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REALITI Atau FANTASI Semangat Patriotisme Di Kalangan Masyarakat
Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies 1Semangat Patriotisme MENJANA KONSEP 1Malaysia: REALITI ataU Fantasi NOOR SULASTRY YURNI AHMAD ABSTRAK Semangat patriotisme di kalangan masyarakat majmuk Malaysia amat signifikan dalam menjayakan konsep perjuangan 1Malaysia. Kemajmukan ini bukanlah hanya ditentukan oleh kepelbagaian kaum, etnik dan ras malah kepelbagaian budaya, amalan, agama dan sebagainya adalah penggerak kepada keharmonian masyarakat Malaysia. Kebelakangan ini terdapat beberapa unsur yang berbaur perkauman mula dibincangkan secara terbuka sehingga menimbulkan perasaan yang sensitif di antara satu kaum dengan kaum yang lain. Perbincangan konsep Malaysia bukanlah sekadar bicara kosong tetapi merupakan sebuah dorongan jitu untuk membentuk sebuah masyarakat yang mempunyai semangat cintakan negara. Justeru, ideologi ini perlu disokong oleh semua lapisan masyarakat dengan bersatu hati demi mempertahankan maruah negara. Kertas ini akan membincangkan hala tuju Malaysia dalam membentuk masyarakat terutama golongan belia yang berhati waja dan semangat patriotisme tinggi. Malah, perbezaan dari ideologi, kaum dan parti dalam Malaysia sepatutnya tidak dijadikan sebagai suatu halangan kepada usaha mencapai Malaysia. Kata Kunci: Patriotisme, Masyarakat Majmuk, Belia, Pengundi Muda ABSTRACT The significance spirits of patriotism among Malaysian are very dominant to ensure the success of Malaysia. Malaysia is not only divided ethnically and racial based but the people of our country has its uniqueness of multi cultural, beliefs, religions and others as the drive to build harmonious Malaysian. In the current situation, the issues of racial sensitivity were commonly discussed and created tense between Malaysian who are ethnically differed. However, the discussion of the concept of Malaysia is current and to support the creation of spirit among the Malaysian. Hence, this ideology needs to be supported by every level of community 6 Edisi Khas Belia & Malaysia with a strong heart to preserve the country’s pride and honour. -
The Practice of Public Accounts Committee in the Parliament of Malaysia Siti Fahlizah Padlee*
The Practice of Public Accounts Committee in the Parliament of Malaysia Siti Fahlizah Padlee* Abstract The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of Malaysia is a permanent committee made up of members from Malaysia’s House of Representative, the Dewan Rakyat, and has grown in function since its establishment in 1959. The PAC initially served as a financial oversight body to check the financial procedures and performance accountability of executive bodies. Then, it started to pursue a series of reforms to make it more effective and accountable. Therefore, this research explores the current practices of the PAC in the Parliament of Malaysia pertaining to the appointment of its Chairman. It also analyses the implementation of two types of new meetings and identifies the relationship between the PAC with other stakeholders. The research employed a case study with an exploratory, descriptive approach using data collected from published reports of PAC meetings from 2017 to 2020, the PAC’s official website, interviews with a parliamentary officer-in-charge of handling the PAC, as well as international and local newspapers such as The Straits Times and The Edge. The research found that changes in the appointment of the Chairman have not affected the PAC reports as the core task of a Chairman is to set the committee’s agenda with consultation from the committee and Auditor General, as well as to ensure that the reports are released. The two new types of meeting (i.e. verification meeting and response reporting meeting) are crucial to enhance the PAC performance. Furthermore, the seven ex-officio possess prominent roles to provide and check the validity of data. -
