College and Research Libraries
Vol. I, No. 3, June, 1940 Association of College and Reference Libraries Publications Committee Association of College and Reference Libraries
Section of the American Library Association
A. F. KUHLMAN, Chairman CHARLES H. BROWN MALCOLM S. MACLEAN MABEL L. CONAT BLANCHE P. MCCRUM CLARA ESTHER DERRING ROBERT A. MILLER THOMAS P. FLEMING HELEN F. PIERCE PEYTON HURT EARLE U. RUGG B. LAMAR JOHNSON JOHN DALE RUSSELL WILLARD P. LEWIS NATHAN VAN PATTEN GUY R. LYLE LOUIS R. WILSON
HBNRY MERRITT WRISTON
For list of Special Assistants to the Publications Committee see the inside back cover.
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Contents
PROFESSIONAL ASPECTS OF LAW LIBRARIANSHIP 221 Frederick C. Hicks
ESSENTIALS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF ACQUISITION WORK IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 229 Thomas P. Fleming and John H. Moriarty
PRELIMINARY CATALOGING 235 Thomas Franklin Currier
REFERENCE WORK WITH PERIODICALS: RECENT PROGRESS AND FUTURE NEEDS 241 Louis Kaplan
FROM NORMAL SCHOOL TO TEACHERS COLLEGE 246 Charles W. Hunt
A TECHNICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY FOR THE LIBRARY 251 Percy E. Clapp
THE ENCROACHING GRADUATE SCHOOLS 254 Joe Hare
BOOK-LEARNING AND LEARNING BOOKS 257 Summerfield Baldwin, III
NEWS FROM THE FIELD 262 Willard P. Lewis
PROPOSED REVISION OF THE A.C.R.L. CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS 273
June, 1940
Volume I, Number 3 (Continued on next page) Contents ( Continued.)
BOOK REVIEWS Teaching with Books, a Study of College Libraries. Harvie Branscomb 278 Henry B. Van Hoesen The Medieval Library. James Westfall Thompson 281 Curtis H. Walker A Comparative Study of Cataloging Rules Based on the Anglo-American Code of 1908. J. C. M. Hanson 283 Jeannette Murphy Lynn Catalogers' and Classifiers' Yearbook. No. 8. American Library Association. Catalog Section 285 Frances L. Yocom
NEW PERIODICALS 286 Carolyn F. Ulrich
SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS ON HIGHER EDUCATION 289 Clara Esther Derring and Carrie E. Meares
READINGS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 291 Marian C. Manley
CURRENT REFERENCE AIDS 292 Committee on Current Reference Aids By FREDERICK C. HICKS
Professional Aspects of Law Librarianship
Dr. Hicks is professor of law and law development for what purpose; (2) for librarian in the School of Law, Yale Uni- the benefit of what clientele; (3) to make versity. useful what kinds of material?
ITHIN MY own experience I have What Is "Professional Development"? Wseen public librarians as a class look Failure to keep such questions in mind askance at the professional standards of is one of the reasons why librarians are college and university librarians. They in sometimes accused of fostering a kind of turn have looked askance at special li- professionalism, the motto of which might brarians and particularly at law librarians. be "Libraries for the Librarians," instead To some extent each group was justified of "Libraries for the Readers." Too in its attitude of superiority. There was easily we fall into the error of making our implicit in it, however, a fundamental card catalogs chiefly for our own use, error. We spoke glibly of professional de- adhering to the rule "let the reader fall velopment, as though all libraries should where he may." Too easily also we adopt or could be poured into the same mold, to a professional attitude with regard to other come out rounded into shape, and stamped types of libraries, which can stifle initia- with the hall mark of quality. There is of tive within our own ranks. A larger num- course a substantial substratum of tech- ber of general librarians know what a law nique and doctrine applicable to all li- library is like than was formerly the case, braries of whatsoever kind. We are all but still the number is small. It is sig- engaged in the same sort of work looking nificant that there was no course in law to the accomplishment of like ends. librarianship until the summer of 1937. Where we differ is in the emphasis which It is significant not as an indication of the we place in different kinds of libraries backwardness of law librarians, but as an upon the various techniques used. This evidence of the unpreparedness of library emphasis is determined by the purposes for schools to give such training. Judged by which the respective libraries exist. We the standards which I have mentioned, law- cannot evaluate the professional develop- librarians were not in fact, until a score of ment of all kinds of libraries by standards years ago, deficient in professional attain- set for a single dominant group, the public ments. library, for example, because those stand- I confess that after I became a law ards were themselves chosen in response librarian, following seventeen years of ex- to special needs. We must ask, for each perience in four other types of libraries, group, these questions: (i) professional I was inclined to undervalue the profes- 221 sional achievements of my new colleagues. periodicals—and of treatises usually called They did not habitually talk the language for by authors' names, no great problems of library schools, or of other types of of shelf arrangement presented themselves. libraries. When they did use the phrase- There was an actual classification accord- ology, they sometimes gave it a different ing to an easily understood scheme which meaning. They were diverse in education, tradition had established. Call numbers training and experience. Judged by gen- were not needed because custom had pro- eral library standards, they did not consti- vided substitutes—the "citations" used by tute a professional group. But it soon lawyers. became apparent that there were other and The latter got their citations from better standards by which to judge them. printed digests and subject indexes. This Almost to a person, they were doing that great system of reference had already been which is the foundation of all successful developed by lawyers, legal writers and librarianship: adapting library techniques law book publishers, and did not need to selectively to the books and clientele to be be invented by law librarians. Law, for used and served. They were applying li- lawyers, was more elaborately indexed by brary skills, so far as they were useful, to subject in printed form than was any other their own particular problems, and stead- class of literature. The test of a good law fastly resisting the urge to adopt such librarian was whether he knew this elab- skills indiscriminately, even at the risk of orate system of reference. This meant being thought to be unprogressive. that he could concentrate most of his effort on reference work—the important job of First Stage of Law Library Development making the contents of the books in his Only in comparatively recent library library available to readers. time have law librarians paid much atten- Since so many of his necessary tools tion to card catalogs, to subject classifica- were already in printed form, it was natu- tion, and to notation schemes for any kind ral for him to want his library catalog of book classification. Why was this so? also to be printed, and so most law li- It was not because they were wholly braries made printed books of their cata- ignorant of the value of such devices in logs, keeping them up to date on cards the libraries where they were used. It only until a supplement could be printed. was because they already had substitutes I have said that the books were clas- for them which in the state of law library sified, that is, grouped by criteria of development at that time were serving very similarity. The printed indexes to the con- well. Their books were listed, they were tents of sets were, and still are, arranged arranged, and they were referred to by chiefly by subject. This made subject something like call numbers. classification of the books themselves of At the time of which I speak, law li- secondary importance. The lawyer was ac- braries, with a few notable exceptions, customed to work according to a routine— were small, and they were used almost he found his references, then got or called exclusively by lawyers, judges, law stu- for the books to which his citations re- dents and professors for the purpose of ferred. The librarian was expected to reading technical law. Made up largely arrange the books so that each individual of sets of books—statutes, reports and volume could be found as quickly as pos-
222 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES sible. This result, he had learned, could second is due largely to new methods of best be achieved when a "form" classifica- teaching and study in the law schools. tion was used. Thus, by the very standards which I Thus the small law library for the ex- have suggested for judging the degree of clusive use of lawyers had its own tight professional development in any library, little professional system made up of (I) the law librarian is forced to broaden his printed subject indexes, (2) printed lists training in order to meet new needs. New of books kept up to date by card catalogs kinds of books, and interest in aspects of and printed supplements, and (3) shelf law different from those disclosed by the arrangement suitable for quickly finding printed subject indexes, call for more individual books when they were called elaborate cataloging and classification, and for by citations. The whole constituted a widen the field of required reference scheme for serving readers by bibliographi- work. cal means which the latter understood and approved. For the kind of library which Professional Organization of Law Li- I have described, it represented a satisfac- brarians tory stage of professional development. Development of the professional organ- Moreover, this system still has merit for ization of law librarians has been in stages handling part of a modern law library's which parallel those of individual librar- problems. ies. The formation in 1907 of the Ameri- I look upon the above as an honorable can Association of Law Libraries was in chapter in the history of law library pro- response to a demand for something dif- fessional development, but I would be the ferent from what was then available to the last to say that it is sufficient today. New members of the American Library Associa- conditions demand that there be added tion. That association furnished some of other types of professional efficiency. the charter members of the new associa- Growth in size of individual libraries is tion, and some of them were not law li- of itself sufficient to call for new skills. brarians. These latter thought they saw But this growth has been brought about in the technique and problems of law li- not merely by adding more law books. brarians something that might be of value The scope of the libraries as to subject to them in their general libraries. They matter has been broadened in response to were right in assuming that the bibli- demands of readers. An interesting situa- ographical tools of the law are worth tion has developed in which lawyers are knowing about. asking for non-legal and quasi-legal ma- The first major enterprise of the Ameri- terial, while laymen are asking law li- can Association of Law Libraries was the braries for legal material. The latter preparation of a printed index, the Index have become law book conscious, while to Legal Periodicals, now in its thirty- technically trained readers are finding the third volume. It does for legal periodicals traditional law book inadequate for their in the English-speaking world what the professional needs. The first of these re- Wilson indexes do for general periodicals sults may be attributed to steadily increas- in English. It is a subject index according ing activities of government agencies to legal headings, following the general bringing law home to every citizen; the scheme of the American Digest System. 23 7 JUNE, 1940 Although it is primarily a lawyer's tool, American Law Schools adopted an article the headings are, in a surprising number of association which requires that all of instances, the same as those used in the member schools shall have "a qualified Wilson indexes (see "The Modern Me- librarian, whose principal activities are de- dusa," Law Library Journal, 14:7-14, voted to the development and maintenance Apr. 1921). It filled a gap in the law- of an effective library service." The next yer's bibliographical equipment, since no step, now under consideration, is the im- provision had been made for continuing plementing of this article by determining the Jones index which then ended with the what qualifications such librarians must year 1899. actually possess. A report is also being The second important enterprise was the prepared on the functions of law library publication of the proceedings of the an- positions of all grades, and on the training nual conferences, a modest pamphlet and compensation that should be associated which has now developed into the Law with the respective positions. Library Journal, issued six times a year. Another practical result, partly at least In the early years of this periodical, one attributable to the efforts of the American sees attempts to improve the morale of Association of Law Libraries, is the insti- law librarians, make them conscious of tution of a course in law librarianship, common problems, and bind them together given first in the summer of 1937, by the into a professional group. Fortunately for Columbia University School of Library the future of the association, a high degree Service. A second course of one year's of success was attained. Without such a duration is announced for 1940-41, to be result, it would have been impossible to given cooperatively by the Law School and carry through the professional projects the School of Librarianship of the Univer- that had been initiated. Many important sity of Washington. articles have appeared in the Journal on Under recent presidents, the aims of the the technical processes peculiar to law li- American Association of Law Libraries braries, but there has always been a pre- have been restated after prolonged discus- ponderance of bibliographical material sion of a plan prepared by a committee useful as check lists, and to improve refer- under the chairmanship of William R. ence service. Thus the publications of Roalfe, law librarian of the Duke Univer- the association, and the nature of its dis- sity School of Law. The financial condi- cussions at conferences for many years tion of the association has been improved conformed to the kind of professional (although this is a perennial problem), equipment which I have described as char- and a standing committee on planning has acteristic of individual law libraries. been set up. The whole tempo of the as- As times have changed, new emphases sociation has been quickened, and all of its have come. Stirred by demands of readers members are conscious of the new require- for a different kind of service, stress has ments which new needs and conditions been placed on education for law librarian- have placed upon them individually and as ship. A standing committee, working with associates in a professional group. committees of other associations, has been active, and practical results have been Experience in One Law Library achieved. In 1937, the Association of I have been asked by the editor of Col-
224 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES lege and Research Libraries to be specific have been avoided, so that the library may in illustrating the trend of events in indi- function as a unit. In any library there vidual law libraries. I can do this best are four major undertakings, (i) general by describing briefly some of the develop- planning and oversight, (2) getting the ments during the last ten years in the li- books, (3) recording and preparing them brary with which I am associated. for use by readers, and (4) conduct of a The ideal toward which we strive is readers' service. These correspond to the indicated by guiding principles which are four staff departments in this library: constantly reiterated to the staff, to the 1. General Administration. Policy, budg- university administration, and to readers: et, recruiting the staff, salaries, payrolls, publicity, supplies, correspondence, statistics, A library is a collection of books, properly approval of expenditures and bills. housed, and organized for service. 2. Accessions Department. Orders, gifts, It is our duty to anticipate the needs of exchanges, handling of duplicates, checking our accredited clientele. Within the scope bills, preparation of want lists and lists of of the library, we are remiss if, when a book duplicates. is called for, we lack it, or are unable to 3. Cataloging and Classification. This de- give satisfactory information concerning it. partment has charge of all processes through The justification for library expenditures which a book passes from the time it comes is the character as well as the extent of the from the accessions department until it is use of its collections. ready for the shelves. This includes cata- We aim to make the library notable for loging, classification, shelf-listing, dexigraph- the completeness of its files, for nothing is so ing, filing cards, marking, bookplating, discouraging to scholarship as broken sets. mending, binding and rebinding. It is be- As many as possible of the more commonly lieved that these functions are so intimately used books should be on the open shelves in connected that only delay and confusion re- the reading room for consultation without sult from dividing responsibility for them. formality. Stack service must be maintained 4. Readers' Service. Reading room, loan at all times when the library is open. desk, bookstacks, reference work, service to The library must remain open as many professors in their offices. hours as it will actively be used. [It is open during term time from 8 A.M. to n P.M., Cataloging seven days a week.] The reader is entitled to every courtesy, In the last decade the library has more and to all the skill that a trained staff can than doubled in size. The card catalog, bring to the task of enabling him to do his however, has grown from 129 trays to 670. own work. The administration and the staff must be imbued with the spirit of"SErvice, This disproportionate growth in the cata- and this should show in the conduct of all log is partly due to the increase in the from chief librarian to page. library itself, but chiefly to the facts that the scope of the library as to subject mat- Staff and Organization ter has been broadened, the whole library In an endeavor to approach the ideal is in process of recataloging, and most im- set by these principles, all persons added portant of all, the subjects treated in all to the staff during the last ten years, to books cataloged, legal as well as quasi- fill positions of professional grade, have legal, are more fully represented than been graduates both of colleges and li- formerly. brary courses. A guiding principle in our cataloging is The evils of over-departmentalization that every book which is retained on the 23 7 JUNE, 1940 shelves shall be fully cataloged and pro- fication or should it be primarily a form vided with subject cards for both its legal classification ? The latter was chosen, but and non-legal aspects. We do not use a with provision for some subject groups, special legal subject heading book, because and with the possibility of adding more. of the danger of limiting the catalogers' Should we get up a complete scheme mental horizon to such a list. On the con- before we used any part of it? We de- trary, we use the most comprehensive list cided to do it piecemeal, without regard available, viz., Subject Headings Used in to logical coherence in the scheme as a the Dictionary Catalogues of the Library whole. We would not try to duplicate in of Congress, adding to it such legal head- our scheme for book arrangement, the ings as are needed. We do not, of course, subdivisions which lawyers have devised cease to rely on the printed subject indexes for the subject law. We would make a (digests, Index to Legal Periodicals, etc.) series of separate schedules for groups of referred to above. To do so, duplicating books which, for whatever reason, we their entries in our catalog, would show a wanted to stand together. wasteful lack of skill in using our legal The method of work is described as fol- tools, and would make the card catalog lows in the Introduction: unnecessarily costly. But we do bring out In deciding upon groups of books for in the card catalog many aspects of the which schedules were to be made, the reverse books which the scheme of such printed of the ordinary process was employed. A indexes does not cover. By this means and general policy [as mentioned above] was by keeping constantly before us the poten- first adopted, but this was not followed by tial usefulness of all phases of our books, a vast scheme in which the relation of each group of books to all other groups was de- we have, through the card catalog, im- cided upon in advance. Although there are mensely enriched the collection. in fact three main divisions of the scheme {i.e. (i) special subject classes, (2) Anglo- Classification American law, and (3) foreign law), the groups that make up these theoretical divi- We would gladly have adopted a Li- sions are not tied together by common sym- brary of Congress scheme of law book bols, nor are they shelved together unless it classification if that had been available, happens to be convenient to do so. Having made up a group of like books {like, ac- and we do use in modified form its JX cording to the criteria of likeness which we schedules for international law. After adopted) which should stand together, a waiting for many years for the Library of symbol was adopted for that group, the Congress to publish its K (Law) scheme, method of indicating its subdivisions se- the present writer reluctantly decided to lected, and the scheme for constructing call numbers chosen. This process was repeated make one of his own for use in this li- with other groups, one after the other, until brary. It was published in September, the whole field had been covered. !939, with the title Yale Law Library Classification (Yale Law Library Publi- A second section is made up of schedules cations, No. 8) after having been in use, for non-legal and quasi-legal books relat- while being developed, for nearly ten years. ing to history, philosophy, economics, At the outset, fateful decisions had to be sociology and political science, and a few made: other subjects. These schedules are sim- Should it be primarily a subject classi- pler and less scientific than those used for
226 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES such subjects in general libraries, but they thought to be standard for other libraries. are required in order that call numbers Librarians are usually not free agents. may be made, and so that such books may Even in the most prosperous of libraries, not be forced into unsuitable legal they are often forced to adopt substitutes schedules. Their only justification is that for devices too costly for them to use. Per- they serve a special purpose in this library. haps some of these substitutes will turn Constructing classification schedules is out to be better than those which they no new experience for librarians, but replace. There is still opportunity to use there is a feature of the printed Yale Law initiative and imagination in library work. Library Classification which is unusual. If anywhere the impact of problem on per- For each class, following the schedule, son can kindle a flame of invention, this there is a subdivision on practice. Part flame should not be snuffed out by the of this deals with the method of applying imposition of set rules laid down by an the schedule, with directions for making authority which says, "This is the only call numbers, illustrated by examples. way to do it." Another part deals with cataloging as ap- The fact is that many problems hereto- plied to that class—the public catalog, the fore thought to have been solved are again official catalog and the shelf list, author rearing their heads because of the growth and other main entries, title and added of libraries. Mere bigness makes some entries, cross references, subject headings, techniques inapplicable. Free access to forms for tabulated cards used for series shelves is a fine idea, but it cannot be ap- and sets, and methods of cataloging and plied to all parts of our largest libraries handling pamphlets and theses. Still an- because of the great cost of supervision. other part deals with marking, stamping, Connected with the idea of free access is bookplating and binding. Finally there that of subject classification. The larger are references to a few check lists and a library is the less effective is such a bibliographies useful in connection with grouping for the reader's shelf use. The the respective classes. This kind of ma- classes themselves are richer in material, it terial was added to the schedules because is true, but at the same time, the amount of the close relationship between catalog- of material on the same subject, which for ing, classification and preparation for the good reasons is classed elsewhere, is largely shelves, and because of the necessity for increased. Subject classification could be having in mind all phases of the work in applied to law libraries more extensively relation to each class at one and the same than is now customary, but would it be worth the cost? My point is that in no time. library can a subject arrangement bring Present and Future Problems together physically on the shelves all im- portant material on a subject. I raise the Professional development in libraries question whether subject classification has has not reached its final stage. Particu- not become a shibboleth by which to test larly is this so in regard to the adaptation excellence, erroneously leading us into of skills to particular needs. It would be costly excesses in library administration. unfortunate if college and research li- Perhaps the conflict in most libraries is braries (including law libraries) adopted between close subject classification and in toto the techniques which have been 23 7 JUNE, 1940 broad subject classification, rather than provement and simplification, can we agree between subject classification and form on a workable scheme for filing cards that classification. Certain it is, however, that we ourselves can understand without refer- close subject classification is a costly and ence to the rule book? There is no agree- time-consuming undertaking, and that its ment on so fundamental a thing as this, refinements provide the motive for fre- and the larger the catalog becomes, the quent reclassification. more the user is confused. While I was Must we not recognize the supreme writing these words, there came to my importance to libraries of the card catalog, desk the Catalogers' and Classifiers' Year- especially on the subject side? It is the book, 1939. It contains articles with the only' place where any near approach to following titles: "The Large Dictionary completeness of information concerning Catalog Faces Der Tag;" "Shall We Di- the resources of the library can be reached. vide Our Catalog Vertically?;" "Crisis in Even here we leave out all those fields the Catalog;" "Horizontal Division of the covered by printed subject indexes—the Catalog;" and, "The Public Catalog for kinds which for a long time were the law Whom?" Another article begins with the library's chief subject catalogs, and which, question, "How far have we progressed thanks to Mr. Wilson, are of growing im- since medieval days in the making of cata- portance in every library. logs?" It ends with the warning, "Cata- If, for the sake of argument, this is logers . . . should beware falling into a rut from which they might be unable to climb agreed to, then there arises the question out." All librarians, not catalogers alone, of whether or not we can improve our might well take this caution to heart. card catalogs. Can we simplify them from the reader's point of view? Are we sure And finally, what shall be done about that the so-called "dictionary" type is the the cost of cataloging? How can this best form ? And, if it is, how can we mounting expense be reduced without make it more easily usable? Certainly it destroying the effectiveness of the catalog? is a misnomer, in large catalogs, to say The answers to these questions are now that the cards are arranged alphabetically of as much importance to law librarians as in a dictionary. In this process of im- as they are to any other kind.
