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Old Frisian, an Introduction To
An Introduction to Old Frisian An Introduction to Old Frisian History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. University of Leiden John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bremmer, Rolf H. (Rolf Hendrik), 1950- An introduction to Old Frisian : history, grammar, reader, glossary / Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Frisian language--To 1500--Grammar. 2. Frisian language--To 1500--History. 3. Frisian language--To 1550--Texts. I. Title. PF1421.B74 2009 439’.2--dc22 2008045390 isbn 978 90 272 3255 7 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 3256 4 (Pb; alk. paper) © 2009 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Preface ix chapter i History: The when, where and what of Old Frisian 1 The Frisians. A short history (§§1–8); Texts and manuscripts (§§9–14); Language (§§15–18); The scope of Old Frisian studies (§§19–21) chapter ii Phonology: The sounds of Old Frisian 21 A. Introductory remarks (§§22–27): Spelling and pronunciation (§§22–23); Axioms and method (§§24–25); West Germanic vowel inventory (§26); A common West Germanic sound-change: gemination (§27) B. -
Frisian Language, As It Is Probable That the Received Its Present Form Substantially at This Time
T HE F RI S I A N LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE A HI S TORI CA L S T UD K A R L " E XT E N T F F RI S I A I . E O . 1 ‘ LA I CA L RE FE RENCE C SS S S . TO FRI IA 1 D “ lin . P 7 . : y , who wrote about A , says I n the Rhine itself is the most renowned islan d of the Batavi and the Can n en efate s and of Frisiav o n es S tu rii s other islands the Frisians , Chanci , , and Mar ii He lin iu m Fle v u m sac . , which are scattered between and These m on th are the names of the two s into which the Rhine divides . I t to empties its waters to the north into the lakes there , and the west ” l M a a tw o of into the s . The branches the Rhine here mentioned T he are the eastern and western . eastern was formed from the Sala or "ssel W l th which the waters of the Rhi n e were connected of L Ple v o by the canal Drusus, and which flowed through ake and o f entered the sea between the islands Terschelling and Ameland . m ’ I ts lower course bore later the na e of the Fli . The western 1 I n Rheno autem ips o nobili s s im a Ba tav o r u m in s ula e t Can n e n e fatiu m aliae F e t r isio r u m , Cha u co r u m , F r isiav o n u m , Stu r io r u m , M arsa cio ru m quae s te r n u n te r inter Helin iu m e t Fle v u m : ita appell an tu r o stia in quae ' e flu su s Rhe n u s a s e pte n tr io n e in Iacu s ab occidente in am n em Mo sam s e a it . -
Frisian As a European Minority Language 1. Introduction Since
Frisian as a European Minority Language 1. Introduction 2. A historical perspective 3. Relevant developments in the regions 4. The reception of European developments in Frisia 5. Cooperation with other minorities 6. Self-presentation at European level 7. Select Bibliography 1. Introduction Since about the 1960s there has been a renaissance of minority languages in Europe. Throughout Europe an active interest has grown for minority languages and their respective linguistic communities, resulting especially in the 1980s and 1990s in a number of legal measures, provisions and to a certain degree the development of infrastructures at regional, national and European level. These developments have affected the three Frisian areas (referred to hereafter with the collective term "Frisia") of North (NF) and West Frisia (WF) as well as the Saterland (Sat.) and it was considered appropriate to treat this as a separate issue in its own right. Following a short historical survey of Frisian as a European minority language including some aspects of the situation today, we shall discuss the reception of European developments in Frisia as exemplified by Frisian participation in various activities, both in a more passive role reacting to events in Europe such as legislation, and in a more active role where the Frisians themselves have seized the initiative. 2. A historical perspective In the history of the Frisian movement in NF developments have sometimes been influenced by their possible significance at a national and quasi European level. As an example, the Prussian Minister of Education forbade Frisian tuition in Westerland (Sylt) in 1909 because he feared that this might be a precedence for the Danish and Polish minorities in Germany, and it also contradicted his centralistic doctrine of national and linguistic unity. -
The Beginning of German Immigration in North America During the Thirty
Christian Gellinek The Beginning of German Immigration in North America during the Thirty Years War >>Those Damn' Dutch<< »Those Damn' Dutch« c~ Professor emeritus Christian Gellinek researches at the Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland and lives in St. John's, Newfoundland. He held a junior faculty appointment at Yale from 1963 to 1971, a senior professorship at Florida from 1971 to 1987, and researched at the renowned Institut filr Vergleichende Stli.dtegeschichten at Munster University from 1987 to 1995. He has published widely on Dutch- German cultural history. Christian Gellinek >>Those Damn' Dutch<< The Beginning of German Immigration in North America during the Thirty Years War Campus Verlag Frankfurt/New York Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Gellinek, Christian: »Those Damn' Dutch«: the beginning of German immigration in North America during the thirty years war I Christian Gellinek. - Frankfurt/Main; New York: Campus Verlag, 1996 ISBN 3-593-35452-7 Das Werk einschlieBiich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschiitzt. Jede Verwertung ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzuliissig. Das gilt insbesondere fiir Vervielfiiltigungen, Obersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Copyright © 1996 Campus Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt/Main Umschlaggestaltung: Atelier Warminski, Biidingen Druck und Bindung: KM-Druck, GroB-Umstadt Gedruckt auf siiurefreiem und chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier. Printed in Germany Dedicated to our Friesian forefathers, including the Tychsens from Tondem, who sometimes risked their lives at sea according to the old Friesian motto »Lewer duad iis slaav« (I had lief be dead than a slave) In memoriam Heiner Junk 1947 - 1996 Contents List of Illustrations . IX List of Tables . -
85 DIALECT VARIATION in and AROUND FRISIA: CLASSIFICATION and RELATIONSHIPS Wilbert Heeringa 1. Introduction 1.1 Position of F
DIALECT VARIATION IN AND AROUND FRISIA: CLASSIFICATION AND RELATIONSHIPS Wilbert Heeringa 1. Introduction 1.1 Position of Frisian Different varieties of Frisian are found in the Netherlands and Germany along the North Sea. In the Dutch province of Friesland a variety is spoken known as West Lauwers Frisian. In the municipality of Saterland in the North of Germany an East Frisian or Sater Frisian variety is spoken (Fort, 2001). On the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein roughly between the Dano- German border in the north and the small town of Bredstedt in the south, and on islands west of the northern part of the coast in this area, as well as on the island of Heligoland, a variety is spoken which is known as North Frisian (Walker, 2001). Siebs (1901) distinguishes West Frisian, East Frisian and North Frisian. In the 13th century the West Frisian area was found between the Flie and Lauwers, i.e. the Dutch province of Friesland. The East Frisian area was then found between the Lauwers and the Weser. It could be further divided into Weser Frisian and Ems Frisian. Ems Frisian included the present Ger- man municipality of Saterland and the Dutch province of Groningen (see pp. 1166-1174). Siebs divides North Frisian into coastal varieties on the one hand and island varieties on the other. The different Frisian groups de- scended from Old Frisian. “Of the continental Old Germanic dialects, it is Old Frisian that is most closely related to Old English” (Visser, 1997, fol- lowing Nielsen, 1981). In this article we focus on West Lauwers Frisian (in brief, Frisian) and other varieties spoken in West Frisia (Fryslân/Friesland), a province in the northwest of the Netherlands, and in a small part of the province of Gronin- gen, east of West Frisia.