New MH370 Search Ops May Cost RM296
New MH370 search ops may cost RM296 MALAYSIA may fork up to US$70 million (RM296 million) in new search missions for missing Malaysian Airlines Flight MH370. Deputy Transport Minister Datuk Ab Aziz Kaprawi said the government, through the MH370 response team, was in talks with international subsea exploration company Ocean Infinity on the use of latest technology to search for the plane. Negotiations with the United State company include the cost of conducting the search for the Boeing 777 aircraft. “The government is in the process of evaluating fees to be paid for search missions. Ocean Infinity has offered to provide search missions on a ‘no cureno pay’ basis (payment depends upon success and the recovery of property),” Ab Aziz said. He said the negotiations touched on other aspects, including payment terms and schedule, such as whether fees would be paid after the wreckage of the plane was found. He said it was required that the wreckage be certified as MH370 by the plane’s manufacturer, Boeing. “These details are being looked into as the cost is high,” he said in a reply to Dr Tan Seng Giaw (DAP-Kepong) during the minister’s question and answer session at Dewan Rakyat. Tan had asked if the government embarked on new efforts to locate the aircraft. Ab Aziz said Malaysia, Australia and China, in line with the spirit of tripartite cooperation, would consider further search operations should there be new, credible leads. He said the final report of investigations was being prepared. The report will be issued within one year from the suspension of the search operation, which was announced on July 22 last year. -
Penyata Rasmi Parlimen Dewan Rakyat
Bil. 12 Khamis 1 April 2010 MALAYSIA PENYATA RASMI PARLIMEN DEWAN RAKYAT PARLIMEN KEDUA BELAS PENGGAL KETIGA MESYUARAT PERTAMA K A N D U N G A N JAWAPAN-JAWAPAN LISAN BAGI PERTANYAAN-PERTANYAAN (Halaman 1) RANG UNDANG-UNDANG DIBAWA KE DALAM MESYUARAT (Halaman 25) USUL-USUL: Waktu Mesyuarat dan Urusan Dibebaskan Daripada Peraturan Mesyuarat (Halaman 25) Menjunjung Kasih Titah Ucapan Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong – YB. Dato’ Haji Ismail bin Haji Mohamed Said (Kuala Krau) (Halaman 26) Diterbitkan Oleh: CAWANGAN PENYATA RASMI PARLIMEN MALAYSIA 2010 DR.1.4.2010 i AHLI-AHLI DEWAN RAKYAT 1. Yang Berbahagia Tuan Yang di-Pertua, Tan Sri Datuk Seri Utama Pandikar Amin Haji Mulia, S.U.M.W., P.G.D.K., P.S.M., J.S.M., J.P. 2. Yang Berhormat Timbalan Yang di-Pertua, Datuk Dr. Haji Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar, P.J.N., P.B.S. J.B.S., J.S.M. (Santubong) – PBB 3. “ Timbalan Yang di-Pertua, Datuk Ronald Kiandee, A.S.D.K., P.G.D.K. (Beluran) – UMNO MENTERI 1. Yang Amat Berhormat Perdana Menteri dan Menteri Kewangan, Dato’ Sri Mohd. Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak, D.U.P.N., S.S.A.P, S.I.M.P., D.P.M.S., D.S.A.P., P.N.B.S., D.U.B.C.(T). (Pekan) – UMNO 2. “ Timbalan Perdana Menteri dan Menteri Pelajaran, Tan Sri Dato’ Haji Muhyiddin bin Haji Mohd. Yassin, S.P.M.P., S.P.M.J., P.S.M., S.M.J., P.I.S., B.S.I. -
Dewan Rakyat
