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AC Vol 43 No 14 www.africa-confidential.com 12 July 2002 Vol 43 No 14 AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL ALGERIA 3 NIGERIA Bouteflika digs in President Abdelaziz Bouteflika’s Beware false profits allies won a big majority in Booming Christian fundamentalist sects make good business but parliamentary elections despite the not good politics continuing violence. The international ‘war on terror’ means Religion is moving fast up the political agenda, as elections loom next year. From antagonistic substantial new support from theological positions, Christian and Muslim fundamentalists explain Nigeria’s growing poverty, corruption Europe and the USA for his war on and crime; as disillusion with mainstream politicians grows, the opposing fundamentalisms grow Islamist violence. Western stronger and the room for dialogue narrows. governments let a low poll turnout and a boycott in the Kabylie region Islamists demand ‘Allah’s law not man’s law’. They reject a national government headed by a Christian, pass without comment. especially a proselytising Christian like President Olusegun Obasanjo, who delayed the announcement of his presidential ambitions for 2003 while waiting for a message from God. Fundamentalist Christians are just as exclusivist: leaders of the burgeoning Pentecostal movement argue that supporters of the TOGO 4 Sharia (Islamic law) criminal code should support it in a separate state. Since civilian rule was restored in 1999, thousands of people have been killed in fighting sparked by the imposition of Sharia in northern Last of the dinosaurs states such as Kaduna and Kano. The sacking of Prime Minister The issue of Sharia has split the North between the Muslim majority, many of whom backed it to fight Agbéyomé Kodjo suggests the race rising crime, and the Christian minority for whom it represents an attack on civil rights. States which have to succeed President Gnassingbé Eyadéma may have started. But adopted the Sharia criminal code haven’t cut poverty or crime. Meanwhile, some Sharia exponents are there is no obvious candidate with accused of grand corruption. Neither Muslim nor Christian leaders advocate political and economic the skills to lead Togo out of reforms that might tackle crime and economic decline. decades of steadily deepening In the formerly peaceful city of Jos in the Middle Belt, religious violence claimed hundreds of lives last economic and political paralysis. October and flared again last month. Politicians exploit the issue in the lead up to next year’s presidential and legislative elections. Many northern Muslim politicians use Sharia to prove their northern nationalist ZAMBIA 5 credentials, denouncing their southern political adversaries under Obasanjo, a south-western Christian. General Muhammadu Buhari, the former military ruler seeking the presidential nomination of the All Levy at war People’s Party (AC Vol 43 No 9) backs the Sharia criminal code and calls on states with substantial After an uncertain start, President Muslim populations to implement it. Levy Mwanawasa has settled into the presidency enough to take on Traders in the temple – miracles on demand his predecessor, Frederick This may not win many votes. There is no reliable census, so nobody knows how many Nigerians are Chiluba. Corruption and libel Muslim, how many are Christian and how many stick to traditional belief systems – or any combination accusations are flying and the row threatens to split the ruling party. thereof. It is widely assumed that Muslims and Christians are roughly equal in numbers. Most Muslims are in the north, most Christians in the south but there are substantial numbers everywhere. Many Muslims oppose the Sharia criminal code as divisive and ineffectual; Pentecostal proselytising jars on AFRICAN UNION 7 many Christians. Pentecostal Christianity, with its missionary zeal for conversion, rivals Islam as the world’s fastest Part of the union growing religious movement and is one of Nigeria’s most successful exports after oil, as teams of Everyone enjoyed the launch party Pentecostal missionaries head for Europe to stem the tide of atheism and win converts from all races. The but observers are already best attended Christian church in Britain is a Nigerian Pentecostal church in East London. The charitable questioning whether the new status of many UK churches allows them to claim back the tax paid on donations by their congregations. African Union will be any tougher on good governance and Nigeria’s mainstream religions are appalled by the rapid growth of the rival churches. Anglican corruption than the old (Episcopal) and Roman Catholic priests question the doctrinal integrity of the new pastors, suspecting Organisation of African Unity. many of financial rather than religious motives. The Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria, an umbrella organisation led by Bishop Mike Okonkwo, has POINTERS 8 several hundred member churches, and there are probably over 1,000 different Pentecostal church organisations in Nigeria. Religion