228 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By THOMAS P. FLEMING and JOHN H. MORI ARTY
Essentials in the Organisation of Acquisition Work in University Libraries
Thomas P. Fleming is medical librarian Since all departments of the library make and John H. Moriarty, general assistant, contributions to the work of acquisition, Columbia University Library. the acquisition specialist should foster and coordinate all such possible contributions. HE PURPOSE of this article is to give The function of an acquisition department Ta brief summary of the essential proc- is to acquire such printed or manuscript esses which are involved in university ac- material as may be required to meet, not quisition work. Further articles will treat only the present, but also the future needs in detail the organization and function of of the institution which it serves. This each process. If much that is seemingly may be brought about by purchase, dona- obvious is touched upon here, it is because tion or exchange; but each of these our experience has shown that some of the methods demands certain prerequisites and more elementary and basic principles of involves certain definite processes. Among acquisition are frequently misunderstood, these may be mentioned: (1) educational especially by those who hold executive posi- policies of the institution; (2) book tions without having had previous experi- funds; (3) selection; (4) searching; ence in this specialty. (5) placing an order or soliciting; The preparatory processes by which a (6) receiving and accounting; (7) acces- book is made ready for the reader are sioning and/or marking to show owner- threefold: (i) acquisition; (2) catalog- ship. ing; and (3) book marking and/or bind- The physical layout of a department ing. In a small library, these activities plays an important part in its effective or- can be done as a unified process by a single ganization and function. It will be noted individual. In the larger libraries, where that the current trend in large library the volume of work is greater, the prepara- buildings is to have the catalog depart- tory activities are carried out by separate ment follow the public catalog, wherever departments. However, this segregation that may be located, while the acquisition of work is made at a cost, for such division department is attracted to the receiving necessitates additional records and, to a room, which is usually located on the certain extent, duplicate handling. The ground floor or basement.1 Adequate pro- function of acquisition affects all depart- vision must be made for the receipt of ments, and their work in turn affects it. mail, express and freight, as well as for 23 7 JUNE, 1940 temporary holding of shipments awaiting ing manufactured does not cross back invoices. There should be as part of the upon its own path or crisscross that receiving room, or adjacent to it, a size- path. able section of shelves to provide space for The various processes of acquisition are material received in quantity, which must derived from the budget, which in turn is be opened, examined and collated; gifts dependent upon the policies of an institu- and other publications awaiting checking tion in regard to teaching and research. or decision as to their incorporation; dupli- These policies and the present resources of cates awaiting final disposition and simi- the library determine fundamentally the lar acquisitions. An outside loading or kind of book budget upon which acquisi- delivery elevator is an item of considera- tion must depend. There are acquisition tion, for many inland libraries receive theorists who would allocate book funds shipments via carloading companies whose scientifically, based upon a hierarchy or drivers are not required to make other established subject fields and on the ex- than "store door" deliveries. The office pected trade output in such fields.2' 3 Such layout of an acquisition department should allocation may not be too unrealistic for contain a separate office for the chief, the standard liberal arts college library, where book agents, faculty, and staff mem- but for the specialized school and for the bers may be consulted privately. Ade- university it offers no assistance whatever. quate quarters and equipment should be In universities, where the policies are de- provided for searchers, serial checkers, gift fined, the distribution of the book fund and exchange assistants, typists, and ac- follows as a logical sequence. All too counting clerks. frequently, however, institutions do not define such policies; or, if they do, the poli- Belt Line Should Be Established cies are not carried out. Often an institu- Many libraries have failed to take tion is faced with the fact that the business advantage of what has been perfected school or the law school is its crown jewel, in the business world in connection and that, consequently, the book collection with business organization. Conse- in such a field must be kept standard or quently, every effort should be made to above par, regardless of other weaknesses have the latest office equipment and labor- in the collection. Where a "crown jewel" saving devices: filing cases, dictaphones, situation exists, the director of the library visible file serial records, electric adding and the several department heads must machines and calculators, as well as type- face it and allocate book funds accord- writers whose age is reckoned in months, ingly. (For a further consideration of this not in years. Further, care should be problem see the articles by Coney4'5 and exercised to see that the various processes van Patten.6) Budget making and the involved in acquisition work follow in distribution of funds in a university li- their proper sequence. From the time a brary are a definite process, in which the title is considered until it is received in the university administrator and library ad- catalog department, it should follow a path visers from the faculty work with the di- that does not cross itself. In other rector of libraries and the heads of his words, a belt line should be established, several departments. as in factories, where a product be- The selection of material is another
230 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES process in which the faculty should play the interests of certain of its faculty mem- a very large role. In fact, the effectiveness bers and can, therefore, more easily cope of the library depends upon the extent to with the flood of catalogs and circulars. which the librarian can organize his faculty All departments naturally assist in the so as to use their bibliographical and spe- selection of material. The reference de- cialized knowledge in building up pur- partment, through the examination of its poseful collections. One practical device interlibrary loan requests and its daily for this type of organization is the use of work, is perhaps the most potent factor. the form illustrated (devised by Charles C. The role of the faculty in selection is primarily confined to separates, rather
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY than continuations and serials. Once the faculty has made its decision, it is not 19 necessary that these be placed back for annual review, but occasionally the faculty To should be requested to make a new ap- Please check one of the following lines to praisal of all the continuation orders to indicate your opinion as to the importance for the University Library of the publica- see whether they are still worthy of being tion noted on the attached. C. C. Williamson continued. Director of Libraries Once an item has been selected for • Very important—Immediate purchase recommended acquisition, either because of faculty rec- • Important—Purchase recommended ommendation, or because of the unques- • Fairly important — Purchase recom- tionable importance of the material, the mended if funds permit next process is searching. The mistake • Of slight importance—Purchase may be deferred should not be made of considering this • Probably worthless—Not recommended activity clerical. In any large library the • No opinion at this time—Would hold work involves not merely the checking of for more information the pending files in the acquisition depart- Comment: ment, as well as the official or general
(Signed) catalog, but also a knowledge of the special and often uncataloged collections inevita- ble in most large libraries. Generally, the Williamson), which can be attached to a knowledge of such collections must include book advertisement, a catalog, a book the ability to see their subject ramifica- itself, or a periodical and routed with it to tions. A searcher should realize that a a member of the faculty. collection of British history before 1800 It is by such means that the knowledge A.D. will probably include Americana, but of a highly specialized faculty can be such realization is no clerical process. utilized in the acquisition of the subject Some comprehension of corporate entry material which scholars must have to do and a familiarity with series cataloging effective work. The acquisition depart- must also be possessed. The searching of ment can be of great assistance by calling expensive items usually involves investiga- attention to old, as well as new, publica- tion as to their probable location in nearby tions of possible interest to subject special- libraries. Such a procedure will avoid ists. It knows, perhaps, more intimately duplication of the more special material 23 7 JUNE, 1940 which may be available within reasonable flux, and no knowledge about it can ever distance. A competent searcher who sys- be more than relative. We do not mean tematically records the sources consulted to imply that such knowledge is not pos- will produce data which, when passed on sible and indispensable to the successful to the catalog department, will consider- acquisition specialist, but that such knowl- ably minimize their routine. Searching edge is pragmatic, valid only in instances, has other interdepartmental values as well. and to be learned primarily in practice. Because of the nature of the work, the Placing orders for books, dependent as it searcher becomes one of the most frequent is upon an understanding of the book trade critics of the general catalog, reporting and other factors, is not to be trusted to errors in form and filing, inconsistencies the routine treatment given the purchas- and other desirable adjustments. The ing of supplies for an educational institu- alert searcher will also strengthen the col- tion. It must be performed by a subor- lection by suggesting the purchase of es- dinate under the control of the director of sential bibliographies. libraries. According to the law of some The fact that a desired item is not in states, all purchases made by a tax-sup- the library and that its acquisition is ported institution must be placed through authorized requires further action. It is its duly appointed purchasing agent. Li- here that the unique knowledge and in- braries usually circumvent this by having genuity of the acquisition specialist comes the head of acquisitions also hold an ap- into play. Shall the item be purchased, pointment as assistant purchasing agent begged, or sought on exchange?7 The (in charge of books). The order forms decision may be based on the nature of the used by the library can readily be adapted material. One probably buys a British to meet the requirements of state purchas- government annual report, begs such re- ing laws. Although order forms will be ports from American government agencies, treated in detail later, it must be empha- and tries to exchange one's own with sister sized here that clear and concise instruc- institutions. The question may be raised tions to an agent may be the means of as to the purchase of domestic material eliminating extra work in the department from a local bookstore or a national jobber. and thereby save several hundred dollars A problem in discounts and services arises, a year. Most agents will invoice and ship only to be settled in actual situations.8' 9 material in accordance with instructions, In handling foreign purchases particularly, provided these are clearly and concisely a knowledge of agents' specialties, prices, stated. and service must be built up and often Financial Records relearned. A familiarity with the possi- bilities of telephone, telegraph, cable, mail, In order to keep accurate financial rec- freight, and ship communication is basic. ords, acquisition departments all too fre- Foreign orders and shipments call for quently become involved in complicated more than superficial knowledge of decla- and time-consuming accounting practices. rations, consular invoices, customs brokers, Many such systems now in use were be- importation laws and fluctuating foreign gun at a time when the library had a exchange. It must be remembered that small appropriation, and where a little the book trade is a commercial world in extra bookkeeping enabled the librarian
232 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES proudly to announce, at a moment's notice, value is over one hundred dollars. At the the status of any given fund. Increases time of ordering, a customs broker and a in their library appropriations, however, forwarding agent should be specified, and involving multiple funds and endowments, notification given that consular invoices have brought little or no change in li- are expected to be prepared where needed. brary financial methods. In recent years, The accession book is the time honored mechanical systems of accounting have method used by libraries to record volumes been adopted by most universities,10 yet added to the library in the order of their many librarians have refused to permit receipt. For each item recorded, there is their budgets to be integrated with the given a condensed description including general university system. These librari- binding, source and price. Since all this ans labor under the mistaken idea that information, except binding condition, al- control of their funds will be lost if han- ready appears on the order card and order dled by the business office. In our opinion, sheet, many libraries have discarded the the saving of staff time and the benefits accession book and, in its stead, use either accruing to the library through such inte- the order card or order sheets. Still others gration entirely outweigh any theoretical have found it efficient to transfer source, "loss of control." In any event, experi- price, and order number to the shelf list ence has strengthened our belief that the card. This shelf list method is much to accounting and most of the financial as- be desired. The necessity of keeping an pects of acquisition properly belong in the accession book or of preserving order cards university business office.11 for long periods is thus eliminated. The receiving of material is an activity which is a continual challenge to the Some Special Processes acquisition specialist. It will be found When an item has been passed on to that the receipt of domestic orders is fairly the catalog department, the work of ac- routine. Nevertheless, libraries, whose quisition is theoretically completed. The invoice procedures involve special official acquisition specialist is judged by his effec- and governmental regulations, find that tiveness with follow-up work, claims, their instructions are often disregarded by acknowledgments, and careful supervision the smaller bookstores. One frequently of the vital processes outlined in this paper. finds that small bookstore orders for sup- As would be expected, however, the ac- posed separates turn out to be series parts, tivities of many libraries show a tendency or that special bibliographical features re- to emphasize a specific acquisition process. quired in a title are ignored, or a wrong One important university, for instance, is copy delivered. Such irritations come to giving considerable time and attention to be expected and can be satisfactorily han- receiving through an exchange system dled by routine correspondence. many of its scholarly serials and checking Much time and expense will be saved on the whole scheme by careful cost rec- when ordering "antiquaria" from foreign ords.12 Another university has been booksellers, if explicit instructions are utilizing its favorable position in a Scandi- given to the dealers regarding the ship- navian community to persuade the Scandi- ment of desired items, especially if they navian countries to help in developing its are bulky, and more particularly if the collection of their official publications.13 23 7 JUNE, 1940 Still another is found to be concentrating 5. . "Administration of Technical some very logical thought on budget plan- Processes." In Current Issues in Li- brary Administration. University of ning, to determine how to keep its very Chicago Press, 1938. pp. 163-80. generously endowed book fund from dis- 6. van Patten, Nathan. "Buying Policies torting the nature of its already excellent of College and University Libraries." collection.14 College and Research Libraries 1:64-70, Many of the trial and error methods in Dec. 1939. 7. Fleming, Thomas P. "Developing Li- university acquisition work would be elim- brary Resources with Limited Funds." inated if librarians, who have gained valu- Library Journal, 63:137-39, Feb. 15, able experience in solving difficult or 1938. unique acquisition problems, would con- 8. van Patten, loc. cit. tribute articles which present, in detail, 9. Fleming. Discussion of van Patten. Op. cit., pp. 70-71. the reasons, methods and results of their 10. Baehne, G. W., ed. Practical Applica- particular activities. It is our intention to tions of the Punched Card Method in follow this preliminary paper with a series Colleges and Universities. Columbia of articles treating in detail the organiza- University Press, 1935. tion of various acquisition procedures. 11. Iben, Icko. "Relationship of the Busi- ness Office and the Library in Educa- References tional Institutions." Library Journal, 1. Hanley, Edna R. College and Univer- 64:935-38, Dec. 1, 1939. sity Library Buildings. A.L.A., 1939. 12. Maclver, Ivander. "The Exchange of pp. 24-77. Publications as a Medium for the De- 2. Falley, Eleanor W. "An Impersonal velopment of the Book Collection." Division of the College Book Fund." Library Quarterly, 8:491-502, Oct. Library Journal, 64:933-35, Dec. 1, 1938. 1939- 13. Lund, E. D., McGrail, A. A., and Rus- 3. Moment, Gairdner. "Books and Money sell, H. G. "Scandinavian Public Docu- in Colleges." Proceedings, 31st Annual ments: Their Acquisition, Organization Conference, Special Libraries Associa- and Use." In Jerome K. Wilcox and tion, 1939. pp. P-121-P-124. A. F. Kuhlman, eds. Public Documents, 4. Coney, Donald. "Some Unsolved Prob- A.L.A., 1938. pp. 67-81. lems in University Library Administra- 14. Laing, Alexander. "The Future of the tion." A.L.A. Bulletin 32:1041-43, Dec. Library." Dartmouth College Library 1938. Bulletin, 3:35-46, June 1939.
234 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By THOMAS FRANKLIN CURRIER
Preliminary Cataloging
Thomas Franklin Currier is associate li- tained is noted on slips which are placed brarian, Harvard College Library. in the books. The duplicates are segre- gated for further consideration and the URING THE past few years the term rest passed on to a rather highly organized D "preliminary cataloging" has, at the typists' department. Here, girls trained to Harvard library, been on our tongues with this work, type, from the books before ever-increasing frequency. It denotes a them, preliminary catalog cards, contain- process introduced to free the expert cata- ing the necessary data, transcribed mechan- loger from certain mechanical and time- ically without research. The books, with consuming work which simultaneously the cards inserted, are now distributed to affords a preliminary survey of all books the several supervisors1 in charge of the and pamphlets received, whether by gift subjects concerned, who can thus attack or purchase, with a view to segregating the labor of placing them in the library's duplicates. permanent collections with certain neces- Briefly described the process is as fol- sary or desirable information spread before lows. Purchased books from the ordering them in convenient shape. Because of this department and all gifts are delivered to preliminary process, the cataloger is re- an assistant attached to the department of lieved of the mechanical work of typing cataloging and classification, who checks the initial or key cards, or (as an alterna- them with the union catalog. This catalog tive) of making complicated notes for the combines, in one alphabet, the Library of guidance of a typist. The advantage of Congress depository cards with the cards this method, as against making notes in ad- for books in the Harvard College Library vance for a typist to follow, rests in the and the university's numerous depart- fact that the cataloger does not have to mental and special libraries; it serves also project her imagination into the future and as the library's official catalog. The check- forecast what unexpected things a typist ing just mentioned ordinarily determines may do, but has before her an actual card, by a single"process: (a) if the piece in revealing just how the final card will ap- hand is a duplicate within the library sys- pear as respects length of title, arrange- tem; (b) for non-duplicates, if there is a ment of matter, and the like. Library of Congress card that may be To the point when the books come into utilized for cataloging purposes; (c) if the hands of the subject supervisors, men- the form of name of the author (corporate tioned above, the work has been done or personal) has been determined for cata- without research, the object having been to loging purposes by our own previous in- 1 Experiments that have been made in centralizing in the hands of "subject supervisors" the processes vestigations or by the Library of Congress of acquisition and absorption of library material will be described in -anotheP, paper to be printed in catalogers. The information thus ob-- Cojlege and Research Libraries. 23 7 JUNE, 1940 push everything along as rapidly as ac- editing, provided that the correct heading curacy will permit, avoiding the delays could be determined in advance. For our incident to looking up lacking data and German philosophers, a list of correct settling debatable points. It is believed, headings was easily compiled, from which after several years' experience, that this the typist worked. The notable success combination of processes, covering the no of this experiment—some 967 volumes man's land between accessioning and cata- were handled at a cost of 342 cents a title loging, is a notable step in reducing the —resulted in applying the method both to cost of acquiring and absorbing library miscellaneous collections and to regular material and paves the way for placing work. An accurate but moderately ex- greater responsibility on the cataloger, as perienced cataloger was, therefore, assigned will be described. to the initial process of checking new ac- cessions with the union catalog in order to How Experiment Started provide the typist with exact headings, The first conscious experiment in this whenever these could be procured from the direction was made in the year 1925 when catalog without research. A large per- the library acquired an unusually large col- centage of titles thus came through to the lection of the writings of German philoso- subject supervisor bearing exact headings phers. A cataloger of moderate experi- copied from the catalog; some had pre- ence, but a high degree of intelligence, had sumably correct headings, also derived been assigned to the task of cataloging from the catalog, while for other entries, these books. Short-handed as we were at not found in the catalog, the title pages the time, and with new accessions pouring were themselves adequate. A minor quan- in, some study of short cut methods of tity, only, came through without a heading forwarding this important collection to the that was either perfectly, or else essen- shelves instead of holding it until tially, correct. (The searcher now uses a it could be taken up volume by vol- special check to indicate that he believes ume in the normal retail fashion, seemed he has found a heading absolutely correct.) desirable. By our first experiment The system was then perfected by rul- one of our best typists, who had some ing that the person in charge of the pre- familiarity with German, copied the liminary searchers should look over the title pages on sheets of paper and these day's influx and eliminate snags, unusual copies were edited by the cataloger. It material, and rare books. These should was immediately evident that a skilled not pass through the preliminary processes, typist, with experience in copying catalog but be distributed directly to the subject titles, could, by familiarizing herself with supervisor concerned in each case, thus the simpler rules for collation, prepare a pinning on this supervisor greater responsi- title sufficiently complete and suitable in bility for the physical care of such ma- form to enable her to type it directly on terial while it is in transit, and for its regular card stock. This would make it suitable and prompt treatment. possible to use the card for the official As the method developed, it became evi- catalog and thus save one recopying of the dent that the subject supervisors should title. It was found that a high percentage keep constantly in mind that the persons of titles so prepared needed little or no engaged in the preliminary checking were
236 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES not to be held responsible for anything date of birth (or of birth and death) had except copying with perfect accuracy such been correctly copied from the catalog. data as headings and call numbers found She would not herself have to go to the in the catalog, comparing with care, title, catalog to verify the data and, from her date, and edition, for the purpose of re- knowledge of books and authors in her vealing duplicates, and noting certain subject, she would be absolutely sure of other matters that experience found useful. the identity of the author. When, how- These checkers were not, when there was ever, she received a book by a person with doubt in the matter, to attempt to prove whom she was not familiar, even if the identity of authorship, provide full names, author's name were as distinctive as Fred- search bibliographies, look up anonyms, or erick Law Olmsted, it would be neces- attend to other matters more properly the sary for her to be constantly on her guard duty of experienced catalogers. It was not lest she (or, as usually happens, her suc- for the searcher to determine, for exam- cessor) be humiliated, later, by a father- ple, whether the book in hand by Fred- and-son confusion in the catalog. In fact, erick Law Olmsted was written by father a competent supervisor will normally se- or son. So far as cataloging was con- lect from her day's influx the books for cerned, the prime object of the preliminary which she deems it necessary to verify the processes was to prepare, without research, searcher's findings. This verification is a provisional card for the use of the sub- the more essential if, as may happen when ject supervisor. To this card she could large gift lots are handled, some little time devote the energy of scholarly editing has elapsed between the time of prelim- without being hindered either by the inary searching and the cataloging, for a mechanical labor of typing the initial card good catalog is perpetually in a state of herself or by writing out notes from which flux. the card could later be made by a typist— the marking of title pages for this purpose Some Results being, of course, taboo. Matters had to While the preliminary processes just be adjusted, however, so that the provi- described originated in a desire to simplify sional card would, in a sufficiently large the routine of cataloging and decrease its percentage of cases, prove good enough to cost, it became obvious that they would be serve as the permanent official card for the of perhaps greater value in introducing a union catalog, thus sparing the danger of new routine in the matter of receiving, errors from a second copying and waste checking, and absorbing new accessions of of time from additional proof reading. library material. The two processes, (a) Other information found and noted by the of determining the question of rejecting or preliminary searcher was to be regarded retaining duplicates after a collection has as a by-product to be used with discrimina- been checked with the catalog, and (b) of tion. making the necessary cataloging records When the subject supervisor received after a decision as to duplicates has been books by such well-known authors as Ab- reached, are, to a great extent, one and bott Lawrence Lowell or Henry Wads- continuous. The person of good judg- worth Longfellow, she would be confident ment, who has sufficient information about that the spelling of the names and the the book or collection to decide the first
JUNE, 1940 23 7 matter is usually in a position, if trained and classifiers specializing in definite sub- and experienced as a cataloger, to attend jects, and that to these persons we might to the second matter, often with but mod- well assign the title "subject supervisor." erate additional labor and expense. This It is well to emphasize the idea that not is particularly true of difficult material. only must these persons have had past ex- The result then of this new method has perience in cataloging and classifying, but been to pass on to the cataloger-classifier, they must also be the actual persons who who is responsible for a subject, a far are daily engaged in, or closely supervis- greater share in deciding the question of ing, this work on their own subjects. The whether duplicates in her field are to be distribution of the vast influx of books to rejected or retained. This procedure has several persons, each more or less expert been particularly useful when the staff in her special subject, is, on the very face is handling large collections devoted to of it, a wiser practice than concentrating some special topic. Furthermore, it cen- the responsibility on an accessions chief ters the responsibility for sane and efficient who attempts to cover the multitude of treatment on those individuals who, from subjects within the scope of a large schol- knowledge of the subject, technical ex- ar's library and to deal with the many perience, and familiarity with the library's languages involved. Surely a policy is collections, can best bear such responsibility. untenable whereby each department of the By having such additional duties placed on library (order, catalog, reference, etc.) their shoulders, the persons concerned take has its own specialist in each field in which greater interest in their work and increase the library is active. their knowledge of the subject and of the Running parallel to this increased re- library's holdings. They thus become sponsibility of the subject supervisors has daily more useful than if they confined come the annexation, to a greater or less their duties merely to recording what is degree, by the supervisor in charge of the put on their desks to record, after some- preliminary searching process, of the man- one else has studied it and made essential agement of gift accessions, including large decisions. collections and the daily dribble. A minor, but essential, advantage resulting has been "Subject Supervisors" the diminution of books to which, on re- During the period of incubation, while ceipt, the library's marks of ownership the method thus described was being have been overhastily affixed, the item be- worked out, there was considerable ques- ing rejected after more careful scrutiny. tioning by the heads of departments as to At present, the library stamps and book- the wisdom of thus increasing the duties plates are affixed almost as the last process, and responsibilities of those whose princi- and thus valuable material may be more pal duties had hitherto been confined to the easily earmarked for special care in the processes of cataloging and classification. mechanical, and at times abused, process It seems evident, however, both from the of stamping and plating. standpoints of economy and of satisfactory It has been found that the preliminary results that the decision as to retention of searching thus described can be done suit- duplicates may, in large measure, be most ably by the better grade of student as- appropriately apportioned to the catalogers sistants, each of whom puts some twelve or
238 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES fifteen hours a week into the work. It is ly marked by a characteristic slip in order wiser not to keep a person at the job too to procure prompt attention and speedy long at one period, since it requires close routing. Since the serial record notes attention to detail which cannot be given them as received, they must not be delayed by a person physically tired from long in the hands of the subject supervisors. standing at the catalog. It is, moreover, Being already recorded as received on the necessary to have a sufficiently large num- serial records, there is the greater need that ber of persons assigned to this work so that they should not be delayed in the later current acquisitions may go through from processes of acquisitioning and cataloging. day to day with the utmost promptitude, Duplicates thrown out by the prelim- to save the occasional need of hunting for inary searchers must undergo scrutiny, books that may be in process. It has, at first by the supervisor in charge and, when times, been our custom to establish a list desirable, by the subject supervisors or by of persons who may automatically be taken specialists available, with a view to spot- from their regular work for an hour or ting valuable items not obvious to search- two each, when there is danger of delay ers inexperienced in such matters. The in handling the day's accessions. The searchers are, however, instructed to no- chief of the typing department in turn sees tice, and set aside for inspection, all books to it that work is so arranged that live and with annotations on fly leaves or margins, important books are pushed through her that contain inserts, or that bear seemingly department immediately on receipt. It is interesting autographs. our intention to have these live and current books in the hands of the subject super- Savin ffs visors within twenty-four hours after they At Harvard, this combination of the come into the department. In this way preliminary search to determine the cor- each subject supervisor is made responsible rect catalog heading and find possible Li- for the prompt handling of books in her brary of Congress cards, with the survey field. New English and American books of material to reveal duplicate copies, has have, in the past, usually been put into cir- reduced a process, which in some libraries culation from one to three days from the requires three separate searchings in two time of receipt in the department, with a card catalogs, to a single comparison of the full set of cards in both catalogs within an book with the union catalog. When it is additional day or two. This speed de- remembered that the rate of such search pends largely on the exertions of the sub- is less than twenty titles an hour, the sav- ject supervisor. ings for a yearly accession of 50,000 titles A word as to "continuations." Nor- might be as high as 5000 hours when mally, these are distributed at once to the three searchings are necessary. In the year serial division and are not handled by the 1938-39, at the Harvard library, it took preliminary searchers. As the serial divi- 2370 hours to perform the preliminary sion makes its record, it notes such titles searching for 39,982 titles, an average of (e.g. monograph series) as need analyzing. only 16.9 titles an hour. At this rate the These titles are passed on to the prelim- saving is greater, i.e. some 3000 hours for inary searchers and go through the same one searching saved, and 6000 hours for routine as other monographs, being special- two. The saving in time is more than that 23 7 JUNE, 1940 of two full-time assistants, or the equiva- L.C. cards that may be used for cataloging, lent of from $2000 to $3000 annually. the location of copies in department li- Assuming, however, that for one-third of braries, and other useful data. Following the titles further verification is necessary this preliminary work, a skilled typists' de- on the part of the cataloger, the saving partment prepares provisional cards for might still be as high as from $1700 to the cataloger, thus relieving the latter of $2500, for one as against three searchings. the time-consuming labor of preparing her Additional saving results from this new key card herself or of making complicated method in the fact that the mechanical notes with a view to having the result re- checking of titles with the card catalog duced to card form by a typist. The an- and the typing of the first card are done nual savings for 50,000 titles added by by persons of less pay than the cataloger this method might be from $2500 to more or subject specialist. So many elements than $4000; moreover, it surely reduces go into this figure that it would be a dif- the time needed to make new books avail- ficult or impossible task to reduce it to able. Further, the subject supervisor exact statistics, but if we assume a saving who has a larger share in the duty of com- of but two cents a title on these two proc- paring duplicates and deciding what shall esses we get an additional saving of $1000 be rejected, acquires a more intimate con- on a yearly output of 50,000 titles. An- nection with the development of the sub- other notable, but indeterminate, amount jects assigned her, frequently gets more is saved by the elimination of conferences closely in touch with those of the faculty and discussions between subordinates and whose fields are concerned, and becomes chiefs of the accessions and catalog depart- increasingly the center of information for ments, when questions arise as to in- her own field of work. The placing of all dividual items or lots. This, I am books in her subjects promptly in her care sure, will be acknowledged by those who pins down her responsibility for these have watched intimately the progress books—a most useful procedure when a of work in the staff of a large li- question suddenly arises as to the disposi- brary. tion or whereabouts of a given item or a To sum up, the Harvard library, bene- special lot. There has been very little fited by its combination official, union, and excited search for a missing item in our depository L.C. catalog, now unites two staff of classifiers and catalogers, and su- processes in its work of accessioning books. pervisors have become wary of disclaim- These two processes are, (a) the survey ing knowledge as to the whereabouts of a of new material with a view to discover- book or pamphlet in their particular fields, ing duplicates, and (b) a preliminary for it is becoming an axiom that a missing checking to prepare the way for cataloging. uncataloged book is always found just This checking reveals, as occasion offers, where it ought to be—in the subject super- the correct entry heading, the existence of visor's hands.