Bil. 32 Selasa 30 Jun 2009 MALAYSIA PENYATA RASMI PARLIMEN DEWAN RAKYAT PARLIMEN KEDUA BELAS PENGGAL KEDUA MESYUARAT KEDUA K A N D U N G A N JAWAPAN-JAWAPAN LISAN BAGI PERTANYAAN-PERTANYAAN (Halaman 1) USUL MENANGGUHKAN MESYUARAT DI BAWAH P.M. 18(1): Wabak Influenza A (H1N1) - YB Dr. Lee Boon Chye (Gopeng) (Halaman 21 & 75) RANG UNDANG-UNDANG: Rang Undang-undang Suruhanjaya Integriti Agensi Penguatkuasaan 2009 (Halaman 22) Rang Undang-undang Bank Negara Malaysia 2009 (Halaman 72) USUL: Waktu Mesyuarat dan Urusan Dibebaskan Daripada Peraturan Mesyuarat (Halaman 49) Menangguhkan Mesyuarat Di Bawah P.M. 16(3) (Halaman 118) UCAPAN PENANGGUHAN: Agensi Pekerjaan Melakukan Penipuan - YB Tuan Fong Kui Lun (Bukit Bintang) (Halaman 119) Premis Komersial Atas Tanah Milik dan Tanah Rizab KTM Diarah Keluar Tanpa Pampasan - YB Tuan Mohd. Firdaus Jaafar (Jerai) (Halaman 121) Diterbitkan Oleh: CAWANGAN PENYATA RASMI PARLIMEN MALAYSIA 2009 DR 30.6.2009 i AHLI-AHLI DEWAN RAKYAT 1. Yang Berbahagia Tuan Yang di-Pertua, Tan Sri Datuk Seri Utama Pandikar Amin Haji Mulia, S.U.M.W., P.G.D.K., P.S.M., J.S.M., J.P. 2. Yang Berhormat Timbalan Yang di-Pertua, Datuk Dr. Haji Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar, P.J.N., P.B.S. J.B.S., J.S.M. (Santubong) – PBB 3. “ Timbalan Yang di-Pertua, Datuk Ronald Kiandee, A.S.D.K., P.G.D.K. (Beluran) – UMNO MENTERI 1. Yang Amat Berhormat Perdana Menteri dan Menteri Kewangan, Dato’ Sri Mohd. Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak, S.S.A.P, S.I.M.P., D.P.M.S., D.S.A.P., P.N.B.S., D.U.B.C.(T). -
Apa Yang Media Umno-Bn Tak Laporkan
www.roketkini.com DITUBUHKAN PADA 1966 FITNAH BANGLO GUAN ENG DI KUALA LUMPUR EDISI & ISU TAMAN MANGGIS: APA YANG MEDIA BM UMNO-BN TAK LAPORKAN PERCUMA > 8 & 9 KDN PP11732/12/2012 (032229) UNTUK AHLI SAHAJA facebook.com/roketkini twitter.com/roketkini [email protected] MEI 2016 2 | MEI 2016 BERITA Beli kain RM55 juta di Jakel: DAP minta polis siasat Najib Oleh SYAZANA HASANUDIN kurang dari RM1 juta setahun. isteri bekas Presiden Filipina yang dikecam “Wang dibelanjakan untuk membeli rakyat kerana perbelanjaan mewahnya dan KUALA LUMPUR: Wakil DAP membuat kain adalah lebih banyak dari gajinya. memiliki 3,000 pasang kasut,” katanya. laporan polis menggesa siasatan dilakukan Perkara ini tidak masuk akal dan Syefura yang juga dikenali sebagai ke atas Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Najib menimbulkan persoalan dari mana dia Razak – kali ini berhubung pendedahan dapat wang sebanyak itu,” katanya kepada akhbar Wall Street Journal (WSJ) bahawa The Rocket Edisi BM. Wang dibelanjakan untuk membeli beliau memindahkan lebih AS$14 juta Sementara itu, Ronnie ketika dihubungi (RM 55 juta) kepada peruncit pakaian berkata, laporan polis itu dibuat bagi kain adalah lebih banyak dari gajinya. Jakel Trading dari 2011 hingga 2014. menggesa polis dan pihak terlibat seperti Ahli Parlimen Segambut, Lim Lip Eng Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia Perkara ini tidak masuk akal dan bersama veteran DAP Selangor, Ronnie (SPRM), Bank Negara dan Lembaga Hasil Liu Tian Khiew dan Ahli Jawatankuasa Dalam Negeri (LHDN) menyiasat akaun menimbulkan persoalan dari mana DAP Selangor, Young Syefura Othman, Najib secara terperinci. membuat laporan polis berkenaan di IPD “Selepas pendedahan WSJ, kini Najib dapat wang sebanyak itu. -
The Chinese Education Movement in Malaysia
INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL MOBILIZATION: THE CHINESE EDUCATION MOVEMENT IN MALAYSIA ANG MING CHEE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2011 i 2011 ANG MING CHEE CHEE ANG MING SOCIAL MOBILIZATION:SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE CHINESE EDUCATION CHINESE MOVEMENT INTHE MALAYSIA ii INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL MOBILIZATION: THE CHINESE EDUCATION MOVEMENT IN MALAYSIA ANG MING CHEE (MASTER OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, UPPSALA UNIVERSITET, SWEDEN) (BACHELOR OF COMMUNICATION (HONOURS), UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2011 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My utmost gratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisor, Associate Professor Jamie Seth Davidson, for his enduring support that has helped me overcome many challenges during my candidacy. His critical supervision and brilliant suggestions have helped me to mature in my academic thinking and writing skills. Most importantly, his understanding of my medical condition and readiness to lend a hand warmed my heart beyond words. I also thank my thesis committee members, Associate Professor Hussin Mutalib and Associate Professor Goh Beng Lan for their valuable feedback on my thesis drafts. I would like to thank the National University of Singapore for providing the research scholarship that enabled me to concentrate on my thesis as a full-time doctorate student in the past four years. In particular, I would also like to thank the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences for partially supporting my fieldwork expenses and the Faculty Research Cluster for allocating the precious working space. My appreciation also goes to members of my department, especially the administrative staff, for their patience and attentive assistance in facilitating various secretarial works. -
1 Patto A. MEMBERS of PARLIAMENT (Indonesia) 1. H. Novanto, SE, MP
PARLIAMENTARY SOUTH-EAST ASIA SUB-REGIONAL ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION ON patto THE INTERNATIONAL RULE OF LAW AND THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS Hosted by the Parliament of Malaysia Date: 30 July 2015, 9:30—17:30 A.Venue: MEMBERS Le Meridien of P Hotel,ARLIAMENT Kuala Lumpur, (Indonesia) Malaysia With the support of the Parliament of Malaysia 1.In H.cooperation Novanto, with SE, the MP Coalition (Golkar for Partythe International faction); Chairman Criminal Courtof the (CICC) House of Representatives Draft List of Participants A. MEMBERS OF THE INDONESIAN PARLIAMENT House of Representatives - DPR 1. Hon. Dr. Hj. Nurhayati Ali Assegaf, MP MSi (Indonesia), Chairperson of Committee on Interparliamentary Cooperation, Member of Commission I (Security and Defense) and Chairperson of IPU Women, Member of PGA 2. Hon. M. Azis Syamsuddin, SE, SH, MAF, MH, MP (Golkar Party faction); Chairman of Commission III on Legal affairs and laws, human rights and security, PGA Member 3. Hon. Ir. H. Muhammad Romahurmuziy, MP (Indonesia), Chairperson, Central Board of United Development Party (DPP) Parti Persatuan Pembangunan 4. Hon. Dwi Ria Latifa, MP, PDI – P (Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle) Senate - DPD 5. Hon. Senator Prof. Dr. Ir. Hj Darmayanti Lubis, MP (Indonesia), Regional Representative Council (Senate), North Sumatra 6. Hon. Senator Fahira Idris, MP (Indonesia), Deputy Chairwoman of Committee III (Education and Religion), Regional Representative Council (Senate) 1 B. MEMBERS OF THE MALAYSIAN PARLIAMENT 8. Hon. Datuk Ronald Kiandee, MP, Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives, Parliament of Malaysia 9. Hon. M Kula Segaran, MP, Member of PGA 10. Hon. Thomas Su Keong Siong, MP, Member of PGA 11. -
Naskhah Belum Disemak