is one of the few fast-growing economic activities. When factories HIV/AIDS, Côte close in the industrial Ikeja district of Lagos, pastors quickly buy up the warehouses and convert them into vast churches. The demand for church space has pushed up property prices in the federal capital, d’Ivoire, São Tomé Abuja. Churches do a roaring trade in video and cassette tapes, books and other Christian paraphernalia. e Príncipe & The new churches and their owners (see Box) have grown affluent by tithing, where pastors encourage Bushmeat their followers to give ten per cent of their income to the church. Often they demand more, asking congregations to donate ‘sacrificially’ or make ‘advance’ cash payments, in return for which God will 12 July 2002 Africa Confidential Vol 43 No 14 Harvesting souls Nigeria’s popular charismatic movement took root with Joseph Ayo global following accompanies his reputation for miracle cures for AIDS Babalola’s Christ Apostolic Church in the 1930s. In the 1970s, the late and other diseases. South Africans, Germans and Americans flock to Benson Idahosa of the Church of God Mission ran mass crusades of his Lagos ‘Synagogue’. Rival pastors claim he uses black magic and is healing, speaking in tongues and exorcism. What is new about the an instrument of the Devil. It is said that Frederick Chiluba visited him pentecostals and evangelicals of today is the size of the following, the while seeking to change the Zambian constitution to allow him a third diversity of the congregation – the poor and hungry have been joined by term as president. A seasoned US traveller said she thought some of his the rich and upwardly mobile – and the bewildering choice of churches. disciples were drugged. Each pastor attracts a following with a personal narrative and cult. Among ● Christ Embassy: Chris Oyakhilome, based in Ikeja, offers miracles the most influential are: of health and prosperity and has both himself. His weekly congregations ● Winners Chapel-Faith Tabernacle: Bishop David Oyedepo’s chapel, number more than 10,000; his internet site shows before-and-after near President Olusegun Obasanjo’s farm at Otta, outside Lagos, seats pictures of HIV-positive patients whom he claims to have healed. over 50,000 worshippers, equivalent to a medium-sized football stadium. ● Latter Rain Assembly: Tunde Bakare’s political ventures include a It is Africa’s largest church and one of the largest in the world, with hotels prophecy, in February, that Nigeria would be taken over by a young man and a religious school in its compound. The Bishop enjoys an opulent from Adamawa in the north-west, in whose hands the economy would lifestyle to match and provides spiritual advice to the President. The ten- recover faster than Japan’s. Blood would flow, heads would roll within year-old Winners movement claims to be in 32 different African countries 100 days or 100 weeks. Later he was questioned by the security services as well as Europe and the Americas: Oyedepo’s ‘prosperity preaching’ after predicting that the political system would soon auto-destruct. ‘IBB pulls big audiences in Ghana. [former military ruler Ibrahim Babangida] will help to consume ● Redeemed Christian Church of God: set up in the 1950s by Enoch Obasanjo. Obasanjo will help to consume the PDP [the ruling party]. The Adeboye, its annual Holy Ghost prayer meetings attract congregations of PDP will consume the [opposition] APP. The APP will consume the AD more than a million. In 1980, the church had 42 parishes; it now claims [an allied party]. And the new Nigeria will come after the coming 33,000 across the world, many of them in London, where they have conflagration.’ His repute rose in the early nineties when he said that charitable status. Rapid expansion has caused organisational difficulties; Chief M.K.O. Abiola would not survive the 1993 elections but fell after Adeboye recently sacked many church workers who missed seminars. he predicted that Obasanjo wouldn’t be sworn in as President in 1999. ● House on the Rock: founded in 1995 by Pastor Paul Adeferasin from ● Kingsway International Christian Centre: Matthew Ashimolowo, the a wealthy Yoruba family, son of a Lagos judge and, he says, a former crack leading Nigerian pastor in London, UK, recently celebrated his 50th cocaine addict. He claims political connections and Obasanjo has often led birthday with a sumptuous party at Claridges Hotel, pictured in Ovation, Sunday services at the presidential chapel at Aso Rock, where the well-to- Nigeria’s equivalent of Britain’s Hello magazine. He frequently visits do seek contacts on Sundays. Adeferasin is building a multi-million dollar Lagos churches. centre on the Lekki Peninsula in Lagos and says it will be Africa’s largest Foreign evangelists who have strayed onto Nigerian shores include air-conditioned church. The House on the Rock has 13 churches in Congo- Reinhard Bonke, a German whose mass crusades have led to mass Kinshasa, where it hopes to train French-speaking pastors and send them violence between Christians and Muslims.
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