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Screening for Re Sis Tance to Myrothecium Leaf Spot Among Syngonium Species and Cultivars

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Screening for Re Sis Tance to Myrothecium Leaf Spot Among Syngonium Species and Cultivars BREEDING, CULTIVARS, ROOTSTOCKS, & GERMPLASM RESOURCES HORTSCIENCE 38(1):75–76. 2003. roridum isolate 96-27. Two more Myrothe- cium iso lates (98-125, 00-7) were test ed on selected Syngonium accessions (Ta ble 1). This Screening for Re sis tance to was done to confi rm that resistance observed in the fi rst three tests with isolate 96-27 were Myrothecium Leaf Spot Among related to horizontal re sis tance in the cultivars and species of Syngonium tested rath er than Syngonium Species and Cultivars a reaction to a specifi c race or isolate of M. roridum. The three isolates (96-27, 98-125, and D.J. Norman1, R.J. Henny2, J.M.F. Yuen1, and T.A. Mellich2 00-7) were collected from Syngonium plants University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, at different geographically located farms in Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, Florida and were obtained in 1996, 1998, and 2000, respectively. FL 32703-8504 For inoculum production, M. roridum Additional index words. Araceae, ar row head vine, foliage plant, fungus, disease resis tance, isolates were grown on potato dex trose agar nephthytis, plant breeding medium (PDA) at 25 ± 1 °C under cool-white fl u o res cent lights (9.4 µmol·m–2·s–1) on a Abstract. Commercially grown cultivars of Syngonium (Araceae) are very susceptible to 12-h day/night cycle. Fun gal cultures were Myrothecium leaf spot (incited by Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fr.). There fore, cul ti - in cu bat ed for 2 to 3 weeks and spores were va tion of Syngonium requires rig or ous sanitation and frequent applications of fungicides har vest ed from PDA plates by fl ooding the for disease control. The goal of this research was to identify species and noncultivated ac- plates with sterile dis tilled water (SDW) and cessions of Syngonium re sis tant to Myrothecium leaf spot. Five commer cial cultivars and scrap ing with a rubber spatula. Before in oc u- 30 accessions, com pris ing 16 different Syngonium species, were screened for resistance to la tions, spore con cen tra tions were ad just ed in M. roridum. All fi ve com mer cial cultivars were susceptible to M. roridum. However, seven SDW with the aid of a he ma cy tom e ter to 1 species (S. neglectum, S. wendlandii, S. dodsonianum, S. erythrophyllum, S. chiapense, S. × 106 conidia/mL. For inoculations, the two dodsonianum, and S. angustatum) showed the highest resistance, as did two noncultivated new est expanded leaves of each plant were accessions of S. podophyllum. The information on disease re sis tance for these species and wound ed using a wood slat imbedded with accessions will be useful in future breeding work. three insect pins 2 cm apart, making a total of six wounds per plant. Spore sus pen sions The genetic diversity of commercially- movement. Spread of this patho gen in a nursery were applied to leaves surfaces until runoff grown cultivars of Syngonium is very nar- can be very rapid, often resulting in extensive using a hand spray er. High relative humidity row, with most cultivars originating from losses. In some in stanc es, disposal of entire ≈100% (con du cive to infection) was provided a single clone of Syngonium podophyllum crops of young plants may be required. by plac ing plants inside clear poly eth yl ene bags Schott. (‘White Butterflyʼ). While many There is no published information on for 24 h. Noninoculated control plants were phenotypic differences (e.g., foliage color, the presence of genetic resistance to Myro- wound ed, sprayed with SDW, and also placed plant size, growth rate, growth habit) exist thecium leaf spot in Syngonium cultivars or in plastic bags for 24 h. Re-iso la tions from between cul ti vars and have been characterized species. Such information could greatly aid in rep re sen ta tive symptomatic plants in each (Henley and Robinson, 1993), no information im prov ing this important ornamental foliage experiment were made to verify pres ence of exists on potential genetic sources for disease plant genus. Therefore the following study was the causal disease agent. re sis tance. con duct ed to screen Syngonium species and After 7 d of incubation, a slight water- All ornamental Araceae taxa grown as cul ti vars for resistance to M. roridum. soak ing was observed sur round ing wounds on tropical foliage plants are susceptible to My- leaves of susceptible plants. Dur ing the next