya1, Gebre Adhanom1,2, Saravanan Muthupandian1 and Araya Gebreyesus1 Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine nasal carriage, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care-workers of Adigrat and Wukro hospitals Northern Ethiopia. Results: The overall prevalence of S. aureus and methicillin resistance S. aureus (MRSA) in the present study were 12% (29/242) and 5.8% (14/242) respectively. The rate of MRSA among S. aureus was 48.3%(14/29). In this study, MRSA car- riage was particularly higher among nurse professionals (7.8%) and surgical ward (17.1%). None of the MRSA isolates were sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin. However, low resistance was found for chloramphenicol and clindamycin. Being diabetic and use of hands rub was statistically signifcant with MRSA colonization. Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility test, Health care workers, methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus, nasal carriage, Staphylococcus aureus Introduction MRSA strains becomes a public health problem [3]. Tis Staphylococcus aureus is known to be the cause of hos- has a negative efect on the treatment cost, long hospi- pital and community acquired infections [1]. Methicillin talization, and increased morbidity and mortality espe- resistant S. aureus (MRSA) causes a signifcant problem cially among the critically ill patients [7]. Te problem of of the world and major health care associated pathogen MRSA is observed all over the world, although, the bur- [2, 3]. About 10–35% world population harbors MRSA den of infection is high in developing countries [8]. in their anterior nares [4]. Te emergence of MRSA is High MRSA carriages of health care professionals have an important hospital acquired pathogen continues to been reported as the key mechanism of transmission remain a signifcant factor for failure of patient manage- among patients during treatments, patients contact and ment worldwide [3–5]. aerosolization following sneezing [9]. Health care work- Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance owing to an ers who have direct contact between the community and incautious use of antimicrobials lead to decrease treat- hospital may serve as the agents of the cross-transmis- ment options for MRSA infection [6]. Te increasing of sion of the community acquired and hospital acquired MRSA [10]. *Correspondence: [email protected] Knowledge of MRSA prevalence and recent antimicro- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical bial susceptibility pattern is very important for appropri- Sciences, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ate selection of the antimicrobial agents [11]. However, in © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Legese et al. BMC Res Notes (2018) 11:250 Page 2 of 6 most hospitals of African countries, there is neither sur- clindamycin (2 µg) (Oxoid, UK). All isolates resistant to veillance system nor control policy for MRSA, this plays cefoxitin was considered as MRSA [14]. signifcant role for increasing the problem [12]. Terefore, this current study was aimed to determine Data processing and analysis nasal carriage, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and Te fndings were statically analyzed using descriptive associated factors of MRSA colonization among health- statistics, Chi square test (χ2) and p < 0.05 was considered care workers in Adigrat and Wukro hospitals, Tigray, as statistically signifcant. Te variables from the demo- northern Ethiopia. Tis evidence based information in graphic and associated risk analysis were performed the study area will contribute a role for the prevention using SPSS (version 22) package. and control of MRSA by responsible bodies. Results Main text Socio‑demographic characteristics Methods A total of 242 health professionals were included in the Study area and study design study. Te age of study participants ranged from 20 to Tis study was carried out in Wukro and Adigrat gen- 59 years with mean age of 31.78 ± 8.9 years. One hundred eral hospitals. Tose hospitals are found in eastern zone forty-two (58.7%) were females and 100 (41.3%) were of Tigray region and are located about 824 and 900 km males. Te mean number of their work experience was respectively north of Addis Ababa (Capital city of Ethi- 9.1 years. opia). Wukro and Adigrat general hospitals have a total stafs 313 among those 41.3% are males and 58.7% are Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA female, and are serve for the total population of 755,343. Te prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in this study was A cross sectional study was carried out among 242 health 12% (29/242) and 5.8% (14/242) respectively. Te preva- care workers from September to December 2016. lence of MRSA among nurse, doctor and midwife profes- sionals were 10 (7.8%), 1 (7.7%), and 2 (6.7%) respectively. Isolation and identifcation Te highest rate of S. aureus and MRSA observed in Swabs were inoculated on Manitol Salt agar (MSA) surgical ward were 7 (20.0%) and 6 (17.1%) respectively (Oxid, UK) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h and sub cul- (Additional fle 1: Table S1). tured into blood agar. All positive culture was identifed by their characteristics appearance and biochemical test Risk factors associated for MRSA colonization using standard procedure. Colonies that were Mani- Chi square test (χ2) showed that use of hand rub tol fermented (golden yellow colonies), β-hemolytic on (p < 0.001), and being a diabetic (p < 0.001), were statisti- blood agar were considered as S. aureus and was con- cally signifcant with MRSA colonization (Table 1). frmed by Coagulase test as positive [13]. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus Antimicrobial susceptibility testing Te antimicrobial Susceptibility patterns were performed Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using for the 29 S. aureus isolates against 12 antimicrobials. Of modifed Kirby–Bauer disc difusion method on Muller– the 29 isolates, 93.1% showed resistance to penicillin fol- Hinton agar (MHA; Oxoid, UK) according Clinical and lowed by kanamycin 19 (65.5%), erythromycin 18 (62.1%), Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2016) guidelines tetracycline 16 (55.2%) cotrimoxazole 15 (51.7%), ampi- [14]. From overnight grown colonies on nutrient agar 3–5 cillin 14 (48.3%), and amikacin 13 (44.8%). Low resistance well-isolated colonies were emulsifed in 3–4 ml of sterile were found for chloramphenicol 5 (17.2%) and clinda- physiological saline to get bacterial inoculums equiva- mycin 5 (17.2%). None of the isolates were intermediate lent to 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards. After that the resistance (Fig. 1). antibiotic discs were placed manually on the medium and incubated at 37 °C for about 18 h and the zones of Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistance inhibition was measured using caliper. Te interpreta- S. aureus (Additional fle 2: Figure S1, Additional fle 3: tion of the results was made based on the CLSI criteria Table S2) as sensitive, intermediate and resistant [14]. Cefoxitin Multidrug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus iso- discs (30 μg), penicillin (10 μg), ampicillin (10 µg), eryth- lates According to Magiorakos et al. [15], multi-drug romycin (15 µg), cotrimoxazol (25 µg), chloramphenicol resistance in this study was considered as resistance to (30 µg), gentamycin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), amika- three or more of the antimicrobial class tested. Twenty- cin (30 µg), ciprofoxacin (5 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), and two (75.9%) of all the isolates were multi-drug resistant, Legese et al. BMC Res Notes (2018) 11:250 Page 3 of 6 Table 1 Risk factors associated with MRSA colonization fve isolates were resistant for three and two isolates were among health professionals at Adigrat and Wukro hospi- resistant for ten antimicrobials (Table 2). tals, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia September–December 2016 Variable MRSA p value Discussion No, n (%) Yes, n (%) Te overall nasal carriage of S. aureus in the present study was 12%. Tis is supported by study carried out in Sex India (14%) [10]. However, lower than that of reported Male 93 (93) 7 (7.0) 0.497 from Ethiopia, (28.8%) [13], Democratic Republic Congo Female 135 (95.1) 7 (4.9) (16.5%) [16], Gaza Strip (31.1%) [17] Pakistan (48%) [18], Age group China (25.3%) [19] and Iran (25.7%) [20]. 20–29 129 (94.2) 8 (5.8) 0.503 Te total prevalence of MRSA in this study was 5.78%. 30–39 52 (91.2) 5 (8.8) Tis was similar with results from [8], France (5.3%) 40–49 30 (96.8) 1 (3.2) [21], Asia (6.1%) [8] and Iran (5.3%) [20]. However, it 50–59 17 (100) 0 (0.0) was lower compared with the study revealed in Ethiopia, Work experience Mekelle (14.1%) [22] and Dessie (12.7%) [13], Egypt (20%) < 5 110 (94) 7 (6.0) 0.486 [23], Nigeria (39.9%) [12], Gaza Strip (25.5%) [17] and 6–10 56 (96.6) 2 (3.4) Pakistan (13.95%) [18].
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