240 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By LOUIS KAPLAN
Reference Work with Periodicals: Recent Progress and Future Needs
Louis Kaplan is reference librarian of the sultant for the Commonwealth College University of Wisconsin Library. library: The selection of periodicals to be indexed AVE THE magazines—let the books or covered by abstracting services is of seri- S burn I"1 a librarian wrote some ten ous interest not merely to libraries but to years ago. Today, on all sides there is an all organizations concerned with education, research, industry and government. It is increasing realization of the importance of our belief that selection can be handled satis- periodicals. New studies and investiga- factorily only by a prominent body such as tions are being conducted, and new indexes that proposed by the A.L.A. committee. are being compiled. For the first time, a However, to limit the group to librarians, as number of library schools are offering a suggested by that committee, would be a mistake; for the problem is essentially a separate course on periodicals. social one, and a representation should be These recent developments, in so far as required of all the various interests—library they relate to the reference use of periodi- administrators and trustees, reference and cals, are summarized in this article. In research workers, scientific societies, special libraries, indexing and abstracting agencies, addition, a number of suggestions are of- periodical publishers, and the main economic fered with respect to future needs. and political points of view.2
Indexes and A bstracts In addition to the work of the Serials With regard to existing composite in- Section committee there are a number of dexing and abstracting services there are other encouraging signs of activity. The three main difficulties: incomplete cover- H. W. Wilson Company is preparing a revised edition of Poole's Index. In this age, duplication of titles, and the time lag edition the two main weaknesses of the between the publication of periodicals and index will be corrected : there will be ( 1) the appearance of the indexes. These a systematic scheme for subject headings problems are now the subject of study by and (2) author entries. a committee of the Serials Section of the American Library Association. At a later At New York University a Work Proj- date the committee intends to examine the ects Administration project is engaged in question of the promptness with which compiling an index to early American new titles are admitted to the indexes. In periodicals. When completed it will in- this connection an excellent suggestion has clude 339 titles (7000 volumes) of which been made by Henry Black, technical con- only a few are duplicated in Poole's Index. The years to be covered are from 1728 to 1 Munn, Ralph. "Library Mission of Magazines," Wilson Bulletin 4:59, Oct. 1929. 2 Library Quarterly, 10:62, Jan. 1940.
JUNE, 1940 23 7 1870. This valuable index should be index to reviews which would satisfy the published. If this is impossible, a number needs of larger libraries. Some time ago of libraries will undoubtedly wish to have the writer had a brief conversation with it microfilmed. Mr. H. W. Wilson who was skeptical as Another very useful tool is being pre- to the financial success of such a venture. pared at the University of California under A second and perhaps more feasible ap- the direction of Barbara Cowles. This is proach to the problem would be for Amer- a subject index to the Union List of Seri- ican and English librarians to request the als. Two other studies are under way at publisher of the Bibliographie der Rezen- the same school: an analysis of abstracting sionen to speed up its publication and make services treating of endocrine literature, its use less difficult. and a comparison of the titles included in Another important need is for an up-to- Ayer's, Willing's and Sperling's directories date check list of all periodicals which with those in the major indexing services. have ever been indexed. Ulrich's Periodi- At the University of Michigan an analysis cals Directory, it is true, provides a clue of the Agricultural Index and the Experi- to those being currently indexed. It does ment Station Record is being made. At not, however, show in what year the in- the University of Wisconsin, under the dexing of each periodical was begun, nor direction of the writer, a subject analysis does it include discontinued periodicals. of the titles in the Bibliographic der To meet this need the writer has spon- fremdsprachigen Zeitschriftenliteratur will sored a W.P.A. project which is expected soon begin. to start this summer. If possible, this check list will be made available to other No Satisfactory Index to Book Reviews librarians. From the viewpoint of the general col- A much larger and more important un- lege and university library there is as yet dertaking relates to the fact that the in- no satisfactory index to book reviews. dexes are now so great in number and The Book Review Digest omits many cover so many years that there is a grow- books which are of interest to the larger ing need for an index to the indexes. This libraries, and records only those reviews phrase "index to indexes" is not to be which appear immediately after the publi- taken literally. What is meant is that cation of a book. These two weaknesses many periodicals contain, in addition to are corrected in the Bibliographie der articles and book reviews, a great amount Rezensionen. Unfortunately, this publi- of special reference material which, though cation is not issued promptly enough to be indexed, is now very difficult to find. of use in locating reviews of recent books, Examples of such materials are the dic- and its arrangement is far too intricate for tionary of nineteenth century American most library patrons. A third index, the authors in Blackwood's Magazine (1824- Technical Book Review Index, cites re- 25), the periodic compilations in Editorial views exclusively from technical periodi- Research Reports showing for a Congres- cals and is therefore of limited use in gen- sional session how each Congressman voted eral reference work. on important issues, and the list in the It is doubtful if an American publisher Bulletin of the National Research Council could be interested in providing a new of private industrial research laboratories 279 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES in the United States. For such items, and Gross' procedure was to choose a basic for similar items which are unindexed, periodical and compute from this the foot- there is needed a single-volume guide. note references to other periodicals. With In this proposed project the periodicals this method it is possible to show some- would be alphabetically arranged and for what conclusively which periodicals will each periodical there would be a list of its be wanted by scholars. The chief weak- special reference features. A subject in- ness of the procedure is that the final re- dex would follow the alphabetical list. sults depend upon the choice of the basic With such an arrangement, the publication periodical or periodicals. Nevertheless, could be used as a selection aid as well as the method has attracted considerable at- a reference guide. Unfortunately, it is tention ; similar studies have been made beyond the powers of a single person to for periodicals in electrical engineering, compile a work of such great magnitude. civil engineering, geology, mathematics, The writer has made a start on periodicals agriculture, and medicine. It is to be in the field of history.3 hoped that further investigations will be conducted. Selection Aids With respect to the selection of newly A variety of methods has been em- published periodicals, there is an especially ployed in compiling aids for the selection difficult problem since statistical evidence of periodicals. One fairly satisfactory of their usefulness is lacking. Nor is the method is to pool the opinions of a large problem solved simply by waiting until number of subject specialists and librari- a periodical is taken up in a composite ans. This was the procedure followed in index. If a periodical contains material Lyle's Classified List of Periodicals for of a distinctive nature, it should be pur- the College Library, and in Shaw's List chased immediately—whether indexed or of Books for College Libraries. This not. Even though unindexed, a periodical method is superior to a selection based can be put to extensive use. Another rea- purely on the opinions of experts, as was son for prompt purchase is that after a done in Fox's Selection of a Basic List of few years early numbers of a periodical Periodicals for a Teacher's College Li- are almost impossible to obtain. brary (thesis, University of California, New periodicals are frequently de- 1930), and to a selection limited to the scribed in the older periodicals. The de- opinions of librarians, as was done in scription, however, is usually too brief to Copeland's "Checklist for a Teacher's Col- be of service in selection. Furthermore, it lege Library" (Peabody Journal of Educa- is a tremendous task to keep up with new tion, July 1934)- periodicals in this manner. For these Any selection, however, which is based reasons it would be very helpful if jour- on personal opinions must be regarded nals like College and Research Libraries with some suspicion. For this reason the and Library Quarterly would publish statistical method, first employed for chem- compact reviews of important new periodi- istry periodicals by Gross (Science, Octo- cals. These reviews should be written by ber 28, 1929), was a definite step forward. subject specialists. They should appear soon after a few numbers of a new periodi- 3 A fuller description of this project will shortly appear in the Wilson Library Bulletin. cal have been published.
JUNE, 1940 23 7 Interlibrary Loans and Microfilming which would otherwise be impossible to borrow. Two difficulties present themselves with In this same connection it is important respect to the interlibrary loan of periodi- to note that through Bibliofilm it is now cals. One is the cost of transporting a possible to purchase on film entire sets of heavy volume in which only a single arti- important periodicals. The cost of this cle is to be used and the second is the re- service, if over ten volumes are wanted, luctance of librarians to lend materials is one-half cent per page. which are frequently called for by their own patrons. Connected with this situa- Need for First-Hand Knowledge of tion is the inevitable fact that as regional Periodicals schemes of cooperation develop, more and It is unfortunately true that the ma- more borrowing will become necessary. jority of reference workers do not possess The only solution, barring unforeseen a first-hand knowledge of periodicals. In- developments, is the increasing use of stead, there is an almost exclusive reliance microfilm. Before this can be really effec- upon the indexing services. This is a tive, a greater number of libraries must be deplorable situation because it means that equipped with the apparatus essential to much reference material goes to waste. the filming of materials. This is mainly a The truth is that it is not even possible problem for larger libraries since they are to use the indexes efficiently without inti- most frequently called upon for loans. mate knowledge of the periodicals. Sup- Fortunately, definite progress is being pose, for instance, that a patron wishes made. A recent investigation disclosed examples of cartoons relating to the that of 57 libraries questioned, 34 were European war of 1914-18, and that the already prepared to film their materials books containing this material are not and 2 more were about to institute the available. Now it so happens that an ex- service. A number of large libraries, how- cellent collection of these cartoons can be ever, have as yet done nothing along this found in Current History, and these, of line.4 course, are indexed in the Readers' Guide. On the other hand, few of the smaller But if it does not occur to the reference libraries have been equipped with reading worker that cartoons are contained in machines. This is an essential step since periodicals, will he make use of the com- it is from these libraries that a majority of posite indexes? the requests come for interlibrary loans. Suppose again that a college freshman There is really no good reason why this is seeking a review of a history book. step should be delayed. A serviceable Through the Book Review Digest it is reading machine can now be purchased for possible that he will find references to seventy-five dollars. Because of the money such periodicals as the American Histori- saved in transportation of heavy volumes, cal Review, Nation, Current History, and this machine will soon pay for itself. Fur- the English Historical Review. Here the thermore, in this way a library can make patron may well be advised as to which of available to its patrons much material these periodicals are too technical for his 4 Brown, Harold P. "Survey of Microfilm Sources." educational background. In other words, Journal of Documentary Reproduction 2:120-2 2, June 1939. the librarian must be fully acquainted 281 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES with each of the periodicals, if he is to be fact that when reference books and refer- of service to the patron. ence periodicals are taught in combination, Another good reason for not relying the latter suffer. In most instances, only exclusively upon the indexes is that many a small percentage of the time is given to important periodicals are as yet unindexed. periodicals. Furthermore, the instruction Of course, the reference department can- rarely consists of more than a discussion not possibly maintain a comprehensive of the periodical indexes. The periodicals indexing of its own. Nevertheless, it is themselves are usually ignored. This is frequently possible to put a periodical to an unfortunate situation, for without a use simply by knowing its general nature. first-hand knowledge of the periodicals, Thus, it is natural to presume that ma- efficient reference work is impossible. terial on Mexican mosaics will be found The proper solution, it seems, is to offer in the periodical Mexican Art and Life. a separate course on reference work with In effect, an unindexed periodical can be periodicals. It could be given with great- expected to contain certain material and est profit in the second semester of the first be referred to in the same manner as an year's work. It should be offered as an encyclopedia. elective to students who are especially in- Besides being acquainted with the gen- terested in reference work. eral nature of an unindexed periodical, a Many library school directors will un- reference librarian will find it very useful doubtedly feel that there is no room for to keep a record of any unusual reference further special courses in the first year's items which it may contain. An example curriculum. However, such a course is the Standard Rate and Data Service, could very well replace some now being one of the few sources which reveals how offered. An example is the half year's many copies of a certain periodical are sold instruction given at some schools on sub- in a particular state. If a record of such ject bibliographies. Bibliographies, of items were kept on file in the reference course, are very important, but their department, as is done in some libraries, proper use is simply a matter of technique. it would soon prove its worth. It is not necessary to know all existing For these reasons there is a very real bibliographies. It is more important to need for reference workers to go beyond know how to find them, and this can be, the indexes and to get into the periodicals and is, taught in the reference course. themselves. There is no royal road to a Perhaps the reader feels that an undue knowledge of periodicals. They must be emphasis is here being placed on the refer- studied systematically and at great length. ence value of periodicals. Nevertheless, In addition, books about periodicals must let it be kept in mind that most libraries be read, such as Mott's History of Ameri- expend, exclusive of binding costs, at least can Magazines, and Graham's English 40 per cent of their book budget for period- Literary Periodicals. icals. Thus, if libraries are to obtain a There is a pressing need for more ade- good return on their investment, periodi- quate professional instruction in reference cals must be put to the fullest possible use. work with periodicals. This is not meant Is this not reason enough to train students as a reflection upon reference teachers. more adequately in the reference use of Instead, it is intended to emphasize the periodicals ? 23 7 JUNE, 1940 By CHARLES W. HUNT
From Normal School to Teachers College
Charles W. Hunt is secretary-treasurer 1839. By the end of the century these of the American Association of Teachers institutions had spread all over the coun- Colleges and principal of the State Normal try. They did not conform to any estab- School, Oneonta, N.Y. lished academic patterns. They were folk schools. HE NORMAL school has become the With the great social changes character- Tteachers college. While a few institu- istic of the last fifty years, the high school tions are still named normal schools, these became an extension of the common will soon be gone. This transformation, school. The teachers college, close to the which is much more than a change in people, a part of the public school system, name, has been amazingly rapid. During became increasingly the institution for the the first sixty years of their existence, the preparation of teachers in the high school normal schools were poorly supported, as well as the elementary school. isolated institutions. They have had, how- To say that there had been no associa- ever, a significant central purpose which tion among the leaders of the rlormal made them sturdy and fitted them into the schools in the nineteenth century would American scene. The founders of this not be true. Charles A. Harper has writ- nation recognized that education for all ten in A Century of Public Teacher Edu- the people was essential in a democracy. cation the history of these years. It is A citizen who could cooperate with his nevertheless true that organized associa- fellows in making a democracy work was tion began about 1900 in the middle west. essential. It was also implicit in their The American Association of Teachers thought that the individual, and by that Colleges was founded in 1917 by the presi- is meant all persons, should have an op- dents of five institutions in the middle portunity to become as much of a person west. This was a signal that the expan- as he could be in this new democracy. sion and improvement of the teachers col- When common schools were first estab- lege as an essential part of the public lished, it soon became apparent that the school system, reaching from the first quality of the experience which children grade through the university, had begun. might have in them was dependent upon These far-seeing leaders recognized the need for an organization which would pro- the quality of the teacher. It took about vide for the exchange of ideas and the im- fifty years for the intellectuals to discover provement of their service. In the 23 this and convince the people that a new years that have followed, the association kind of institution was necessary for the has grown to a membership of nearly 200, education of teachers. The first publicly- distributed throughout the United States. supported normal school was opened in
246 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES The institutions have had an honorable, which the teachers colleges were founded. if modest, history. But the new demands Proposals were made, discussed and modi- upon their resources have obviously meant fied. Finally in 1926 a set of standards expansion in student body and in buildings. was adopted, looking forward to establish- Just as truly they have required new un- ing an accredited list of teachers colleges. derstanding of the place which the insti- It should be noted that the teachers col- tutions should fill and consideration of the leges had the benefit of association with best ways in which needs might be met. the university schools of education, whose The leaders had to educate themselves, ad- leaders saw the significance of the enter- ministrative officers, faculty members, and prise and cooperated with it. boards of trustees. They had to present The establishment of an accredited list their needs to the public and obtain the of teachers colleges was a device. The necessary support for securing additional main value of the whole process lay in the facilities of all kinds. The battle for a education which came about for the execu- teacher, prepared to serve adequately the tives and, more remotely, for all other needs of his generation, had to be fought persons connected with the teachers col- again as it was fought in the correspond- lege program. It was the intent from the ing two decades of the nineteenth century. beginning that the program should benefit Blueprints for accomplishing these all institutions. All were put on the ac- changes had become familiar to the lead- credited list with their deficiencies noted ers in the middle west. The North Cen- and time was given for improvement be- tral Association, founded before 1900, had fore the more rigid standards would be no place for teachers colleges and normal applied. In 1927 the program of accred- schools on its accredited list for colleges iting began. and had so many other concerns that it Readers who have come this far may be had no program for improvement of the willing to look at the whole picture for a teachers colleges. There was, however, no little longer before we come to the discus- law to prevent the use of patterns in the sion of the library program in detail. The American Association of Teachers Col- standards set up the following require- leges which seemed to be producing re- ments : sults for other institutions in the North Central Association. Discussion in regard Standards to standards for accrediting teachers col- An institution must have for its cen- leges found a place in the program of tral purpose the education of teachers. It earlier associations and was the focus of must admit only graduates of a standard discussion with the founding of the Ameri- four-year high school. It could allow no can Association of Teachers Colleges. credit for teaching experience toward the Committees were appointed. The execu- college degree. Each student must com- tives of the association undertook the work plete 120 hours of work for graduation. of organizing desirable patterns toward A reasonable ratio of students to faculty, which the institutions might grow. It was to be determined by later study, must be important to take the best which had been maintained. In this standard as in others, known in the practice of older types of it was expected that continued study academic institutions but at the same time would lead to the modification of the to hold fast to the distinctive purposes for standard and moving goals be characteris- 23 7 JUNE, 1940 tic of the program. The faculty must first accredited list was published in Febru- have a minimum preparation of the mas- ary 1928, and none of the institutions fully ter's degree. The maximum teaching met the minimum standards. The num- load for the staff was set at 16 hours a ber has increased to 158 institutions and week. A training school for practice all meet the minimum requirements of the teaching was a specific requirement. The standards. It would not be fair to at- curriculum must exhibit sequence of tribute all changes to the adoption of courses and there must be segregation of standards and the accrediting process. It immature from mature students. Re- would be agreed among the executives that quirements for safeguarding health and this device has been one of the major in- developing health habits were set up. The fluences in the education of all concerned living conditions of students must receive in the improvement of the institutions. adequate consideration. The library must In 1928 a bachelor's degree was typical have 15,000 volumes well distributed, for faculty preparation. One out of five but more of this specific requirement later. in the faculties today has a doctor's de- General requirements for laboratories and gree. One out of three has sixty hours of shops were made. The location, construc- graduate preparation. Almost all mem- tion and care of buildings were considered, bers of the staffs have the master's degree, and adequate financial support required. including the teachers in the campus A general requirement made it possible for school. The importance of the training the accrediting committee to judge the school and of student teaching has been general tone of the teachers college on less continuously stressed and definite stand- tangible elements than those directly men- ards enforced. Significant developments tioned in the standards. The administra- have occurred in the health area. All stu- tion of the accrediting plan allowed for dents are examined by a physician an- local differences but made improvement nually, some form of hospital care is pro- by all necessary. vided, and instruction in health is given to all students. Administration Made More Effective One further word before going to the The standards have been modified since specific question of the library. To appre- their first adoption and their administra- ciate the progress made in teachers colleges tion made more effective. Twenty-four it is necessary to visit the institutions. studies offering objective evidence for The campuses have been widened, build- necessary changes have been printed in the ing programs have been in evidence nearly Yearbooks of the association. These stud- everywhere. The quality of the student ies have been made by individuals or com- body has improved. In 1928, 25 per cent mittees usually under the supervision of of the graduates received the bachelor's the standards committee, which now has degree; 75 per cent were at the two-year in progress studies on publicity, extension level. In a little over a decade this situa- programs, health, curriculum, student per- tion has been reversed. sonnel, and library. A standard in re- If a librarian has been patient enough gard to tenure has been recently added. to read thus far we shall now reward him So much for a general statement. I with details in regard to the library. The shall not attempt to list the changes which first objective study made on which to have come about in the institutions. The base a program of improvement concerned