rothecium leaf spot, especially Dief fenbachia, Materials and Methods 7 d, these water-soaked lesions in creased to Spathiphyllum, and Syngonium (Alfi eri et al., a diameter of ≈15 mm. By day 18, infected 1994). Of all the ornamental tropical foliage Five commercially grown Syngonium le sions had begun to dry and sporodochia plants, Syngonium is con sid ered to be one of cultivars were selected for this study as well were forming. Re sis tance was documented the most susceptible taxa to Myrothecium leaf as 30 other accessions that in clud ed 16 spe cies on the 18th day, by counting the total number spot (Chase, 1987). (Ta ble 1). Stock plants were grown in a shaded of wounds on each plant ex hib it ing symptoms The causal agent of leaf spot, M. roridum, green house with a max i mum ir ra di ance of 125 of M. roridum in fec tion. Data were log trans- –2 –1 is an opportunistic fungal pathogen usually in- µmol·m ·s under natural photo pe ri od and a formed (1 + log10), an a lyzed using analysis of fecting tissue-cultured plantlets or young plants temperature range of 15 to 34 °C. Plants were vari ance (ANOVA), and means were sep a rat ed during propagation and es tab lish ment. Plants grown 1.6-L plastic pots con tain ing a sub strate by Tukeyʼs least sig nifi cant difference (LSD). are especially susceptible if damaged by mis- of Vergro Con tain er Mix A (Verlite Co., Tampa, In addition the fol low ing rating scale was used handling, improper fer til i za tion, or pesticide Fla.) amended with Osmocote 17N–2.6P–10K to help cat e go rize levels of re sis tance: 0 to <2 applications. Myrothecium roridum in fec tions plus minors (The Scotts Co., Marysville, Ohio) for resistant, 2 to 3 for mod er ate ly resistant, may also occur at petiole junctions, causing at a rate of 700 kg/100 m2 per year N. Plants were and >3 sus cep ti ble. Each in oc u la tion point lateral petiole and shoot death. When leaves rooted under intermittent mist in 0.5-L pots in (wound) was rated separately. become infected, circular lesions de vel op on the same medium. Cut tings were root ed with in leaves and dark black spores (sporodochia) 4 weeks, after which they were grown under the Results and Discussion form in concentric rings on in fect ed tissue. same envi ron men tal and nu tri tion al con di tions Thousands of spores are con tained within each de scribed pre vi ous ly for stock plants. Among the 35 accessions that were tested sporodochium. These spore structures read- Experiments were conducted on 3-month- with isolate 96-27, 10 averaged <2 infected ily dissolve in water and spores are spread by old plants using a randomized com plete-block spots and were categorized as re sis tant. Of splashing irrigation, worker ac tiv i ty, and air design (10 blocks) with one rep li cate of each these 10, three accessions were highly re- cultivar or accession per block. An eleventh sis tant and developed <1 infected spot per block containing noninoculated con trol plants plant (Table 1). The three accessions with the Received for publication 23 July 2001. Ac cept ed of each cultivar and accession was isolated lowest disease rating scores were S. neglectum, for pub li ca tion 10 June 2002. Florida Ag ri cul tur al at one end of the bench to min i mize the pos- S. wendlandii, and S. dodsonianum, while S. Ex per i ment Sta tion Journal Series No. R-08612. si bil i ty of disease spread from in oc u lat ed erythrophyllum, S. chiapense, S. angustatum, 1Dept. of Plant Pathology. plants. The experiment was con duct ed three and S. macrophyllum as well as two ac ces sions 2Dept. of Environmental Horticulture. times from July through Sept. 1999 using M. of S. podophyllum were mod er ate ly resistant. HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 38(1), FEBRUARY 2003 75 15-6996, p. 75-76 75 2/14/03, 11:38:42 AM BREEDING, CULTIVARS, ROOTSTOCKS, & GERMPLASM RESOURCES Table 1. Resistance levels of 35 cultivars and ac ces sions of Syngonium to Myrothecium leaf spot. species. Syngonium podo phyl lum S81483 Country Dis ease rating for isolatez could be especially valuable in breeding Cultivar Sourcey of origin 96–27 98–125 00–7 since there is less chance that interspecifi c S. macrophyllum Engl. (S36339) MO Cos ta Rica 5.4 q --- --- crossing barriers will be en coun tered. In ad- S. podophyllum Schott ‘Holly Mʼ AS Un known 4.7 p–q 4.5 e 3.4 f dition, induction of fl ow er ing with gibberellic S. podophyllum Schott ‘White Butterfl yʼ AS Unknown 4.5 o–q 3.6 e 2.7 d–f acid has already been documented with this S. podophyllum Schott ‘Pink Allusionʼ AS Unknown 4.2 n–q 4.0 c 3.0 e–f species (Henny et al., 1999).
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