Bil. 27 Isnin 18 Jun 2012 MALAYSIA PENYATA RASMI PARLIMEN DEWAN RAKYAT PARLIMEN KEDUA BELAS PENGGAL KELIMA MESYUARAT KEDUA K A N D U N G A N JAWAPAN-JAWAPAN LISAN BAGI PERTANYAAN-PERTANYAAN (Halaman 1) RANG UNDANG-UNDANG: Rang Undang-undang Perubatan (Pindaan) 2012 (Halaman 18) Rang Undang-undang Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Pindaan) 2012 (Halaman 41) USUL-USUL: Waktu Mesyuarat dan Urusan Dibebaskan Daripada Peraturan Mesyuarat (Halaman 17) Menangguhkan Mesyuarat Di Bawah P.M. 16(3) (Halaman 87) UCAPAN-UCAPAN PENANGGUHAN: ■ Penubuhan Suruhanjaya Siasatan Diraja Berhubung PATI Di Sabah – Y.B. Datuk Chua Soon Bui (Tawau) (Halaman 87) ■ Polis Gerakan Marin dan Polis Gerakan Am – Y.B. Tuan Er Teck Hwa (Bakri) (Halaman 88) Diterbitkan Oleh: CAWANGAN PENYATA RASMI PARLIMEN MALAYSIA 2012 DR.18.6.2012 i AHLI-AHLI DEWAN RAKYAT 1. Yang Berhormat Tuan Yang di-Pertua, Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Pandikar Amin Haji Mulia, P.S.M., S.P.D.K., S.U.M.W., P.G.D.K., J.S.M., J.P. 2. “ Timbalan Yang di-Pertua, Datuk Dr. Wan Junaidi bin Tuanku Jaafar, P.J.N., P.B.S. J.B.S., J.S.M. (Santubong) – PBB 3. “ Timbalan Yang di-Pertua, Datuk Ronald Kiandee, A.S.D.K., P.G.D.K. (Beluran) – UMNO MENTERI 1. Yang Amat Berhormat Perdana Menteri dan Menteri Kewangan, Dato’ Sri Mohd. Najib bin Tun Abdul Razak, D.U.P.N., S.S.A.P, S.I.M.P., D.P.M.S., D.S.A.P., P.N.B.S., D.U.B.C.(T). (Pekan) – UMNO 2. -
For Review Purposes Only
ONLY PURPOSES REVIEW FOR Understanding the Dewan Rakyat Copyright © Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung & Insight News Sdn Bhd. 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the Publisher except in case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Earlier versions of MP Watch: Eye on Parliament reports have appeared in The Nut Graph website exclusively. Images contained in this volume are courtesy and property of The Nut Graph, the interviewees and/or other sources respectively. Permission to reproduce the aforementioned and previously published material is gratefully ONLY acknowledged. FIRST EDITION: March 2011 Published by B-2-19, Merchant Square, Jalan Tropicana Selatan 1, PJU 3, 47410 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.zipublications.com.my ISBN 978-967-5266-18-8 Layout & cover design by creativetrees.blogspot.com /REVIEW [email protected] Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Understanding the Dewan Rakyat / The Nut Graph FOR ISBN 978-967-5266-18-8 1. Malaysia – Politics and government. I. Title. 344.07409595 Printed in Malaysia by Vinlin Press Sdn. Bhd. No. 2, Jalan Meranti Permai 1, Meranti Permai Industrial Park, Batu 15, Jalan Puchong, 47100 Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia Contents West Malaysia Constituencies Map 10 East Malaysia Constituencies Map 12 Foreword 14 Introduction 16 ONLY Part I Knowing Malaysia’s Parliamentary Democracy 20 System of governance and the role of Parliament 21 Malaysia’s electoral system 24 The work of an MP 30 Funding our MPs 38 The speaker: Functions and powers 42 PURPOSES Part II Knowing Malaysia’s MPs 54 MP Watch: who replied, who didn’t, and why 55 MPs and the ISA 63 MPs and the Islamic state issue 68 MPs and freedom of information 72 MPsREVIEW and separation of powers 77 The challenges of being an MP 81 MPs and lawmaking 88 FORStr engthening parliamentary democracy 93 Part III 222 MP Profiles 100 Perlis P. -
20 Highway Projects Put Off (NST 29/01/1999)