248 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES the standard for libraries. It was made handling indicated that the library was by G. W. Rosenlof, who was then a grad- not typically considered to be of major uate student at Teachers College, Colum- importance. bia University, for his doctoral thesis and was made under the direction of Edward Result of Study S. Evenden. He collected information As a result of this study the following about: standards were recommended: Number of books and their classifica- Books—Each teachers college shall have a tion live, well distributed library bearing spe- Number of periodicals cifically upon subjects taught. There should Types of library indexes, reader's guides, be at least 15,000 volumes, exclusive of all public documents, distributed approximately and other aims as follows: Records of accessions Per cent General library economy, etc 7.5 Library personnel Phijosophy and psychology 5.0 Religion and bible stories 2.5 Policies of duplication Sociology and education 20.0 Languages and philology 2.5 Support of libraries The sciences 7.5 Useful arts 7.5 Training school, seminar, departmental Fine arts 5.0 Literature 20.0 and textbook exhibit libraries History and geography 20.0 Physical plant and equipment Fiction 2.5 Library administration Not more than 15 per cent of the total The first report was made in 1928 and number of books should represent duplicate copies. was printed in the Yearbook of the asso- This library shall be administered by one ciation. Even the summary and conclu- or more professionally trained persons who sions of this study are too long to quote. have a minimum academic training and who Those who are interested may refer to the hold a bachelor's degree or its equivalent. Yearbook. The number of books reported Preferably these shall be persons who have had some teaching experience. by 59 schools showed a range of from Periodicals—Each teachers college shall 5335 to 101,414, the average for all have a well selected library of periodicals in- schools being 16,934. Two-thirds of the cluding not only locally but nationally well schools reported fewer than 15,000 books. known and recognized periodicals. These The professional collection represented should be well distributed as to the various subjects of the curricula and interests of from 6.7 per cent to 26 per cent of the students and faculty. Such a collection total libraries, the average for all schools should not be less than 125. being 14.3 per cent. Duplication ranged Each teachers college shall provide for a from 1.3 per cent to 52.5 per cent. The textbook exhibit library, consisting of all range for the number of periodicals was accepted and standard textbooks and other from 40 to 305. The typical librarian library material. Each teachers college shall have a training had completed a four-year college or nor- school library of not fewer than 2000 well mal school course and had approximately distributed books of both general cultural one year of technical library training with and special reference nature. These should some teaching experience. The library preferably be housed in the training school staff was found in most instances to be under the administration and supervision of a special training school librarian. altogether inadequate to the need. No Each college should have a definite annual uniformity was found in regard to the appropriation of not less than 5 per cent budget for libraries. The method of its of the total college budget exclusive of 23 7 JUNE, 1940 capital outlay to be used exclusively for fill out the questionnaire because of their library purposes distributed in such a man- inadequate library support and facilities. ner as to give due regard to each of the The 1928 results, therefore, probably show items properly included in a library budget. a flattering picture of the condition at that Such items and their proportionate share of time. the budget for library purposes are sug- Teachers Colleges Teachers Colleges gested as follows: and and Per cent Normal Schools Normal Schools Salaries and wages 55 1927-28 1937-38 Library supplies 2 Travel . 1 Vols, in Library Range Printing and publications 2 2,097-101,414 10,720-148,500 Binding and repairs 5 Median 9,200 28,108 Books 25 Per Cent of Duplicates Periodicals 5 Range 1 New equipment 5 .3-52.5 2-45 Median 14.8 What has happened as a result of this Budget for Books and Periodicals program of improvement? Again it will Range $250-$9,450 $526-$I3,22I Median $1,950 $2,745 be impossible to give the answers in detail. Total Library Budget Those who are interested may consult the Range $I,5OO-$39,IO6 $I,865-$38,IO6 Median $6,750 files of the Yearbooks. An index of the Per Cent of Holdings in entire file was first published in 1938 and Education Range 5-6-42.3 3-5-40 printed in the Yearbook. It would be Median 15.1 IS necessary to visit the campuses of our Even when it is admitted that teachers teachers colleges to appreciate fully what college libraries in 1928 were far below what has happened during this period and what they should have been, a study of the de- velopment over the period from 1928 to the present status of our libraries truly is. 1938 is impressive. The increase in the me- The Carnegie Corporation became in- dian for book holdings from 9200 volumes terested in the libraries of teachers col- to 28,108 volumes is particularly significant. leges as it had been interested in those of Possibly it was influenced by the emphasis of accrediting bodies, but even so it is an un- arts colleges and junior colleges and made precedented development. This tripling of grants to 29 institutions for the improve- the library book stock was probably a most ment of their collections. One of the in- healthy and provocative influence. Teachers spectors for the Carnegie Corporation was college administrators had to meet many Foster Mohrhardt, librarian of the Car- problems arising from this. The readers' demands on the libraries increased. Hous- negie Library at Washington and Lee Uni- ing facilities became crowded and inadequate, versity, Lexington, Va. His interest in and a practical test was made of the abilities this problem has led him to compare the of the librarians. original findings of Dr. Rosenlof with the The decrease in the percentage of dupli- data submitted in the annual reports for cates is commendable, and a further decrease !939) a ten-year span. I quote from this is recommended. Teachers college budgets are still far too small to permit the heavy as yet unpublished study: buying of duplicates which is so common. Before presenting the comparison showing Medians for both the total library budgets the ten-year development, it should be and the book budgets have increased over 40 pointed out that a larger and more repre- per cent in this period. If this trend can be sentative number of colleges are included in continued for the next decade, these libraries the 1938 statistics. It seems possible that will reach a level where they can provide many of the schools which did not supply in- the service needed by the faculty and stu- formation to Dr. Rosenlof were reluctant to dents.
250 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By PERCY E. CLAPP
A Technical Research Laboratory for the Library
Percy E. Clapp is on the staff of the The same directory of the Bureau of Reference Department of the New York Standards lists 200 university research Public Library. laboratories. In them, in the laboratories of the great foundations, in the Bureau HE SIXTH edition of Industrial Re- of Standards and other governmental Tsearch Laboratories of the United laboratories, in the industrial, commercial States, published by the National Research and private laboratories is conducted the Council, lists 1769 laboratories. These great body of American research. range from those of the great corporations, Du Pont, Eastman Kodak, and the Bell Research Done in Field of Fine Arts Telephone Laboratories with a staff of Research has also extended to cultural over 2000, to those of small firms with a organizations. At the Fogg Art Museum, staff of one or two. They include also Harvard, and at several other art mu- the laboratories maintained collectively by seums, technical research has in recent industrial associations like the Institute of years been undertaken in the field of fine Paper Chemistry at Lawrence College. arts. In 1930 Charles C. Williamson The Bureau of Standards, in its latest di- both asked and answered the question: rectory, lists 244 commercial testing labo- What about research in the library field? ratories. A little sporadic work here and there by The several states maintain 59 agricul- individuals that may possibly be classified as tural experiment stations and the United research. No organized or co-operative States, 8 regional agricultural laboratories, plans, or only the beginnings of such in two with recent provision for 4 additional re- or three university library schools. No money appropriated anywhere, so far as I gional research laboratories. In the forest know, specifically for research in library service alone there are 12 forest and range service. Not a single person employed any- experiment stations in addition to the For- where by a library or a library system to est Products laboratory at the University of study problems of library service. No re- Wisconsin. The Department of Agricul- search fellowships. No research professor- ships. ture estimates that the allotment for indus- trial research in the United States for 1937 An even decade has elapsed since the was $250,000,000. The appropriation for date of this sweeping indictment, and per- agricultural research for the year ending haps Dr. Williamson has understated the June 30, 1937 was over $35,000,000. case for the library. Without entering This was slightly over one cent per the more strictly professional side of li- dollar of income from these sources. brary service, there have been in recent
JUNE, 1940 23 7 years most creditable studies along tech- lighting, the sound, the ventilation. nical lines. Among them are the study Printing processes begin to shift from of deterioration of paper initiated by graphic to photographic. Photographic Harry Miller Lydenberg, and the studies records displace descriptive records. Color of microfilm in which Keyes D. Metcalf becomes frequent, and the motion picture has long been active. The study of fox- records action as well. Records of music ing of paper made by Thomas M. Iiams and of speech itself begin to supplement is notable. The measurement of 350,000 the score and printed symbols of language. books by Henry B. Van Hoesen is basic. All of these changes bring new prob- The work of the Joint Committee of the lems with increasing need of modern American Library Association and Library laboratory facilities and of present day Binding Institute, and of the A.L.A. Com- methods of technical research to solve mittee on Library Equipment and Ap- them. pliances is of genuine service. A survey In any approach to the consideration like that made by Robert C. Binkley and and introduction of organized technical outlined in his manual on Methods of research in the library, there are a num- Reproducing Research Materials is of ber of points which have important bear- great value in integrating and making ings: available the practical results of research. Many problems are continuing prob- Many libraries have conducted studies lems. New problems arise as rapidly as with valuable results which are unpub- older ones are solved. lished, and therefore of limited usefulness. While the results of much completed However, there is much in Dr. William- research may be used by libraries, there son's statement that will still hold today. are plenty of problems peculiar to the li- brary. Some Library Problems The Bureau of Standards can do much, That these studies have not solved all but it cannot conduct the whole research immediate problems is indicated by such of the nation. The library, like industry, recent articles as "Inventions and Books" needs to conduct its own research. by Ethel M. Fair in the Library Journal, The library building is usually not "Tomorrow" by Dr. Lydenberg in the equipped for research, and the library staff Library Quarterly, and the "Possibility of is not organized to devote enough time to Discarding the Card Catalog" by Fremont it. A research laboratory and informa- Rider in the same publication. Paper is tion service or clearing house might best the basic stuff of books, and libraries use be maintained at a university with access it in quantity. How much is made in to its physical, chemical and psychological accordance with specifications as thorough laboratories. as the minimum specifications for class "A" library binding, and how often is it Regional Laboratory Might Be Practical tested for compliance with them? Like Each library has problems of its own, questions may be asked about other com- but most problems affect large groups of ponents of books, the ink and adhesives. libraries and can best be solved collec- There are the conditions vitally affecting tively. A regional type of laboratory library buildings and their occupants, the would be easily accessible to a compact 291 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES group of large libraries. Such a regional total library expenditures. Service to laboratory, serving a compact group of other nearby libraries might be given for libraries, could well initiate organized li- a small annual fee. It is believed that brary technical research, and later pro- operation could begin on a budget of vide a basis for a comprehensive national about $7500. At the beginning, however, organization. it would be advisable to encourage the To bring this important subject under frequent use of the laboratory as an edu- consideration, it is proposed that a com- cational policy rather than to restrict its pact group of about thirty university and use in the interest of small economies. public libraries on the eastern seaboard While the laboratory should fit into the establish a library technical research framework of the institution at which it is service and laboratory. This would pref- located, the selection of subjects of re- erably be situated at some centrally search might be made by a representative located university where scientific depart- committee of the supporting organizations. ments would be available without dupli- This research and information service cation. This service would conduct for might make a survey of the results of li- its contributing libraries the established brary research both unpublished and pub- tests for paper and other library materials. lished. It might become a clearing house It would make studies of and conduct for unsolved library technical problems. experiments with paper, inks, adhesives, It might integrate and coordinate the li- binding materials, library conditions, light, brary technical research conducted inde- sound, air and ventilation, wall coloring pendently with that conducted in the and surfaces, floors, various forms of laboratory itself. It should make the re- equipment, the physical form of the cata- sults of its study available by publication log as well as other technical problems of or otherwise to its contributors and others. libraries. It should cooperate with the Joint Com- The research and information service mittee of the A.L.A. and Library Binding might begin with a staff of one person in Institute, and with the A.L.A. Commit- charge and one technician. They would tee on Library Equipment and Appliances. require an office, and a laboratory for Such a laboratory and information serv- testing equipment. With little delay a ice should, in due course of time, develop chemist should be added to the staff. a body of knowledge as useful as that produced by industrial and other research Proposed Support laboratories. It should become a training It is proposed that the laboratory be class for library research workers. It supported cooperatively so far as possible should pay, or more than pay for its cost, by the group of participating libraries, and tend to place technical matters generally that the cost be distributed equitably upon the sound basis of fact, and result among them, perhaps in proportion to their in a better library service.
23 7 JUNE, 1940 By JOE HARE
The Encroaching Graduate Schools
Mr. Hare is librarian of the University grams of instruction have allowed them- of Denver. selves to be ignored by the other univer- sity authorities. F WE agree that a university library I capable of supporting research is one Librarian in an Advantageous Position having the major part of the literature in In any case, now when America is so those fields of graduate study offered by seriously pondering the continuance of its the institution, as well as a teaching, re- several hundreds of colleges and universi- search and library staff capable of servic- ties, there is an opportunity for librarians ing it, then we may conclude that there to be of assistance in these deliberations, are not more than a score of universities in because the librarian is in the advanta- the United States having adequate library geous position of one who can advise his resources to do graduate work in any colleagues about the availability of re- considerable variety of departments. sources which, of all things except money, It follows logically that any institu- should govern the policy of the institution. tion which cannot afford such library re- The commonness of the supposition that sources is misspending any funds used to a college or university must grant ad- maintain its graduate school. This is true vanced degrees is attested by the fact that particularly of any money invested in li- there is hardly suclr a school in this coun- brary research materials, namely, such ma- try which does not award at least the terials as will be used almost exclusively master's degree. And yet the graduate by graduate students and faculty, and lit- students in the great majority of these tle, or not at all, by undergraduates. In- institutions constitute a minor percentage deed, it will be the contention of this of the total enrolment. And it is enrol- paper that such expenditures constitute an ment (tuition) which supports most of encroachment upon the needs of the un- the endowed schools. Fifty to 90 per cent dergraduate body, to whose instruction all of the operating costs of these colleges and American institutions, except the few re- universities are paid by tuition, with the ferred to above, should be restricted. high percentages prevailing, whereas 40 Furthermore, American librarians are per cent is generally considered a maxi- partly to blame that this situation exists; mum consistent with high academic stand- first, because some have not had the cour- ards. The state-supported schools are age to assert the weaknesses of their col- hardly less mercenary, in the absence of lections, and the sheer impossibility of adequate constitutional guarantees. giving adequate support to graduate study, There is no valid reason for having a and second, because those who have called graduate school" in many institutions. attention to the ridiculousness of such pro- Alumni pride in the alma mater, like the
254 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES equally intangible and unreliable pride in sources. See, for example, the multi- its football team, is partly accountable. graphed list of library budgets issued an- But the more culpable are the faculty and nually by the Princeton University Li- administrative officers, who apparently brary. cannot believe thaf their school is the Or, he may find it possible to show that equal of its neighbor if it does not excel only a limited number of fields of graduate in enterprises: variety of courses in the study may be undertaken, allowing the undergraduate school, in order to com- neighboring schools to handle certain fields pete for matriculations; and variety and in which they may have strong library re- superlativeness of advanced degrees sources. But he must insist that the fields awarded, apparently for the sheer impres- chosen for graduate study in his institution siveness of their announcement in the bac- be supported before giving his approval to calaureate ceremonies and catalogs. their adoption. This support, again, means very large amounts of money for Little Account Taken of books and capable library personnel, quar- Library's Resources ters, equipment, supplies, maintenance. Willingness of a jealous, or docile, fac- The librarian should insist upon what ulty, therefore, seems too frequently to amounts to a contract that the funds to have been the only criterion for decisions afford his specifications be guaranteed. to give graduate instruction. No account, A definite agreement should be arrived or too little, has been taken of the library's at with the neighboring schools about resources. And this, as said above, is cooperation in thus dividing the responsi- largely the librarian's fault. He should bilities for graduate work. Misunder- have asked for a showdown in the faculty standings could be costly. It is not meeting when the issue was decided. unusual for a great research library to True, he may not have been allowed there. spend a quarter of a million dollars in His opinion may not have been considered building up the collection in one field over important. Too often this is a correct a period of a dozen years. If two schools appraisal. Certainly the absence of cour- in the same region duplicated purchases, age, either in faculty discussion, if the even though they spent less than that fig- librarian is present, or later if he is not, ure, the waste would be unpardonable. has frequently resulted in poorly advised It is not without some justification that decisions to undertake advanced instruc- this matter of cooperation and its weak- tion. nesses is mentioned, for thusfar only But the point now is that the librarian limited progress has been made. must reveal to his colleagues the limits of The several state consolidations of their the resources of the library. He should respective systems of higher education insist that, if a full program of graduate represent very important progress toward study is to be undertaken, he must have intelligent cooperation. But few of these hundreds of thousands, not tens of thou- state systems have yet accomplished im- sands, of dollars to spend annually. That pressive transfer of schools, departments amount is spent on the libraries of the and divisions to the proper institutions. great graduate schools mentioned above— Meanwhile, the privately endowed col- the score which have adequate library re- leges and universities continue to compete 23 7 JUNE, 1940 with the state institutions, and with each sidered indicative of anything except stor- other, by as extensive curricular duplica- age space. "Number of titles" is a valu- tion as possible. I refer here to graduate able measure for a research library. But instruction in particular, enormously more "number of useful titles" is the most re- expensive per student, or per any other liable standard for an undergraduate li- unit, than undergraduate, which is dupli- brary. The needs of teachers interested cated in nearly all of these colleges and in research must be met by leaves of ab- universities as a matter of course. sence, and by interlibrary loans, photo- Correspondingly, it is evident that the duplication, and, of course, by occasional great graduate schools cannot afford un- connived purchases. dergraduate schools. True, endowments The college and university librarian's do not support the graduate schools, and opportunity to give valuable advice and to they must rely for sustainment upon the participate in decisions and actions which tuition paid by the undergraduates. But affect the course of American education is we are aware that this is hardly fair to in direct proportion to the importance of the undergraduate. Obviously, the grad- books in the scheme of education. Be- uate school must be further endowed. cause instruction is impossible without How? Jointly by the states, by the fed- them, only such study as can be so sup- eral government, and by philanthropy. ported should be undertaken. Certainly it would be cheaper for many May one not reasonably conclude, there- states to participate in a cooperative grad- fore, that with the exception of the few uate school, perhaps by means of scholar- great universities in this country which ships, than to support their own separate have the money to undertake graduate school, or schools, as is more often the work in numerous fields, and the few cases case. where colleges or universities can afford a Thus, a considerable part of the money limited number of fields of graduate study now spent on their own graduate schools (say, conservatively, five to ten thousand would be freed for use in the undergrad- dollars per year per field for the library uate work, providing a higher quality of alone, plus a really adequate basic collec- instruction there. Relieved of its graduate tion of books and periodicals), with the school demands (expensive source mate- exception of these, instruction in American rials, as well as funded knowledge), the colleges and universities should be limited undergraduate library could maintain to undergraduate studies. The under- higher standards per dollar spent. A good graduate curriculums should be planned, undergraduate library is a comparatively insofar as these schools remain vocational, small collection of useful books, easily and to distribute the emphasis among the inexpensively administered and main- schools best equipped to handle the work. tained. That is, a minimum of $25,000 And, specifically, it is the librarian's job per year would sustain such a library. to see that the consideration of equipment "Number of volumes" is no longer con- includes appraisal of library resources.
256 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By SUMMERFIELD BALDWIN, III
Book-Learning and Learning Books
Summerfield Baldwin III is assistant pro- second floor." You could have knocked fessor of history at Flora Stone Mather me over with a feather, but I remembered College, Cleveland. to say thank you, and proceeded to the history room, again directing my inquiry HEN I first visited Cleveland, a (with rather greater confidence) to one of Wnumber of years ago, I was anxious the librarians. "Yes," she said, "that's to meet a professor at Western Reserve Professor So-and-so, in the overcoat, over University, now a valued colleague, with there, bending over one of the tables." whom I had been in correspondence. I Like Stanley, in darkest Africa, I ap- called up his home, and was informed that proached and offered the well known I could find him at the library. "The formula: "Professor So-and-so I pre- university library?" I asked. "No. The sume?" It was, and I got an invitation public library, downtown. It's just to dinner, on the spot. around the corner from your hotel." The I did not leave the public library, how- suggestion that I could find my man at ever, until my new friend had done every- a public library seemed rather like being thing possible to solve for me the other told that I could find a needle in a hay- problem which had disturbed me when stack, especially since I did not even know I first set out on my quest: What could what he looked like. But even worse: I a scholar find to interest him in a public could not imagine what such a learned library? He showed me, on the mir- individual as I knew the professor to be aculously open shelves of the history room, could find to interest him in a public li- the impressive collections in English his- brary. My experience with public li- tory: the Rolls series, complete, the multi- braries in other cities had taught me that x volumed Calendars published by the their collections were formed with almost Record Commission, the complete files of everybody in mind except scholars. historical journals. He explained to me However, I went to the public library, something of the program followed by and boldly approached the information Mather College freshmen who, every year, desk with my preposterous inquiry: "Is prepared a paper on the events of one Professor So-and-so, of Western Reserve month in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, University, in the library?" The lady in based on original documents, and pointed charge did not even raise her eyebrows. out to me a number of his students sitting "Yes, I think so," she replied. "He came at different tables about the room, taking in about an hour ago, and you will prob- notes from various volumes of the Cal- ably find him in the history room on the endar of State Papers. "We have a good
JUNE, 1940 23 7 deal of this material," he told me, "at the ing, after all, was invented about five cen- college library, too, but we try to make turies ago, and that more can be learned it a point to collaborate with the public by exploring the contents of printed books library, and avoid as much duplication of than by listening to professors repeat what these expensive sets as we can. Then, too, anyone can read in a textbook. The "lec- it's a good thing for the students to come ture system" of college education is an down here, and learn to know what a almost perfect illustration of an anachron- remarkable public library they have here ism, and continues at all, some wag has in Cleveland." said, because professors seem not yet to have heard of Gutenberg's invention. A Rare Experience Lectures, we are told, probably by the Here, indeed, was a situation wholly same authority, are merely books so badly beyond my experience: a public library written that no publisher would think of where university professors came, and printing them. were known by sight to the staff, and a As a matter of fact, the very word public library which could and did col- "lecture" originally did not mean a talk laborate with a university in building col- at all, but a reading. It carries us back lections of the highest order of scholarship. to the old days of higher education in the Since I have been connected with the Middle Ages, when a man became a pro- university, this first impression has been fessor because he was well enough off substantiated and deepened a thousand to own a few of the incredibly expensive times. To have the pleasure of inhabiting books, produced, of course, in longhand. a city where the teachers and students of Armed with his book, he proceeded to meet the city's university are treated as if they his students, and read to them from the too belonged to the "public," and should text, occasionally pausing to explain the have their needs considered by the library harder words. This reading was a lec- buyers is a rare one. It would be hard to ture, in the literal sense of the word. guess how great the influence of this gen- The students, usually too poor to own erous and enlightened policy has been upon the vellum on which to write, tried to the public at large. A library with such memorize the text as it was read to them. treasures to offer becomes a kind of uni- Obviously, there is no need for lectures versity itself, an ideal place for the cul- today. The teacher's problem is to get tivation of that art and hobby of amateur books into the hands of his students, and scholarship which our country is just be- to get his students to read them. With ginning to practice. ( such a public library as Cleveland posses- One reaction of Cleveland's possession ses, this becomes an infinitely easier task of this priceless and unique public institu- than it is in most other cities. tion can certainly be traced: the reaction This collaboration and interaction be- upon Western Reserve University. tween Western Reserve University and Partly becatise Cleveland has such a li- the Cleveland Public Library has been brary, Cleveland's university is, to an possible because of certain changing con- exceptional degree a "bookish" one, a uni- cepts of the office of librarian, and the versity where students as well as teachers university has had not a little to do with have come to realize that the art of print- these changes. Papal documents of seven
258 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES or eight centuries ago are full of references never forgiven himself for not having to the bibliothecarius, the "librarian" of mentioned five times the sum, since Car- the Roman church. But the functions of negie never discussed the amount sug- these librarians were very different from gested. With this initial endowment, the those of the librarians of the Cleveland Western Reserve University School of Public Library. It was their business to Library Science opened, in September keep the books and documents of the 1904. Roman church safe and secret. They To understand how it happened that were the dragon-like guardians of inestim- President Thwing had the foundation of ably valuable literary treasures. This a library school on his mind, we must re- tradition that it is the chief business of member that among the president's fellow- a librarian to keep books away from people Clevelanders and admired friends was obviously has no place in a public library, William Howard Brett, who, since 1884 and yet, incredible as it may seem, that had been librarian of the Cleveland Public tradition still persists, even in the public Library. Born in 1846, in Braceville, libraries of some of America's most en- Ohio, Brett was, at 14, librarian of the lightened cities. Warren, Ohio, high school library. He served as a musician in the Civil War, To Train Library Personnel and studied medicine both in Michigan Early in 1903, the late President Char- and at the Cleveland Medical College les F. Thwing met Andrew Carnegie on a (later Western Reserve's medical school). New York bound train, and the discus- His interest in books led him to take a job sion naturally centered around the steel with Cobb and Andrews, local book deal- king's announced project to devote a very ers. It was from this position, where he large proportion of his immense fortune made himself hosts of friends, that he to the building of public libraries. Like was called to become Cleveland's librarian. many other of America's builders, Car- The library had then only 46,000 books, negie's mind attached itself to the notion and was located in the Central High of the material housing of libraries. He School building. had, apparently, given little thought to The three great achievements of Brett's the question of how so many libraries were thirty-four years of service were (1) the to be adequately staffed. To this problem, innovation of opening the shelves to the President Thwing now called his atten- public, (2) the establishment of branch tion, and suggested—oh, these university libraries to serve the people who could not presidents—that Western Reserve Uni- come downtown, and (3) promotion of versity was admirably located for the pur- the $2,000,000 bond issue to build the pose of establishing a library school. The present library building. story then goes, that when they were on the ferry crossing the North River to Mr. Brett's Influence Manhattan, Carnegie asked Thwing, Brett's advanced views as to the mean- "How much?" and the latter replied, ing of good librarianship, and his twenty rather hastily, "$100,000." Carnegie years' experience in putting some of them said, "All right," and the two men parted. into effect made a deep impression upon The president used to say that he had President Thwing, and Brett's presence 23 7 JUNE, 1940 in Cleveland was almost certainly the curiosity and strength must go to the special reason he had in mind for trying schools, colleges, universities, and libra- to secure a school of library science for ries. Western Reserve University with Cleveland's university. Carnegie was a its libraries and library school is a great admirer of Brett. He wrote to him fountain head of cultural growth and in 1914: "Dear Mr. Brett: First, cordial activity." congratulations upon your noble work. One may also note that no less than 11 You give me the value of the libraries, heads of the various divisions of the public but if I were going to assess your value library are listed as visiting lecturers at to Cleveland, I should have to add a the school. cypher or two. . . . Remember what Miss Tyler was succeeded in 1929 as Franklin says: 'The highest worship of dean by Herbert S. Hirshberg. Dean God is service to man.' Long life to you Hirshberg writes: "The close connection who have done so much to make it a between the school and the Cleveland heaven." And so, when Western Reserve Public Library was continued by the nam- University opened its School of Library ing of Miss Eastman as counselor for the Science in 1904, William Howard Brett school, in which position she advises on became the first dean, and helped to shape all important matters of policy and sits as its policy and curriculum so that its gradu- a regular faculty member in faculty meet- >> ates would be representative of the new ings. . . . type of librarian, whose object was to Prophets, it is said on the highest bring books to the people, not to keep authority, are not without honor save in them out of the people's reach. their own country. We of Cleveland The list of officers of administration perhaps do not fully appreciate that the and instruction in the current catalog of obvious logic of an association between the School of Library Science reveals at the university, the library school and the a glance that almost the whole teaching public library has been fully worked out staff has been or is now connected with only in Cleveland. There are plenty of the public library. Dean Hirshberg was, great city libraries in the United States; for six years, reference librarian. Alice there are other schools of library science Tyler, dean of the school from 1925 to (a few of them older) besides that of 1929 and now professor emeritus of li- Western Reserve University, yet only brary science, began her career under Mr. in Cleveland are the university and the Brett, as catalog librarian. The other community conscious of the fact that the professor emeritus, for thirty-four years pursuit of similar ends is most efficiently instructor and professor of library science subserved by collaboration. What could is Linda Eastman, librarian of the Cleve- be more logical than the collaboration of land Public Library in succession to Mr. a public library and a library school ? The Brett. The present librarian, Charles E. former offers all its experience in the diffi- Rush, is consultant at the school. May cult practical problems of getting and I quote him briefly: "Any newcomer to circulating the right sort of books in the Cleveland is increasingly amazed to find best way. The latter offers all the great it so extraordinarily book conscious. traditional lore of books, all the disci- Credit for this community's intellectual plines of the ancient science of bibliog-
260 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES raphy accumulated through thousands of over the country." And every one of the years by the learned. The library can be 1500 students graduated from the school not only a better public servant by taking carries Cleveland's reputation as having the university into its confidence, but the a model public library into the cities and university can turn out better librarians towns to which they go. All this is ob- because it can and does treat the library vious, all this is logical, and yet only here as a great laboratory. As Dean Hirsh- in Cleveland have the community and the berg has said: "Because our students get university followed the course which logic their field work in such an excellent li- points out, and brought book-learning and brary in the city, they are in demand all learning books together.
23 7 JUNE, 1940 Three committees General of the Junior Mem- News from bers Round Table for Bucknell University Library. The are working on problems of interest to building plans call for a $350,000 struc- college and reference libraries. These ture. problems include local indexes in Ameri- A special endowment campaign has been can libraries, lending collections of pro- instituted to raise $750,000 for the Yale fessional literature, and a plan for the Law School Library to meet the condi- exchange of duplicate material among li- tions of the offer of John A. Hoober, braries. Yale Law School '91, of $250,000 toward Chairmen of the committees are as fol- a million dollar endowment. lows : Edward C. Starr, curator of the Col- Duplicate Exchange: John M. Connor, gate Baptist Historical Collection at Col- Medical Library, Columbia University, New gate University, Hamilton, N.Y., has York City Lending Collections of Professional Liter- completed a bibliography of Baptist ature: Walter H. Kaiser, Graduate Library authors, including little known items dat- School, University of Chicago ing back to the seventeenth century and Local Indexes in American Libraries: covering 65,000 authors. Mr. Starr is now Mrs. Norma O. Ireland, 433 East Valley endeavoring to secure a copy of each item View, Altadena, Calif. for the Spear House on Colgate campus * * * in which are already housed 150,000 Special ballots for election of officers pamphlets and 14,000 books relating to of the Association of College and Refer- the Baptist denomination. ence Libraries will be available at the Columbia University Library, C. C. A.C.R.L. information desk during the Williamson, director, recently held a con- Cincinnati conference, May 26 to June I. vocation in celebration of the anniversary Members may vote at any time up to the of the invention of printing in the Low general session, Thursday afternoon. Memorial Library building. Margaret Other members may vote at the business B. Stillwell, librarian of the Annmary meeting when the polls will close. A Brown Library in Providence, addressed check list of members will be available at the gathering on the importance of pro- the A.C.R.L. desk and at the business viding a refuge in this country for the meeting. We hope it will be possible to precious collections of books and manu- announce the result at the close of the scripts in England and on the continent business meeting. Please note we have now threatened by war. Harry M. Ly- more than one candidate for the offices of denberg, director of the New York Public treasurer and general director, and that Library, also spoke on the importance of in each case one name only is to be checked. the printed page as a means of spreading Arnaud C. Marts, our political, ethical, and religious ideas. East president of Buck- A special exhibition of volumes of in- nell University, cunabula and early printing was held in Lewisburg, Pa., has announced the the Low Library. gift of $150,000 toward a new building George Washington University Li-
262 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES The Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, Au- the Field gustus H. Shearer, librarian, has recently brary, Washington, John R. Mason, li- received a special collection of Buffalo the- brarian, has provided in its new library ater programs covering the years 1889 to building a large room with broad tables 1900. One of the items included is the as a writing laboratory for students in world premiere performance of Sherlock English composition. The work is done Holmes with William Gillette. under the direction of the library staff and Brown University Library, Henry B. the faculty of English composition. Van Hoesen, librarian, is noting a large The first year's service of the browsing increase in circulation due to the better room in Willard Straight Hall, the stu- library facilities of the rejuvenated John dent union under the auspices of the Cor- Hay Library building, reported in a previ- nell University Library, Otto Kinkeldey, ous issue, and especially to the university's librarian, has just been concluded. There new four-course program which provides was an average attendance of over 1300 for more outside reading, writing, and each week, and every two weeks a new independent study. The library recently exhibit was set up. During the coming had on display an exhibition of docu- year, it is planned to have a weekly read- ments, manuscripts, and books relating to ing hour on Sunday afternoons. the history of Rhode Island, including Yale University Library, Bernhard among the rare items a book written by Knollenberg, librarian, held a special ex- Roger Williams in 1643 as a guide to the hibition in February of the manuscripts language of the Narragansett Indians. and notebooks of Sinclair Lewis, recently A rare copy of the Chester County presented to the Yale Collection of Ameri- Times published at West Chester, Pa., can Literature by the author. The exhibi- and containing the first biography of Abra- tion was preceded by a lecture on Lewis ham Lincoln has been presented to the by Professor Emeritus William Lyon William L. Clements Library of American Phelps, centered about the notebooks for History at the University of Michigan by Babbitt, Arrowsmith, Elmer Gantry, and A. H. Greenly of New York City. Ran- It Cant Happen Here. The notebooks dolph Adams is in charge of the Clements offer a view behind the scenes of the library. library workshop. Each contains as many A student library committee including pages as an average novel, crammed with four representatives from the three upper minute details about people and places. classes has been organized at the Penn- Other items in this special exhibit in- sylvania State College Library, Willard P. cluded "Launcelot," Lewis' first published Lewis, librarian. The first proposal work which appeared in the Yale Literary planned by the committee was a contest Magazine of March 1904; Hobohemia, inviting students to propose lists of the his first produced play; and many other ten most interesting books published in interesting items including presentation the United States prior to 1939 not now copies of his books, photographs, and trans- in the library. A prize was awarded for lations of his works in eight foreign lan- the best list. The committee also spon- guages. sored a list of student hobbies to be lent 23 7 JUNE, 1940 by students for exhibition at the library. from King Philip II of Spain requiring The Wednesday afternoon reading pro- the adoption of the calendar of Pope gram in its eighth year drew an average Gregory XIII. Two other rare volumes attendance of seventy-five. Readings were were a copy of the Whole Book of Psalms, given by faculty members and officers of commonly called the Bay Psalm Book, the institution. The library is installing published in 1640; and a copy of General the McBee Keysort charging system which Laws and Liberties of the Massachusetts has seen such satisfactory use at Harvard Colony, 1672. University Library. Of interest to librarians is a typescript One of the nation's outstanding libraries illustrated with photographs and bound on labor problems and legislation has been in Samoan Tapa cloth giving a careful presented to New York University Li- record in 116 pages of the remarkable brary, Robert B. Downs, director, by the library building designed and constructed Labor Bureau, Incorporated, an inde- on the principle of native architecture in pendent organization founded twenty American Samoa by Paul J. Halloran, years ago for research and economic serv- Dartmouth '19. The book is the gift of ice to labor unions and civic organiza- the designer to Dartmouth College Li- tions. Included in the collection are brary, Nathaniel B. Goodrich, librarian. national and state labor reports, files of Harvard University Graduate School trade union publications, reports of pro- of Business Administration Library, Ar- ceedings at labor conventions, and a large thur H. Cole, librarian, has been greatly collection of official documents, such as enriched by the gift of the George W. transcripts of congressional hearings and Kress Library on business and economics. government labor department publications. This collection which includes more than There are also many books and pamphlets 30,000 volumes.has been assembled in a bearing particularly on wages, hours, and special Kress Room and is said to be one working conditions; studies of the cost of of the three greatest collections on his- living; form budgets; and arbitration torical business and economics. The briefs. others are the Goldsmith collection at In celebration of the printing anniver- London and the collection at Columbia sary, an exhibition was held early in the University assembled by Professor E. R. year at the John Carter Brown Library A. Seligman. of Brown University, Lawrence C. Harvard University Library, Cam- Wroth, librarian, with material relating bridge, Mass., Keyes D. Metcalf, librar- to each of the significant anniversaries. ian, has opened in the Germanic Museum The display emphasized books published the new Faber du Faur Library contain- in Mexico, South America, and the United ing a collection of more than 7000 rare States. The John Carter Brown Library German books including first editions of has 70 of the 200 books known to have Martin Luther, Frederick the Great, and been published in Mexico in the sixteenth Goethe. Four centuries of German century. South America's first printed drama, poetry, and the novel are included materials were administrative documents, in the scope of this collection. The earliest and the exhibition included the earliest volume was published in 1494, and the known document dated 1584, an order latest, in 1870. The donor is Curt von