29/01/1999 20 highway projects put off Rosnazura Idrus; Marina Emmanuel KUALA LUMPUR, Thurs. - The Government will defer the construction of more than 20 new highways following criticisms against toll increases. Works Minister Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu said the new highways were the ones approved by the Cabinet but had not taken off the ground. "For those on which work has started, they will have to proceed until completion," he said citing the Ampang-Kuala Lumpur elevated highway, Sprint Highway, East Coast Highway and the North-Klang Straits By-pass as examples. He was speaking after meeting DAP Members of Parliament and State Assemblymen at his office over toll increases today. The Opposition leaders were DAP secretary-general Lim Kit Siang, Kepong MP Dr Tan Seng Giaw, Cheras MP Tan Kok Wai, Bukit Gasing State Assemblyman Teng Chang Khim and Damansara Utama State Assemblywoman Dr Oon Hong Geok. Yesterday, Prime Minister Datuk Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad said the Government would stop building new highways until the people were willing to pay toll. Mahathir said the Government had to do this because it could not afford to build quality highways and had to privatise such projects which would lead to the imposition of toll. On the two-hour closed door meeting, Samy Vellu said he would bring DAP's proposal for the setting up of a highway consultative council to the Cabinet for discussion. Lim said the council would function as a forum for the public to voice their grouses over current and future highway operations and constructions. On the DAP's request for the Government to make public the content of highway concession agreements, Samy Vellu said some had been revealed through the media. -
19 April 2017 KENYATAAN MEDIA YB DATO' SRI HASAN BIN ARIFIN
PENGERUSI JAWATANKUASA Tel : 03-2601 7263 / 2698 6852 (DL) KIRA-KIRA WANG NEGARA (PAC) Faks : 03-2698 9218 MERANGKAP AHLI PARLIMEN ROMPIN Email : [email protected] PEJABAT JAWATANKUASA KIRA-KIRA WANG NEGARA Laman Web : http://www.parlimen.gov.my/pac PARLIMEN MALAYSIA, JALAN PARLIMEN 50680 KUALA LUMPUR 19 April 2017 KENYATAAN MEDIA YB DATO’ SRI HASAN BIN ARIFIN, PENGERUSI JAWATANKUASA KIRA-KIRA WANG NEGARA (PAC) PARLIMEN BERHUBUNG PROSIDING PROJEK MENAIK TARAF HOSPITAL SULTANAH NORA ISMAIL, BATU PAHAT, JOHOR 1) Prosiding Jawatankuasa Kira-Kira Wang Negara (PAC) Parlimen hari ini, membabitkan Projek Menaik Taraf Hospital Sultanah Nora Ismail, Batu Pahat, Johor dipengerusikan oleh Naib Pengerusi PAC Parlimen, YB Dr Tan Seng Giaw (DAP-Kepong) berikutan saya tidak dapat menghadirkan diri atas kerana ada perkara yang tidak dapat dielakkan. 2) PAC Parlimen memandang serius isu-isu yang membabitkan pengurusan projek pembinaan hospital seperti yang banyak kali dibangkitkan dalam Laporan Ketua Audit Negara (LKAN) saban tahun. 3) PAC Parlimen setakat ini, sudah memanggil dua kali prosiding membabitkan pembinaan hospital termasuk Pengurusan Projek Pembinaan Hospital Shah Alam, Selangor yang diadakan pada 1 April 2015. 4) Dalam isu Pengurusan Projek Pembinaan Hospital Shah Alam, Kerajaan terpaksa mengeluarkan kos tambahan berjumlah RM68.53 juta kepada kontraktor berikutan kelemahan pengurusan projek berkenaan. 5) Semua sedia maklum, pembinaan hospital membabitkan kerja teknikal dan peralatan perubatan yang canggih yang memerlukan kepakaran dan kontraktor mahir serta berpengalaman dalam melaksanakan projek berkenaan. 6) Sehubungan itu, PAC Parlimen berharap Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia mengambil serius terhadap pengurusan projek pembinaan hospital dan memastikan ia dapat disiapkan mengikut jadual demi kepentingan rakyat bagi mengelakkan pembaziran wang Kerajaan.