264 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Faber du Faur, a German playwright and with New Jersey and important New Jer- literary critic, who lived in Italy from sey collections of Lincolniana. 1931 until very recently when he came Announcement has been made of the to America. gift of 3000 to 4000 rare books, repre- Seton Hill College Library, Greens- sentative of the great works of English burg, Pa., Sister Melania Grace, librarian, literature from the early days of printing is experimenting with a survey of student to the nineteenth century, to the reference recreational reading for the current aca- department of the New York Public Li- demic year. So far, the percentage of brary, Harry Miller Lydenberg, librar- blank student cards is about 15 per cent ian. In addition to the gift, made by of the enrolment. Such students will be Albert A. Berg in memory of his brother, interviewed by the librarian in an endeavor Henry W., a trust fund has been estab- to find out why they are not reading other lished for the administration of the collec- than curricular materials. tion which will be installed in a special At the exhibition celebrating the anni- reading and research room. The New versary of printing held at Bard College York reference department will also re- Library, Annandale-on-Hudson, N.Y., ceive a large collection of books, manu- Felix Hirsch, librarian, incunabula scripts, and papers after the death of Mrs. owned by the library were displayed, as E. S. Harkness under the will of her well as many works printed by Aldus, husband, Edward S. Harkness, the famous Elzevir, Estienne, and representatives benefactor who died recently. of the more famous private presses. The Maine State Library staff, Au- The distinguished type designer, Frederic gusta, Oliver L. Hall, librarian, has been Goudy, gave the opening address and lent invited by the college librarians of Maine many rare items from his private collec- to meet with them twice a year to discuss tion. problems and to prevent duplication of re- The State Teachers College Library, search and duplication of expensive sets. Slippery Rock, Pa., Mrs. Alice E. Han- The Massachusetts State Library, Bos- sen, librarian, has set aside one of the ton, Dennis A. Dooley, state librarian, has rooms in its recently completed build- just received a gift of twenty large scrap- ing as a Curriculum Materials Library. books containing newspaper clippings col- This collection will include state courses lected by Calvin Coolidge before he en- of study, educational bulletins, syllabi from tered the White House. With the col- Pennsylvania and other states, a textbook lection were included manuscripts of collection of several thousand volumes, speeches delivered by Coolidge and clip- and other miscellaneous materials. pings relative to public questions and pub- The Newark Public Library, Beatrice lic persons in whom he was interested. Winser, librarian, announces that its ref- The collection was presented by Congress- erence assistants answered approximately man Foster Stearns of New Hampshire, 950,000 questions by telephone and at the formerly state librarian of Massachusetts. information desks during 1939. Newark The reference department of the is in process of making an index to be Public Library, Bridgeport, Conn., Julian added to the library's information file A. Sohon, librarian, has recently had on noting Abraham Lincoln's associations exhibition a large and unusually interesting 23 7 JUNE, 1940 collection of pottery, the work of Leon Maxwell Library in honor of the late presi- Volkmar of Bedford, N.Y. For two years, dent. The seating capacity of the new this department has been given the award building is 250—one-half of the college for outstanding participation in American enrolment—and the book capacity, 80,000 Art Week sponsored by the American volumes. Mildred Engstrom is the li- Artists Professional League. brarian. Because of the European War, atten- The Deering Library at Northwestern tion of scholars interested in eighteenth University, Theodore W. Koch, librarian, century English literature has been cen- has been given the special collection of tered on the famous R. B. Adam Library 2000 books representing the work of relating to Samuel Johnson and his era feminine writers and assembled by the Na- at the University of Rochester. This col- tional Council of Women under the lead- lection, valued at a million dollars, has been ership of its chairman of letters, Mrs. lent to the university for an indefinite Grace Thompson Seton. Mr. Koch pre- period. Requests from scholars and col- pared a special catalog for this collection. lectors for information and for photo- The collection originally included 100 static and film copies have increased more books exhibited at the International Con- than 25 per cent recently. gress of Women in 1933 and has since been expanded to include over 300 titles Providing for half representing the work of the women of Middlewest a million volumes, all nations. 17 miles of book- Iowa State College Library, Ames, shelf space have recently been added to Charles H. Brown, librarian, is planning the University of Illinois Library, Urbana, the erection of a temporary warehouse to in a new $225,000 addition to the book- store 150,000 volumes of the less used stack. The university has 1,175,700 vol- collections in the library, pending an ap- umes and is the largest state university propriation for the building of new wings library. As has been recently announced, for the library. The warehouse will be Phineas L. Windsor is retiring this year of steel construction, and the stacks will as librarian and will be succeeded by Carl be so built that they may be eventually M. White, now librarian of the Univer- transferred to the permanent wings. Con- sity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. In sideration is being given to an experi- addition to the libraries located on the ment providing separation of the graduate main campus at Urbana, the university in- library from the undergraduate library. cludes libraries of the college medical, den- "Catalog Questions Answered" is the tal, and pharmacy schools at Chicago. title of a permanent display spread out The medical library has recently received since the beginning of the academic year what is reputed to be the best private on the catalog counters of the general li- medical library in America from Dr. A. E. brary of the State University of Iowa at Hertzler of Lawrence, Kan., the famous Iowa City, Grace van Wormer, acting "horse and buggy doctor." director. The counters have been covered The new library building of the State with glass underneath which have been Teachers College, Winona, Minn., has placed sheets giving explanations, in non- been formally dedicated and named the technical language, of catalog rules or
266 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES methods, together with illustrations. the late George F. Arps, long a member of In January 1940 the rejuvenated li- that faculty. The collection is rich in the brary building at Simpson College Li- fields of education and psychology and brary, Indianola, Iowa, Inis I. Smith, li- includes outstanding works in German brarian, was reopened with many im- and French as well as English. portant and enlarged facilities. Stack pro- Two hundred unusual volumes in the vision will now accommodate 48,000 vol- fields of the Romance and Germanic lan- umes, an increase of 50 per cent; and the guages have been given to the library of reading room seating capacity has been Hastings College, Hastings, Neb., Mar- doubled—all of this for an expenditure guerite Nesbit, librarian, from the per- of approximately $8000. sonal library of Dorothy Buck, formerly University of Missouri Library, Co- of the Hastings faculty. lumbia, Benjamin Powell, librarian, held Flora Stone Mather College Library, a special exhibit of 23 paintings of promi- Western Reserve University, Cleveland, nent American artists in January, includ- Elizabeth Richards, librarian, has recently ing five paintings by John Steuart Curry, opened a "playback" room with the co- two by George Groz, who is noted for his operation of the music and speech depart- picturing of the despair and chaos in Ger- ments. By the use of the new phono- many after the World War, and others graphic equipment with headphones, stu- by Doris Lee, Hobson Pittman, and sev- dents may hear recordings of their own eral other outstanding artists. voices, or the correct pronunciation of University of North Dakota Library, foreign languages. Grand Forks, Delia Mathys, librarian, John Crerar Library, Chicago, J. Chris- is developing a Blue Key Library of tian Bay, librarian, granted interlibrary books by alumni and faculty members. loans during 1939 to 428 institutions lo- The latest volume to be added is the most cated in all parts of the United States and recent work of Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Canada on 2401 requests and involving Iceland, the First American Republic, de- 2914 volumes. The library borrowed scribing that country which has had repre- only 50 items from other libraries. sentative government since 930 A.D. Kathryn N. Miller, cataloger at the Tulane Univer- University of Missouri Library, Columbia, South sity Library, New and Marietta Daniels, head of the circu- Orleans, La., New- lation department at Washington Univer- comb College Library, and the Howard sity Library, St. Louis, Mo., will be Memorial Library will be housed together editor-in-chief and business manager, re- in a new $500,000 building, construction spectively, of the new Missouri Library of which has just been started on the Association Quarterly to be published by Newcomb College section of the campus. the association. There will be a number The building will have complete air con- of special sections, including one devoted ditioning and insulation against sound, to college and university libraries. moisture, heat, and cold. Other special Ohio State University Library, Colum- features include a room for the reading, bus, Earl N. Manchester, librarian, has storing, and possible production of micro- received as a gift the personal library of film ; a walled enclosure outside the build-
JUNE, 1940 23 7 ing for outdoor reading; an attractive and prominent librarians from Texas and the comfortable indoor browsing room; and southwest. This library has also recently several special collection rooms, including opened a special collection room for the one for the Howard Memorial Collection literature of the southwest. The walls are which will be shelved separately. Robert decorated with a border of cattle brands J. Usher, Howard Memorial librarian, and paintings of southwestern scenes. The will be director of the new combined li- book collections include complete files of brary. journals and books from that region. University of North Carolina Library, The Oklahoma Agricultural and Chapel Hill, Carl M. White, librarian, is Mechanical College Library, Stillwater, to receive, as a gift from Archibald Hen- reports the installation of a Curriculum derson, his special personal collection of Laboratory for students in education in materials dealing with the life and career which are placed copies of all textbooks of George Bernard Shaw. Presentation authorized for use in Oklahoma schools. of the gift is to coincide with the univer- This library has also set up a rental shelf sity's sesquicentennial celebration, begin- of current popular fiction and nonfiction. ning this year and continuing through Payments for book rentals and library 1945. Dr. Henderson, recognized as fines are made through the purchase of Shaw's chief biographer and the greatest coupon books which are secured at regis- authority on his life and works, has spent tration time. thirty-five years in accumulating the col- Southeastern State Teachers College Li- lection to be presented. All of the works brary, Durant, Okla., Mrs. Maude included will be autographic, containing Cowan, librarian, has begun the mainte- some inscriptions appropriate to the work nance of a traveling library, sending books written and signed by the author. to the rural schools in the southeastern The reference department of the Jack- district. sonville (Fla.) Public Library, Joseph University of Texas Library, Austin, Marron, librarian, has completed a sub- Donald Coney, librarian, has just received, ject index and illustration index of the as a gift from Mrs. Charles H. Mills of Daughters of the American Revolution Corsicana, two large scrapbooks illustrat- monthly magazine from 1908 to date. ing the public life of the late Colonel This department has also completed a Roger Q. Mills, one-time Texas senator. family index of all family histories and These scrapbooks have been added to the genealogies in 600 books in its collection. special Mills Collection consisting of some Work was done by Work Projects Admin- 600 items about the senator which are in istration clerks supervised by the reference turn a part of the Texana Collection, the staff. state's outstanding repository of material Texas Christian about Texas. Southwest University Library, Fort Worth, Mrs. Mills College Li- Bertie H. Mothershead, librarian, is spon- Far West brary, Mills Col- soring a group of pre-library science under- lege, Calif., Mrs. graduates and is planning meetings for Evelyn S. Little, librarian, has just com- them once a month with addresses by pleted an addition to its present building
268 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES to provide for current expansion. The The collection was made possible through wing will provide shelving for 35,000 funds received from the Washington State volumes and includes, besides stack space, College Friends of the Library Associa- administrative offices, workrooms and staff tion. rooms at a total cost of $13,200. A spe- The private, public, and business let- cial exhibition relating to the anniversary ters of Adolph Sutro have come into the of printing "from Gutenberg to Grab- possession of the Bancroft Library of the horn" was held in the art gallery under University of California, Herbert I. the joint auspices of the library and art Priestley, librarian. The material reveals department with books chosen from the many of the outstanding happenings in the library's own treasure collections, supple- romantic and economic history of San mented by incunabula and other rare books Francisco, Virginia City, and the Com- lent by libraries in the Bay region. In stock Lode. connection with the exhibition, talks and The reference staff of the San Diego addresses were given at various times— Public Library, Cornelia D. Plaister, li- one by Joseph M. Gleason, of the San brarian, has been indexing since January Francisco College for Women, entitled I, 1930, the San Diego Union, files of "The Hierarchy of Early Printers," and which extend back, with its predecessors, to a radio address by Dr. Little entitled May 29, 1851. "Twenty-six Lead Soldiers—A Salute to Scripps College Library, Claremont, Printers." Calif., Dorothy M. Drake, librarian, is Washington State College Library, experimenting with a new plan of im- Pullman, W. W. Foote, librarian, has posing no fines and no time limits for the received as a gift two truckloads of books return of books, reserve books excepted. from the Argentine Republic dealing with In exchange for the privilege, the student history, politics, economics, social, and cul- council has accepted on behalf of the stu- tural development. It has also received dents the responsibility for returning books from Mrs. Harriett Ward of Wenatchee as soon as they are through with them or two very rare volumes—Detailed Account relinquishing the title if requested by some of Receipts and Expenditures Kept by a one else. Scripps College Library is also Merchant in New York City from the dividing its card catalog into two sections: Years 1793 to 1816 and The Seaman's one an author-title file, the other, sub- Daily Assistant published in London in ject. 1778. This library has recently received Francis S. Bach- 13 valuable original manuscripts and more Personnel elder, Dartmouth than 1900 volumes as the result of pur- '39, has been ap- chases made in Spain. The collection pointed assistant in the reference depart- largely deals with the history of Central ment at Dartmouth College Library, America and the West Indies. The Hanover, N.H. earliest of the original manuscripts is dated Leland D. Baldwin, formerly connected 1526 while several others are from the with the library of the Western Penn- same general period. Included in the sylvania Historical Society and later in group is a valuable study of resources of charge of the University of Pittsburgh Louisiana territory made about 1785. Press, has been appointed acting librarian 23 7 JUNE, 1940 311 of the University of Pittsburgh, succeeding na, Austria, has become a specialist in book J. Howard Dice whose death was noted repairing at the Dartmouth College Li- in March. Mr. Baldwin is the author of brary Bindery in Hanover, N.H. a number of recent books about Pitts- Mrs. Oliver L. Lilley, formerly in the burgh and western Pennsylvania. catalog department of the Dartmouth Col- Helen Bennett, librarian of the Edu- lege Library, is now librarian of the Tuck cation Seminar Library at the University School of Administration and Finance at of Minnesota, has been appointed librarian Dartmouth. of Duluth Junior College, Duluth, Minn. Helena D. McGrew, Pratt Institute, Mildred Bennett, Minnesota '35, has formerly in the Theater Library of the been appointed librarian at Gustavus Adol- New York Public Library, has been ap- phus College, Saint Peter, Minn. pointed to the Theater Library at Dart- Mrs. Mildred H. Brode, formerly a mouth College. supervisor of the spectroscopic project at Fulmer Mood, librarian at the Univer- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is sity of Redlands Library, Redlands, Calif., now assistant in the catalog department at will lecture at the School of Librarian- Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, ship at the University of California at N.H. Los Angeles during the summer of 1940. Donald T. Clarke, Columbia '36, for- Margaret Nicholsen, librarian of the merly in the Economics Division of the State Teachers College Library at Bemid- New York Public Library, has been ap- ji, Minn., has resigned to take advance pointed assistant librarian of the Harvard work at the Graduate Library School, Graduate School of Business Administra- University of Chicago. Miss Nicholsen tion, Boston. has been succeeded by Eileen Thornton, Theodore Cutler, Minnesota '39, has formerly on the staff of the University of been appointed an assistant in reference Minnesota Library. and circulation at the University of Mis- Ellen Page, librarian of the Peter Al- souri Library, Columbia. dred Memorial Room at the University of Elizabeth B. Fry, Carnegie '39, is serv- Pittsburgh, has resigned her position to ing as substitute assistant librarian at Slip- join the staff of the children's department pery Rock State Teachers College, of the New York Public Library. Slippery Rock, Pa., for Ruby Frampton Mrs. Shirley Gale Patterson, formerly who is on leave because of illness. in the catalog and circulation departments Bertha Hughes, Illinois '38, has been at Dartmouth College Library, is now the appointed cataloger in the University of first English department librarian to have Iowa Library, Iowa City. Miss Hughes charge of the special library in Sanborn was formerly head of the catalog depart- English House at Dartmouth. ment at the Utah State Agricultural Col- Hazel Rea, in charge of cataloging at lege, Logan. She succeeds Elizabeth Robb the University of Redlands Library, Red- who resigned to become assistant in the lands, Calif., resigned from that position fine arts department of Enoch Pratt Free and is now an assistant on the staff of the Library at Baltimore. University of Southern California Li- Marianne Jelinek, formerly a teacher brary in Los Angeles. of bookbinding and leather work in Vien- Homer E. Robbins has recently been
2 270 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES appointed director of the Library at Po- Library, Northfield, Minn., to accept a mona College, Claremont, Calif., in suc- position on the staff of the Davenport cession to Ralph H. Parker who has gone (Iowa) Public Library. She is succeeded to the University of Georgia. Dr. Rob- by Elizabeth Eggleston, Columbia '38. bins is also professor of classical languages Adelaide P. Winslow, N.C. '39, is now and literatures at Pomona. assistant in the circulation department of John R. Russell, head of the catalog Dartmouth College Library. division in the National Archives at Wash- ington, has been appointed librarian at the The following re- University of Rochester succeeding Don- Reporters porters help to make ald B. Gilchrist, deceased. Mr. Russell possible news from was formerly on the staff of the New the field: York Public Library and the University College and University Libraries of Michigan Library and spent a year in Europe as fellow in librarianship of the Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont— General Education Board. Louis Ibbotson, University of Maine, Orono Mildry H. Sluth, Washington '38, has Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecti- resigned as junior librarian in the catalog cut—Margaret Hazen, Massachusetts In- division of the University of Washington stitute of Technology Library, Cambridge Library to accept a civil service appoint- New York City—Nelson McCombs, Wash- ington Square Library, New York Uni- ment as senior translator in the U. S. versity, New York City Navy Department. Eastern New York—Helmer Webb, Union Mortimer Taube, formerly at Rutgers College Library, Schenectady, N.Y. University Library, has been appointed Western and Northern New York—Whar- head of the order department at Duke ton Miller, Syracuse University Library, Syracuse, N.Y. University Library, Durham, N.C. Eastern Canada—W. S. Wallace, Toronto Maxwell O. White, Columbia '39, has University, Toronto, Ontario been appointed superintendent of serials New Jersey—Zaidee Brown, New Jersey and exchange at the University of Iowa State Teachers College Library, Upper Library, Iowa City. Mr. White had Montclair Eastern Pennsylvania—Herbert Anstaett, previously been circulation assistant at the Franklin and Marshall College Library, College Library of Columbia University Lancaster in New York City. He succeeds Theo- Western Pennsylvania—Miriam Grosh, Ge- dore S. Bland who resigned to accept the neva College, Beaver Falls position of junior librarian in the Office of Northern Ohio—Elizabeth M. Richards, Flora Stone Mather College Library, the Chief Engineers, U. S. Army, Wash- Cleveland ington. Ohio—Edward A. Henry, University of Caroline Whittemore of the reclassifica- Cincinnati, Cincinnati tion department of Dartmouth College Li- Indiana—Hazel Armstrong, Indiana State brary will teach classification at the Co- Teachers College Library, Terre Haute Illinois and Iowa—Isabelle Clark, Grinnell lumbia School of Library Service for the College Library, Grinnell, Iowa year 1940-41. Michigan—Charles V. Park, Central State Elizabeth Whittlesey has resigned as Teachers College Library, Mount Pleas- acquisitions librarian at Carleton College ant
JUNE, 1940 271 Wisconsin—Anna Tarr, Lawrence College British Columbia and Western Canada— Library, Appleton John Ridington, University of British Co- Nebraska and Minnesota—Emma Wiecking, lumbia Library, Vancouver State Teachers College, Mankato, Minn. Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas—David Reference Libraries and Reference De- Jolly, Stephens College Library, Columbia, partments of Public Libraries Mo. East—Jesse Cross, Montague Branch, Pub- Virginia, North Carolina, and South Caro- lic Library, Brooklyn lina—Katherine Skinner, University of Middle West—Mildred Boatman, Public North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill, Library, St. Louis N.C. Florence Gifford, Public Library, Cleve- Georgia and Florida—Edna R. Hanley, Ag- land nes Scott College Library, Decatur, South—Bess McCrea, Enoch Pratt Free Li- Ga. brary, Baltimore Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi and Ala- Far West—Elizabeth Henry, Public Li- bama—Mary E. Baker, University of brary, Seattle Tennessee Library, Knoxville Large Reference Libraries— Colorado, Utah and Wyoming—Ralph E. Mildred Ross, Grosvenor Library, Buffalo Ellsworth, University of Colorado, Boul- Lucille Aim Tolman, John Crerar Li- der brary, Chicago. Texas and Oklahoma—Alexander Moffit, WILLARD P. LEWIS, Secretary University of Texas, Austin Association of College and Reference California and Nevada—Christian Dick, Libraries University of Southern California, Los Pennsylvania State College Library Angeles State College, Pa. Washington, Oregon and Idaho—Charles NOTE: The editors of College and Research Libraries W. Smith, University of Washington, are greatly indebted to the Inter-collegiate Press Bulletin Service of New York City for a number of Seattle items. The editors will be glad to receive current items Arizona and New Mexico—William H. relating to college, university, and reference libraries Carlson, University of Arizona Library, and reference departments of public libraries for publication. Such items may be sent to your Tucson district reporter or to the secretary.
272 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES PROPOSED REVISION OF THE A.C.R.L. CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS
At its meeting of December 27, 1939, the Newberry Library, the reference department Board of Directors of the Association of of the New York Public Library, and the College and Reference Libraries instructed reference departments of other public librar the association's Committee on Constitu- ies.) tion and By-Laws to prepare a new Consti- tution and by-laws based on the existing Article II. Object by-laws but in line with recommendations Sec. 1. The object of the association shall of the third Activities Committee of the be to promote library service and librarian- American Library Association. The com- ship in the kinds of libraries enumerated in mittee, since its appointment, has withheld Article I. The association shall direct and action on various recommendations referred carry on a program of activities to advance to it by members through the secretary of (a) the standards of library service, in the A.C.R.L. in view of impending large changes broadest sense, in these kinds of libraries, in the structure of its parent organization, and (b) the continued professional and the American Library Association. It has scholarly growth of those engaged in work now embodied such of these recommenda- in these libraries. tions as are consistent with the third Ac- tivities Committee recommendations in the Article III. Relationship to A.L.A. following tentative draft of a new Consti- Sec. 1. This association is organized as tution and by-laws. a division of the American Library Associa- This draft is tentative. It is subject to tion under the Constitution and by-laws of revision at a meeting of the committee in that Association and its Constitution and by- Cincinnati during the annual conference. laws (and any amendments thereto) are It is published here with the expectation and binding upon this association, insofar as they hope that advice will come to the committee relate to divisions of the American Library from members of the A.C.R.L. Suggestions Association. for improvement may be sent to the chair- man, in care of the University of Texas Li- Article IV. Membership brary, Austin. Two documents should be Sec. I. Personal Members. Any person read in conjunction with this tentative draft: interested in, or associated with, the work the present A.C.R.L. by-laws {A.L.A. Bulle- of the kinds of libraries enumerated in Arti- tin 32: 812-15, Oct. 15, 1938) and the "Final cle I may become a member of this associa- Report of the Third Activities Committee," tion by becoming a member of the American Ibid. 33: 782-804, Dec. 1939). Library Association and by complying with DONALD CONEY, Chairman other conditions prescribed in the by-laws. For the Committee Sec. 2. Institutional Members. Any li- brary of the kinds enumerated in Article I, or any other institution or organization ap- Proposed Constitution proved by the Board of Directors, may be- Article I. Name come an institutional member by becoming Sec. 1. The name of this organization an institutional member of the American shall be "The Association of College and Ref- Library Association, and by complying with erence Libraries, a division of the American other conditions prescribed in the by-laws. Library Association." (The word "college" Sec. 3. Contributing and Sustaining is understood to include college and univer- Members. Any person or institution eligible sity. The term "reference libraries" is used to membership may become a contributing to include such libraries as the Library of or sustaining member upon payment of the Congress, the John Crerar Library, the annual sums provided in the by-laws.
JUNE, 1940 273 Sec. 4. Honorary Members. On nomi- association, and shall have authority to nation of the Board of Directors, honorary make decisions for the association during the members may be elected by two-thirds vote periods between all meetings. It shall de- of the members present at any annual meet- cide upon the expenditure of all funds be- ing of the association. Members of foreign longing to the association as a whole, and library associations and those outside the shall be authorized to allot such funds to library profession who have consistently sections and committees. aided the kinds of libraries enumerated in Sec. 2. Members. The board shall con- Article I are eligible to election as honorary sist of the president, vice president, retir- members. Honorary membership shall be ing president, secretary, treasurer, three di- for life, subject to Sec. 5. rectors at large, and the directors elected by Sec. 5. Suspension and Reinstatement. sections. The chief officer (or, in his ab- The membership of any individual or insti- sence, the vice chief officer, or the retiring tution may be suspended by a two-thirds chief officer, in this order) of each section vote of the Board of Directors. A sus- is an ex officio member without vote. pended member may be reinstated by a Sec. 3. Terms. The directors at large three-fourths vote of the board. and directors representing sections shall be elected from the members of the association Article V. Officers for three-year terms, which terms shall over- Sec. I. Officers and Duties. The officers lap so as to insure continuity of policy. of the association shall be a president, a vice president, a secretary, and a treasurer, Article VII. Meetings who shall perform the duties usually at- Sec. 1. General Meetings. The associa- tached to these offices. tion shall hold an annual conference at such Sec. 2. Terms. The president, vice presi- place and time as may be determined by the dent, and treasurer shall be elected from Board of Directors. Meetings may be the membership of the association and shall called for any times by the board. serve for one year or until their successors Sec. 2. Section Meetings. Meetings of are elected and qualified. The secretary the sections shall be held at the time of the shall be elected from the membership of the annual conference, and may be called for association and shall serve for three years, other times by the chief officer or other con- or until his successor is elected and quali- trolling agency of any section with the ap- fied. proval of the Board of Directors. Sec. 3. President-elect. The vice presi- Sec. 3. Admission to Meetings. General dent shall be the president-elect, and shall meetings are open to all interested in the succeed to the office of president at the end work of the association. Sections may, with of the president's term. the approval of the Board of Directors, hold Sec. 4. Representation. The persons who closed meetings. are officers at any one time shall be chosen so as to represent as many of the various Article VIII. Sections interests and groups in the association as is Sec. I. Creation. Any group of twenty possible. or more members of the association, repre- senting a field of activity in general distinct Article VI. Board of Directors from those of then existing sections, may or- Sec. I. Duties and Authority. The ganize a section upon receiving approval Board of Directors shall have general over- from the Board of Directors. Sections shall sight and direction of the affairs of the as- be composed only of association members. sociation, and shall perform such specific Sec. 2. Representation on the Board of duties as may be given to it in the Constitu- Directors. Any section of 50 or more mem- tion and by-laws. It shall conduct all busi- bers shall elect from its voting membership ness pertaining to the association as a whole one representative on the Board of Direc- between annual and other meetings of the tors.
2 274 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Sec. 3. Autonomy and Authority. Each which the association is entitled from the section shall, with the approval of the Board American Library Association. Each per- of Directors, have autonomy in, and re- sonal member of the association must desig- sponsibility for, its own affairs and the ex- nate the association as the division of the penditure of funds assigned to it by the American Library Association to receive al- Board of Directors. Each section may close lotment of American Library Association its meetings to all but its own members. It dues whenever he belongs to a class of shall have power to elect its own officers, to American Library Association members from appoint committees relating to its own af- whose dues allotments are made. fairs, and to nominate its own representa- Sec. 2. Institutional Members. Dues for tives on American Library Association com- an institutional member shall be the allot- mittees. ment to which the association is entitled Each section may organize subsections on from the American Library Association. a subject, geographical, or other basis. Each institutional member of the association When conflicts of interest arise between must designate the association as the division sections, the questions shall be referred to of the American Library Association to re- the Board of Directors for decision. ceive allotment of American Library Asso- Sec. 4. Selection of Section and Alloca- ciation dues whenever such allotments are tion of Vote. Members of the association made. may select the section or sections with which Sec. 3. Contributing and Sustaining they wish to affiliate. A member affiliating Members. The annual dues for contribut- with more than one section must establish ing members shall be $25; and for sustain- his right to vote for sectional officers and ing members, $100. director by designating the particular section Sec. 4. Honorary Members. There shall in which he wishes to exercise this right. be no dues for honorary members. Sec. 5. Time Payable. All membership A rticle IX. By-Laws dues, other than those taking the form of Sec. I. Adoption and Amendment. By- American Library Association allotments, laws may be adopted and amended by a are payable annually to the treasurer during majority vote of the members of the associa- the first month of the fiscal year. tion present at any general session of any Sec. 6. Delinquency. Members whose annual conference, upon a• written recom- dues are other than American Library Asso- mendation of the Committee on Constitution ciation allotments and which are unpaid on and By-Laws appointed by the president. the first day of the third month of the mem- bership year, and who continue delinquent Article X. Amendments for one calendar month after notice of such Sec. 1. This Constitution may be amended delinquency has been sent, are thereby by a two-thirds vote of members present at dropped from membership. Dropped mem- any general session of two successive annual bers are automatically reinstated on pay- conferences not less than four months apart, ment of dues for the year within which pay- upon a written recommendation of the Com- ment occurs. mittee on Constitution and By-Laws ap- pointed by the president, provided that notice Article II. Nominations and Elections of the proposed amendments is published in Sec. 1. Committees. A committee to the official publication of the association not nominate candidates for elective positions to less than one month before final considera- be filled for the association as a whole shall tion. be appointed by the vice president (president- Proposed By-Laws elect), with the approval of the president, at such time as to enable this committee to Article I. Dues meet during the annual conference preced- Sec. I. Personal Members. Dues for a ing the one at which elections are to be personal member shall be the allotment to made from the nominees. 28.7 JUNE, 1940 This committee shall, as far as possible, The candidate receiving the largest number represent the various groups and interests of of votes shall be elected. In case of a tie the association. vote the successful candidate shall be deter- It is the duty of this committee to select mined by lot. the ablest persons available for the positions (b) Sections. Elections to elective posi- to which nominations are to be made. In tions for sections shall be made as each sec- making its selection the committee shall keep tion determines. in mind the following objectives: (a) the The election of directors representing sec- importance of developing leaders among the tions must be reported in writing by a sec- younger members of the association; (b) tion's retiring chief officer to the secretary of the desirability of rotating important offices the association before the adjournment of among the various sections composing the the annual conference. Any section failing association; (c) the necessity of securing a so to report such election by this time shall Board of Directors on which all sections lose its right to be represented on the board will have as equal a number of representa- for the following elective year. tives as is possible at any one time. The election of chief officers of sections, Candidates for elective positions for sec- and vice chief officers, if any, shall be re- tions shall be chosen as each section deter- ported to the secretary in the same way and mines. at the same time. Sec. 2. Reports. The Nominating Com- mittee shall report nominations to the secre- Article III. Quorum tary not less than six months before the an- Sec. 1. Board of Directors. A majority nual conference at which nominees are to be of the voting members of the Board of Di- considered. Nominations shall be published rectors shall constitute a quorum. by the secretary in the official publication of Sec. 2. Association. Fifty members shall the association not less than three months constitute a quorum of the association for before the annual conference. the transaction of all business except elec- Sec. 3. Nominations by Others. Nomina- tions to the elective positions of the associa- tions other than those by the nominating tion. committees, signed by not less than ten mem- bers of the association, shall be filed with the Article IV. Committees secretary not less than two months before the annual meeting and must be accompanied Sec. I. Authorization. Committees of by written consent of these nominees. the association as a whole shall be authorized by action of the association or the Board of Sec. 4. Right to Vote. All members of Directors, except as otherwise provided in the association shall be eligible to vote on the elective positions of the association. the Constitution and by-laws. Only members with right to vote in the Sec. 2. Appointment of Committee Mem- section concerned shall vote for its officers bers. Committee members shall be ap- and the director who will represent that sec- pointed by the president (and he must ap- tion on the Board of Directors. point them) unless it is otherwise provided in the action authorizing the committee or Sec. 5. Elections. (a) Association. Elections to elective positions for the associa- in the Constitution and by-laws. tion as a whole shall be made by mail vote Sec. 3. Discontinuance. A committee in such manner as the Board of Directors may be discontinued only by the agency shall determine, provided that arrangements authorizing it. shall be made to insure the inclusion of sealed and qualified votes cast at the annual Article V. Vacancies conference by any member in attendance Sec. I. Elective Positions. Appointments whose ballot has not already been received. to fill vacancies in elective positions of the Announcement of elections shall be made association as a whole (except president and only after these votes have been counted. vice president) shall be made by the Board
2 76 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES of Directors for the duration of the term of ship year of the association shall be the the office when that term is not more than calendar year. one year. When the term exceeds one year, Sec. 2. Fiscal Year. The fiscal year appointment shall be made until the next of the association shall be the calendar annual conference. year. A vacancy in the office of president shall Sec. 3. Elective and Appointive Year. be filled, for the remainder of the term, by The term of office for elective and appointive the vice president. This succession shall not positions of the association filled annually prevent a person who succeeds to the presi- shall be the period beginning with the ad- dency because of vacancy, from serving his journment of the annual conference and normal term as president the next year, as is ending with the adjournment of the next provided in the Constitution. succeeding annual conference. Terms of A vacancy in the office of vice president office for elective positions occupied longer can be filled only by election as provided in than one year shall be calculated from the by-laws. the adjournment of the annual confer- If vacancies occur in the offices of presi- ence. dent and vice president within the same This by-law shall not apply to the term term, the Board of Directors shall elect as of office of any person elected by the associa- president one of the directors or the direc- tion to represent it on the American Library tors at large for the remainder of the term. Association Council, or on any other Ameri- At the next annual conference a president can Library Association body, which may and a vice president shall be elected. have terms of office differing from Vacancies on the Board of Directors shall terms specified in these by-laws. In be filled by election at the next annual con- such cases the term specified by the ference after the vacancy occurs. American Library Association shall pre- Appointments to fill vacancies on a com- vail. mittee of the association as a whole shall be made by the president, unless otherwise pro- Article VII. Rules of Order vided in the action authorizing the commit- Sec. 1. The rules contained in Roberts' tee, or in the by-laws. Rules of Order shall govern the association in all cases to which they are applicable, and Article VI. Years in which they are not inconsistent with the Sec. I. Membership Year. The member- Constitution and by-laws.
28.7 JUNE, 1940 Book Reviews
Teaching with Books, a Study of College because of these, "in the developments of Libraries. Harvie Branscomb. Asso- the last 25 years more emphasis has been ciation of American Colleges, Ameri- placed on the acquisition and preservation can Library Association, 1940. 258p. of library materials than upon their use," $2.50. collections of fourteen university libraries "THE THESIS running through this vol- having increased 281.9 per cent during ume has been that the primary task of the this period. Yet for five of these libraries, college library is to provide certain facilities where consistent circulation figures for 23 for and to aid in carrying out the instruc- years were available, the combined re- tional program of the faculty. Other func- tions such as the provision of reading mate- corded circulation in 1936-37 was more rials along noncurricular lines and even of than 5 times what it was in 1914-15! books for faculty research, though desirable This is wasting too many words, how- and important, are secondary to this main ever, on questions of scope and perspective, task. Yet for reasons which have been dis- cussed, the program of the library and that which are, after all, irrelevant, since the of the faculty have not been a unit. There choice in these matters is the author's pre- has been lacking a sense of common purpose rogative. It is true that too few under- and, consequently, attention to the problem graduates read outside their textbooks and of the most effective coordination of effort." that many of these few read too little. The real thesis is stated in the last Reasons for this are well worth discussing rather than in the first part of the and the author gives due attention to above quotation. For librarians, the pro- librarians' efforts to improve the situa- vocative section of the book is in the "rea- tion, though he does not always seem to sons which have been discussed." And the interpret correctly the philosophy that lies constructive contributions to the subject behind them. are the suggestions in Chapter XI, "Bridg- The chapter entitled "Making Books ing the Gap." Accessible" seems at first to set up a straw In the provocative part, librarians must man in debating "the open shelf versus the reconcile themselves to the book's limita- closed shelf form of book administration" tion of scope to the college library's "pri- or does the author know of a college li- mary task" and also to having some of brary with all closed shelves, a college the other "secondary" functions made the library in which there is not at least some scapegoats for the library's failures in this compromise between open and closed? If task. When the author says "the question there is such a college library, his only must be raised whether we need these injustice to it is in ignoring the subject large libraries," he ought, in fairness, to catalog (which is discussed later as one of add "for the libraries' primary task." the things that cost us too much), for Even so, the question would be provoca- this, equally with the author catalog, de- tive enough. Many sins are laid to the serves some notice as a guide to the stu- "rare book tradition" and the "influence dents' "vague and tentative gropings" of the great research libraries." Largely (whether the stack be closed or open)
2 278 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES and, not infrequently, is of more use to more, bigger, and better reading lists. the student than looking on the shelves Also (cf. pp.i63ff) more of the "in for books that are not there but in circula- dispensable readings" should be available tion. It may be that college presidents in the student's private library and in need to be convinced of the advantages rental collections. of direct access to books in general; li- The familiar case of "centralization brarians do not. But that all students versus departmentalization" is fairly stated should have direct and unrestricted access and note made of the trend toward divi- to all books, if that is what Dr. Branscomb sional instead of departmental layouts, believes, will need more arguing to con- where complete centralization and com- vince librarians in colleges of, say, more plete open access are impossible. The ad- than iooo students. vantages of the divisional plan per se are It is not clear how far Dr. Branscomb not discussed. Also, in the way of special thinks the open access stack should go in library service, the author looks with some including all the library books. He seems tolerance on such matters as the tem- to favor "for introductory study, small porary classroom library or the office col- open shelf libraries" (are the German lection. "seminar libraries" really such?) ; he dis- In "Books in Halls of Residence," Dr. cusses with some sympathy the university's Branscomb sees not only the desirability college library of about 15,000 volumes of having books available to the student and "house libraries" of about 10,000 vol- wherever he is but for a moment sees "the umes. He does not object to browsing exciting possibility . . . that perhaps this rooms as such, but questions "whether may be the answer to the great problem they do not apply the best resources of of the noise, confusion and congestion," the library to what is a useful but never- and he would place books of assigned theless a definitely secondary function . . . reading here. However, he pretty well recreation and noncurricular reading" and, disillusions himself later on, except in the secondly, "whether the browsing room case of large universities where dormi- works." (The browsing room is, accord- tories, "houses," or colleges each house ing to the reviewer's observation, so vari- nearly as many students as a small college. able in quality, quantity, and administra- But the disillusionment goes too far when tion as to call for more than the some- he says (p. 160), "If there are inherent what casual mass treatment given it here.) difficulties in placing the most used books The author looks with some degree of in residential libraries, it would seem that commendation on open-shelf reserves with, the plan of a single college library . . . only if necessary, closed reserves of a to handle undergraduate reading may ap- minimum list of "indispensable readings." pear in the long run to be the wiser solu- And at this point the reviewer would like tion." to record his individual gratitude to Dr. After all, the librarian's (and Dr. Branscomb for the help his book has given Branscomb's) assumption is that the stu- to one college's efforts toward moving dent's reading should be increased in closed reserves to open-shelf reserves, quantity and extended in range. Free changing or reducing open-shelf reserves access to all the books in the library is to "suggestion shelves," supplemented by one way (though only one way) of doing 28.7 JUNE, 1940 this. It probably is the best way in the case reserved book collection and, to a certain of such students as come to college with extent, the "single college library" is com- the curiosity, initiative, and energy to pulsion, leading the horse to water and read, study, and hunt out material on making him drink at the fount of "most- their own, as also for students who achieve used books." Surely the browsing collec- these intellectual traits in the course of tion and the suggestion shelves are more their college work—e.g., in honors courses. likely than the stack to lead the "tenta- And who would be rash enough to say that tive and groping" student to a wider any of our college or university libraries is range of reading interest. As he attains too big for such students ? Dr. Branscomb this, he will be stimulated and not con- does not; he quotes various opinions but fused by the number of books in any given concludes against any arbitrary limit. class in the stack and will make intelligent Accordingly, when a library grows be- use of the key to the city or anything yond the reading-room-and-wall-shelves or else we can give him, and surely he will the alcove type of building, it does not make better progress if the, at best, limited make sense to say that it becomes a worse space in the stack is not cluttered up with library just by reason of its size. And five thousand or even five hundred of the when the stack comes to outbulk the read- tentative and groping. ing room collections, it does not make The reviewer has the uncomfortable sense to move the whole student body from feeling that by commenting on some of reading room to stack. The difficulties the more provocative statements in the of administration, which Dr. Branscomb book he may have given the prospective notes, are not the only objections to a reader a wrong perspective. Perhaps the wide-open-access stack, nor the best ob- chief value of the book is that it attempts jections. The ineffective library is the to present, not a recommended standard little used one, regardless of size or ease practice applicable to all college libraries, of access to books (the least used library but a variety of suggested, observed, and in the reviewer's experience, as it happens, experienced solutions for problems com- was a combination of alcove-plan and mon to all. That it does not champion open-access stack). The failure of the more vigorously the reviewer's favorite library to be used is essentially due, not theory of solution and says kind words to any oversize, but to lack of the kinds about solutions less acceptable to the re- of books wanted, whatever the gross li- viewer may also be a merit. brary holdings may be, the lack of desire The chapter on "What Books Should or the compulsion (too often requisite) of the Library Buy?" is a little disappointing the student to read. The philosophy that in that its serially numbered recommenda- lies behind the browsing room, suggestion tions are chiefly on what not to buy. But shelves, or reading collections in residence this is quite proper ("no list can be pre- halls is not a guilty conscience due to pared which should be blindly followed closed stack, but the desire to give the by all institutions") and the recommenda- public what it wants, that is, to supply tions on procedure in the use of standard books that the student wants to read and lists, and in allotment of funds, are in to make them attractive, comfortable, and general sound and useful. The mistake convenient. The philosophy back of the is the chapter heading.
2 280 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES There is more excuse for disappointment developments in which the instructor is in Chapter XII, "The Costs of Library moved into the library, location in the Service," not in the information it assem- library of more classes other than seminars, bles on the relative sizes of college library simplification of instruction by the li- budgets and on possible economies in cat- brarian in bibliography, and the use of aloging processes, but in its omission of the library and more such instruction in any discussion of the costs of service to connection with departmental courses. In readers, of the expenses of open-access all this, Dr. Branscomb has given us good stacks, of the cost of a library staff "know- leads.—Henry B. Van Hoesen, Brown ing more about the work carried on in the University, Providence. several departments"—i.e., the cost of carrying out Dr. Branscomb's most im- The Medieval Library. James Westfall portant suggestions. Thompson. University of Chicago Finally, "Bridging the Gap" (Chapter Press, 1939. 682p. $5. (University of XI) might well have been made the con- Chicago Studies in Library Science.) cluding chapter. The library staff at THIS monumental contribution to the present cannot even "lead the horse to history of intellectual development has water," but this book suggests certain been produced by Professor Thompson, changes by which they may work with now at the University of California, for- the instructors in this and may better merly professor of medieval history at the justify the instructors' efforts. Suggestions University of Chicago and lecturer on the include, for example, modifications in history of libraries in its graduate library emphasis in the program of many libraries, school. greater faculty concern for student read- In the production of this noteworthy ing and other library matters, changing work the author has been assisted by sev- the status of the librarian, and reworking eral of his present and former students the library program with greater knowl- at the universities of Chicago and Cali- edge about the work carried on in the fornia, Ramona Bressie writing the chap- several departments of instruction both in ter on "Libraries of the British Isles in general and in individual courses. The the Anglo-Saxon Period;" S. K. Padover, application of such general changes might, the chapters on "Byzantine Libraries," the author suggests, result in specific "Jewish Libraries," "Muslim Libraries," changes such as: more intelligent judg- and "German Libraries in the Fourteenth ment on the number of duplicates required and Fifteenth Centuries;" the late Isa- for various titles, modification of circula- bella Stone, "Libraries of the Greek Mon- tion rules which would adjust these more asteries in Southern Italy;" Geneva exactly to the reading demands of the Drinkwater, "French Libraries in the course, preparing supplementary bibliog- Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries;" raphies, small exhibits on special topics, Claude H. Christensen, "Scandinavian Li- more adequate assistance in connection braries in the Late Middle Ages;" Doro- with themes and special assignments, ex- thy Robathan, "Libraries of the Italian ploiting the reference librarian for refer- Renaissance;" and Florence Edler de ence work instead of for information Roover, "The Scriptorium." about the mere locations of things, certain The subject matter is treated by periods:
JUNE, mo 281 Part I, "The Early Middle Ages;" Part the process. Space permits the indication II, "The High Middle Ages;" Part III, of only a few of the multifarious conclu- "The Close of the Middle Ages and the sions and facts brought out in the work. Italian Renaissance." Part I concerns it- As for libraries understood as a room, self with "Early Church Libraries," rooms, or building especially designed for "Early Monastic Libraries," "Libraries of the arranging of books in orderly fashion the Carolingian Renaissance;" in Parts II where they can be available for use on and III the libraries of the various coun- the spot—libraries in the modern sense of tries are treated. The book concludes the word—these scarcely make their ap- with Part IV, "The Making and Care of pearance before the fifteenth century. In Books in the Middle Ages." the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries a While the chapters in the body of the rectangular hole left in the thickness of work are mines of detailed information, a wall might serve to hold the bibles, they resolve themselves necessarily almost psalters, service books, and the few works into catalogs. Part IV, however, is of the church fathers which constituted much more general in nature and will the indispensable core of any monastic or make an especial appeal to the professional cathedral library. A chest or two kept in librarian dealing as it does with "The the sacristy might also be used as well as Scriptorium," "Library Administration wooden presses. When during the Caro- and the Care of Books," "Paper, the Book lingian period and especially in the twelfth Trade, and Book Prices," "The Wander- century, intellectual activities rapidly ing of Manuscripts." The book is pro- quickened, the production and accumula- vided with a brief "Historical Index." A tion of books so increased that better vast amount of bibliographical reference facilities for their storage and use became and guidance is given in the footnotes. necessary. Then in the larger monasteries The significance and value of Professor and cathedrals a separate room would be Thompson's herculean achievement is ob- set aside for the copying of manuscripts, vious. In the first place it is the first book for their storage, and for their use. If in English or in any other language to the number of copyists, monks, and some- give "a comprehensive survey of the his- times lay scribes was large enough (twelve tory of books and libraries in the period or fifteen as the case might be), two of the manuscript." As such it can be rooms, one above the other, might be hailed as a striking monument to American found: the lower room was the Scrip- scholarship. In the second place, the work torium where the scribes did their work; is a priceless gift to all those whose special the upper room was the library proper interest is centered in the Middle Ages. where shelves made their appearance. On It is a vast storehouse of detailed informa- these the books (many of them very large tion throwing additional light on many folios) were laid flat with their edges fac- phases of medieval life. Not only does ing out. On the edge, rather than on the it bring out into relief the work of the book, were inscribed author and title. church in gathering into itself, preserving, Rough classifications were sometimes used. and passing on the spiritual and intellec- Catalogs, at first merely inadequate lists tual fruits of the ancient world but it scribbled on a blank page or fly leaf, be- illustrates as never before the details of came fuller and more numerous. The
2 282 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES idea of a "union catalogue" even made its $2. (University of Chicago Studies in appearance about 1400 when an English Library Science.) Franciscan conceived the idea of making WHEN bookmen find at last the long one for all the libraries of the Franciscan desired "time to write" we are apt to look order in England. for the reminiscent fruits of observation The range of intellectual interests in and experience. From no librarian would the Middle Ages is reflected by an ar- such a book be more welcome than from rangement frequently found in the larger James Christian Meinich Hanson, profes- libraries in the twelfth and thirteenth sor emeritus of the University of Chicago centuries. By this arrangement the ma- Graduate Library School, and dean of terial was divided into seven classes: (1) catalogers. Characteristically, however, archives, (2) scriptural texts and com- the first book which Dr. Hanson issues mentaries, (3) constitutions, (4) council from his well earned leisure is not lei- and synodal proceedings, (5) homilies and surely, but a workmanly canvas of the epistles of the fathers, (6) lectionaries, technical basis for increased cooperation (7) legends of martyrdom. This took among librarians and bibliographers. care of the religious and ecclesiastical ma- Taking from the Anglo-American Cat- terial. Secular literature was placed by alog Rules of 1908, the first 135 rules itself and divided on the basis of the seven which deal with the choice of main entry liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, logic, forms, the author digests each in turn in arithmetic, geometry, music, and astron- the order made familiar to catalogers by omy. The titles in these subdivisions long usefulness. Then systematically he (if the joint contents of various libraries summarizes the practice prescribed by the be included) comprised the whole range eighteen major cataloging codes of Amer- of Latin literature as we have it today; by ica and Europe. These codes are listed 1200, all the works of Aristotle in Latin in the opening pages in full bibliographic translation, several books in Greek, and detail. For citation in the text a shortened grammars of Greek and Hebrew; also characteristic symbol is used for each. Justinian's Code, Digest, and Institutes. Thus, BM refers to the British Museum These few examples must suffice to in- Rules, FR to the Regies et usages of the dicate the varied contents of this invalua- Association des Bibliothecaires Frangais. ble work of reference. No brief review Included are two English codes (British can hope to give more than a suggestion Museum, Cambridge University), two of the wealth of interesting material that German codes (Munich, Prussian In- it contains.—Curtis H. Walker, Vander- struktionen), two Swiss codes (Basel, bilt University, Nashville. Zurich), two Italian (Italian government, Vatican), and one each Belgian, Danish, A Comparative Study of Cataloging Rules Dutch, French, Norwegian, Spanish, and Based on the Anglo-American Code of Swedish. Of these Dr. Hanson cites the 1Q08, with Comments on the Rules and Prussian the Anglo-American, and the on the Prospects for a Further Exten- Vatican codes as the most influential. sion of International Agreement and Dates of issue vary from Cutter, 1904, to Co-operation. J. C. M. Hanson. Uni- the Vatican Norme, 1931. The latter is versity of Chicago Press, [C1939] 144P. now in process of revision and reissue and
JUNE, 1940 283 the new edition was available to Dr. Han- will add many cubits to the stature of son in proofsheet form. their decisions. Without Dr. Hanson's The author says in the closing chapter: painstaking, discerning analysis of these
It is believed that the comparison of the eighteen widely varying sets of rules, in Anglo-American Rules 1-135 with the corre- nine languages, comparative consideration sponding rules in the other eighteen codes would be much more difficult and almost has served to demonstrate how much re- certainly less thorough. mains to be done before we can claim any The greatest variation in major prac- approximation to a general agreement on headings and entry word. Here, as in so tice is found in the matters of corporate many other fields . . . progress toward an authors and in the emphasis on catch- international agreement and consequent co- words, in contrast to the Anglo-American operation has been, and will no doubt con- use of the first word not an article in title tinue to be, slow and arduous. entries. The summary of the history of With a steady and rapid improvement in travel facilities and the consequent increase usage in regard to societies, governments, in the number of scholars and investigators and organizations (Part III) is particu- who come to rely on the libraries and book larly interesting because of Dr. Hanson's resources not only of their own countries participation in the events which led to but of the world, it has become obvious that it is the duty of librarians to seek for more the crystallization of the American rules. uniformity in bibliographic records and meth- They were based largely on the precedents ods of administration, in order that students established by Charles A. Cutter and the shall not be obliged to learn a new system Library of Congress, where Dr. Hanson whenever they pass from one country to was chief of the catalog division from another. 1897 t0 1910- He traces the German The study was initiated by Professor preference for title entry for such ma- Hanson as a project for Margarethe terials, which to American catalogers Brandt, when she was a student at the seems strangely indefinite, partially to graduate library school. Her untimely "tradition and innate conservatism," and death made its continuation impossible. suspects "both academic and economic con- Since his retirement from active teaching, siderations" for its retention. Dr. Hanson has brought it to completion. The far greater prevalence abroad of As chairman of the American committee chief entry under title is rather appalling which compiled the Anglo-American Cat- to the cataloger familiar chiefly with the alog Rules of 1908 of which he was editor, Anglo-American code. Dr. Hanson trans- Dr. Hanson has a unique and intimate un- lates and summarizes in detail the rules derstanding of them and of the basic rea- of the Basel University Library Katalog- sons for the form they took. As a member Instruktion on this point. It prescribes of the committee charged with their revi- an elaborate system of catchword entries, sion and expansion, now in progress, he providing seemingly for every possible has compiled a working basis, a frame of variant. Numerous changes of case, or- reference, for the new committee's proce- der, and form are directed in order to dure which may justly be rated as bring together similar entries. Here are invaluable. That the committee's delib- endless problems for the codifiers and erations are to be founded upon this ma- those who would establish uniform entry ture consideration of world-wide practice practice, in addition to many lesser points
2 284 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES of variance, each supported by long usage those who have union catalogs should en- and arguments worthy of consideration. deavor continually to improve and utilize Dr. Hanson's concluding statement all of their potential services, and that pointing out the latitude in details and the those contemplating installing new ones agreement in entry form essential to true should consider every angle carefully be- cooperation is worthy of profound con- fore deciding the scope and essential func- sideration by catalogers, administrators, tions of their tool. and teachers of cataloging whose tithing Ably discussed in four articles are the of mint and cumin too often has defeated questions: Shall the catalog, which in their own admirable purposes. many large institutions is fast outgrowing It is to be sincerely hoped that Dr. its quarters or taking on such gargantuan Hanson's remoter purpose, increasing har- proportions as to frighten the timid, un- mony of catalog practice throughout the initiated user, be divided into two or three world, may be served as well as the revi- parts? In the catalog divided into two sion of the American Rules. So modestly or three parts, is there not danger, due presented and so scholarly a contribution to the necessary duplication of many en- will surely invite the favorable considera- tries, of each part becoming in turn an tion of foreign bibliographers.—Jeannette unmanageable dictionary catalog? Shall Murphy Lynn, Vanderbilt University, the catalog be divided by dates? Shall it Nashville. be greatly simplified and kept together? That the day of reckoning has come for Catalogers' and Classifiers' Yearbook. No. the large catalog, and that its fate rests 8. American Library Association. with the future and individual institutions Catalog Section. American Library are the conclusions reached. Association, 1940. I52p. $2.25. The papers presented indicate within THOUGH THE articles included in the the ranks of catalogers a resourcefulness eighth Catalogers' and Classifiers' Year- and initiative which speaks well for the book are too numerous to mention individ- future. Far from being an unimaginative, ually, the sketch of Charles H. Hastings routine-minded group, the unenviable and his work in the Library of Congress reputation which catalogers have in the card division, and the two articles, one past held with some other branches of the by and one about the late Dorcas Fellows, library profession, they seem to be about to will be of particular interest. take on the characteristics of the ancient Two groups of articles, one on the ques- Athenians who "spent their time in noth- tion of union catalogs and one on the ing else, but either to tell, or to hear some division of the catalog, are particularly new thing." Concerning these "new timely. Are union catalogs really an- things," catalogers are showing not only swering a felt need; are there additional a willingness but an eagerness to make services which union catalogs should per- changes in routines which have become form ; are union catalogs demanding an stumbling blocks and to undertake any amount of effort in their mere physical task no matter how grueling the details, upkeep disproportionate to their value? so long as it will bear as its fruit a better These questions are discussed in two arti- service to the library public.—Frances L. cles, the general conclusion being that Yocom, Fisk University, Nashville.
JUNE, 1940 285 New Periodicals HE following titles of recently launc periodicals and annotations have been Tcontributed by Carolyn F. Ulrich, cl :f, periodicals division, New York Public Library.
Abraham Lincoln Quarterly. Pub- No.i, Oct. 1939. Quarterly. $1.50 a lished by the Abraham Lincoln Associ- year. ation, Springfield, 111. Vol.i, No.i, Mar. Current Biography; a cumulative monthly 1940. Quarterly. Supersedes the Bul- featuring national and international names letin of the Abraham Lincoln Associ- in the news of the day. Published by ation, first published in 1923. Price not the H. W. Wilson Company, 950 Uni- given. versity Ave., New York City. No.i, "Each number will contain some original docu- ment and news of interest to Lincoln students and Mar. 1940. Monthly. collectors. . . . The Abraham Lincoln Association Papers will be discontinued." Divulgacion Historica. Articulo 123, No. Advancement of Science. Published by the 86, Mexico, D.F. Vol.i, No.i, Nov. 15, British Association for the Advancement 1939. Monthly. $5 a year. of Science, Burlington House, London, Designed to present a dispassionate account of W.i. Vol.i, No.i, Oct. 1939. Quarterly. Mexican events and biographical sketches. 5s. an issue. Le Document; organe de la librairie d'his- Published in place of former annual volumes. The toire d'Haiti et des oeuvres de la pensee quarterly issue is intended to make a wide appeal to lay readers of scientific matter. Hai'tienne. 126 Rue Dr. Aubry, Port-au- American Imago; a psychoanalytic journal Prince, Haiti. Vol.i, No.i, Jan. 1940. for the arts and sciences. Publisher and Monthly. $1.50 a quarter. Managing Editor, Dr. Hanns Sachs, 168 Economic Outlook; a survey of current Marlborough St., Boston. Vol.i, No.i, economic facts from labor's point of view. Nov. 1939. Frequency and price not Published by the Congress of Industrial given. Organizations, Washington. Edited by "When the plan for this periodical was proposed Unemployment Division. Vol.i, No.i, to Professor Freud, he greeted it wholeheartedly and consented to become its editor . . ." Professor Jan. 1940. Monthly. Price not given. Sigmund Freud died before the first number of this magazine was issued. Educacion; revista para los maestros Vene- Boletin Bibliografico Mexicano: rasena men- zolanos editada por el Ministerio de sual de libros y folletos editados en Educacion Nacional. Published by Min- Mexico. Published by Instituto Panameri- isterio de Educacion Nacional. Direccion cano de Bibliografia y Documentacion, de Cultura, Caracas, Venezuela. No.i, Apartado Postal 8626, Mexico, D.F. Dec. 1939. Monthly (?). Price not Vol.i, No.i, Oct. 1939. Monthly. $2 given. a year. • Discussion of cultural arts designed for teachers. Mexican bibliography of publications arranged by Contains bibliographies. > subjects. Contains author and subject index. Educacion y Cultura; revista mensual. Book Life; published to encourage longer Abraham Gonzalez 14—Depto. 14, Mex- life for books. Published by the Library ico, D.F. Vol.i, No.i, Jan. 1940. Binding Institute, 501 Fifth Ave., New Monthly. 10 pesos a year. York City. Vol.i, No.i, Oct. 1939. Five Organ of study, research, and information. Con- times a year. Price not given. tains book reviews. China Exporter; a journal devoted to the Exchange; a magazine of the financial com- interests of China's export trade. P.O. munity. Published by the New York Box 678, Hankow Road, Shanghai. Vol.i, Stock Exchange, 11 Wall St., New York
2 286 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES City. Vol.i, No.i, Dec. 1939. Monthly. and other established writers as well as new talent. Book reviews. $1 a year. "This magazine is designed to present authorita- Illinois State Museum. Popular Science tive information of interest not only to the brokerage and financial industries, but also to the general pub- Series. Springfield, 111. Vol.i, No.i, lic." Jan. 1940. Bi-monthly. Price not given. Farm Science Reporter. Published by the Contains bibliography and index to each mono- graph. Excellent illustrations. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station and the Iowa Agricultural Extension Institution of Sanitary Engineers. Bulletin. Service, Agricultural Annex, Iowa State 118, Victoria St., Westminster, London, College, Ames. Vol.i, No.i, Jan. 1940. S.W. 1. No.i, Nov. 1939. Bi-monthly. Quarterly. Price not given. Price not given. Contains abstracts. Films; a quarterly of discussion and analy- sis. Published by the Kamin Publishers, Internationale Vraagstukken. Published by 15 W. 56th St., New York City. Vol.i, A. W. Sijthoff, Leiden, Holland. Vol.i, No.i, Nov. 1939. Quarterly. 60c a No.i, Jan. 1940. Bi-monthly. 5 guilders copy. a year. The best magazine that has appeared in America Magazine devoted to international questions. Con- in the field of films. It will discuss technically film tains book reviews. Supersedes De Volkenbond. problems, such as, documentary film, film music, photography, sound problems, educational research, film critic, film theater, methods of directing. Con- Journal of the History of Ideas. Arthur O. tributors are: Falk Sawyer, professor of drama, Lovejoy, ed. Associate editors from lead- Syracuse University; Edgar Dale, Bureau of Edu- cational Research, Ohio State University; Richard ing American colleges. Published by the Griffith, film critic; John Grierson, chairman of the Film Centre, London British documentary move- College of the City of New York, Con- ment; Kurt London, on the teaching staff of City vent Ave. and 139th St., New York City. College and Brooklyn College. Contains book re- views. Vol.i, No.i, Jan. 1940. Quarterly. $4 a year. Food for Thought. Published by the Cana- "The purposes: to foster studies which will empha- dian Association for Adult Education, 198 size the interrelations of several fields of historical study—the history of philosophy, of literature, and College St., Toronto, Ont. No.i, Jan. the arts, of the natural and social sciences, of re- 1940. Monthly, ioc a copy. ligion, and of political and social movements. . . . "To know, so far as may be known, the thoughts Issued to supply factual information on important that have been widely held among men on matters current problems. Each monthly issue will be de- of common human concernment, to determine how voted mainly to a single topic. these thoughts have arisen, combined, interacted with, or counteracted, one another, and how they have severally been related to the imagination and Free Europe; central and east European emotions and behavior of that branch of knowledge affairs. 11, Gower St., London, W.C. 1. which we call history, is a distinct and essential part of it, and its central and most vital part. . . . Contributors: Tancred Borenius, profes- "What's the matter with man?"—ARTHUR O. sor of the history of art, University of LOVEJOY, Vol. 1, No. 1. London; Robert Machray, writer on for- Key to Contemporary Affairs. Published eign affairs and author of Poland of by Contemporary Affairs, Inc., 548 W. Pilsudski; Basil Davidson, diplomatic cor- 114th St., New York City. Vol.i, No.i, respondent of the Star and Economist. Feb. 1940. Monthly. $3 a year. Vol.i, No.i, Nov. 15, 1939. Fortnightly. "Specializes in the presentation of documentary 13s. a year. sources and official news." Pocket-size. Pertinent in interest and promising in scope. Contains political cartoons, maps and book reviews. Mathematical Reviews. Sponsored by the Horizon; a review of literature and art. American Mathematical Society and the Cyril Connolly, ed. 6, Selwyn House, Mathematical Association of America. Landsdowne Terrace, London, W.C. 1. Published by the American Mathematical Vol.i, No.i, Jan. 1940. Monthly. 6s. 6d. Society, Prince and Lemon Sts., Lancas- for 6 months. ter, Pa. Vol.i, No.i, Jan. 1940. Monthly. $13 a year. Includes critical essays, poetry, and general dis- cussion of ideas. Shows quality in writing. Con- Bibliography arranged by subject, giving abstracts tributors include: W. H. Auden, Walter de la Mare, from mathematical publications, domestic and foreign. J. B. Priestley, Sir Hugh Walpole, Elizabeth Bowen, Contains author index.
JUNE, 1940 28.7 Mental Health. Published by the Central Princeton University Library Chronicle. Association for Mental Welfare, Child Published by the Friends of the Library, Guidance Council, National Council for Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. Mental Hygiene, 76-77 Chandos House, Vol.i, NO.I, Nov. 1939. Four times a Palmer St., London, S.W. 1. Vol.i, No.i, year. $2 a year. Jan. 1940. Monthly. 3s. 6d. a year. Includes section called "Biblia;" devoted to the interests of the Friends of Princeton Library which An editorial board has been formed consisting of was previously published separately. Distinctive representatives of each of the organizations. Con- format and illustrations. tains book reviews. Music Review. Geoffrey Sharp, ed. Pub- Quarterly Bulletin of Soviet-Russian lished by W. Heffer and Sons, Ltd., 3 and Economics. Translated from Russian. 4 Petty Cury, Cambridge, England. Vol.i, Professor S. N. Prokopovicz, Geneva, No.1, Feb. 1940. Four times a year. 16s. Switzerland, ed. NOS.I-2, Nov. 1939. 3 a year. fr. (Swiss) an issue. Aims at critical discussions of diverse musical subjects; of interest to the musician and the intelli- La Revista dels Catalans dAmerica. Apar- gent music lover. Contains reviews of music, books, important gramaphone records, and outstanding con- tado Postal 8626, Mexico, D.F. No.i, certs in London and elsewhere. Oct. 1939. Monthly. $2 m/m a year. (?) National Geographic Society. Contributed Exponent of Catalonian culture and mouthpiece of anti-fascist groups of the National Catalan Front. Technical Papers. Mexican Archaeology Contains book reviews. Series. 16th and M Sts., N.W., Wash- ington. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1940. Member- Scientific Tree Topics. Published by the ship. Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, Contains research material and bibliography. Well Stamford, Conn. Vol. 1, No.i, 1940. illustrated. Irregular. Price not given. Nespa Guide; a selective guide to signifi- cant reports and activities in the field of Vie Intellectuelle et la Revue des Jeunes. national planning. Published by National Serie de guerre. 29, boulevard La-Tour- Economic and Social Planning Association, Maubourg, Paris. Vol.i, No.i, Oct. 25, 1721 Eye St., N.W., Washington. Vol.i, 1939. Monthly. 100 fr. a year. No.i, Jan. 15, 1940. Monthly except This periodical was formed by consolidation of two titles, formerly issued separately, now called July and August. $2 a year. war series. Covers politics, religion, youth, and social questions, as well as literature and arts. "Includes digests and reviews of government re- Contains book reviews. ports, hearings, and studies; together with reports on activities and accomplishments in the field of planning—in short, information pertinent to the study West Virginia History. Published by State and development of economic policy." Reproduced from typewritten copy. Department of Archives and History, Charleston, W. Va. Vol.i, No.i, Oct. Philosophic Abstracts. Dagobert D. Runes, !939- Quarterly. $2 a year. ed. Published by the Association for Philosophic Research, 884 Riverside Drive, Wilberforce University Quarterly. Wilber- New York City. Vol.i, No.i, winter force, Ohio. Vol.i, No.i, Dec. 1939. 1939-40. Quarterly. $4 a year. $1 a year. Signed abstracts of books and serials arranged by country with separate list of periodical litera- "Purpose is to offer opportunities to the members ture. Contributing editors are scholars from the of the faculty at Wilberforce University and to all leading colleges and universities in America and other persons interested in the Negro to share such abroad including Professor Francisco Romero of of their mature philosophies and research works as Argentine, S.A., who will report on Latin American may prove useful and stimulating to the educational, philosophy and Professor Nakamura of Tokyo who economic, and social progress of the Negro." Con- will report on Japanese publications. tains book reviews.
2 288 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Some Recent Publications on Higher Education T N THE paragraphs that follow Clara Esther Derring and Carrie E. Meares of Teach- ers College Library, Columbia University, call attention to some of the most im- portant literature on higher education published in 1939 and 1940.
Bixler, Roy W. Institution-Faculty Rela- Butler, Nicholas Murray. Across the Busy tions in the College of Integrity. Bureau Years; Recollections and Reflections. of Publications, Teachers College, Co- Vol.i. Scribner, 1939. 45ip. $3.75. lumbia University, 1939. I78p. $2.25. In his memoirs Dr. Butler, president of Columbia University, writing of his activities and accomplish- The purpose of the study is "to discover, in se- ments as an educator and a liberal Republican, has lected areas, what kinds of institutional-faculty rela- presented a truly important contribution to the story tions tend to promote better institutional integrity of our times. He, himself, says: "In looking back and to build these into a basic program which would across the busy years it is plain that both their be useful for a college desiring to improve its own interest and whatever importance those years may be faculty relations." The following areas were se- thought to possess are due to the fact that they have lected for study: (1) recruiting of faculty personnel; been so largely occupied with ideas and policies of (2) intellectual freedom in the college; (3) salary, public moment. Every activity has been secondary tenure, and auxiliary services, including retirement and even incidental to the self-chosen task of plan- plans,_ insurance, housing, and health services; (4) ning and building, upon the foundations of historic the role of the faculty in the government of the Columbia College, a university in the fullest sense college; (5) stimulating faculty growth. of that word, which should respond not only to the highest ideals of the intellectual and spiritual life but to the insistent and many-sided needs of modern Bowman, Isaiah. The Graduate School in democratic society. That task, chosen with delibera- American Democracy. U. S. Government tion and adhered to persistently and stubbornly despite every possible temptation and allurement, Printing Office, Washington, 1939. 7op. both financial and political, has dominated these 15c. (U. S. Office of Education. Bulletin busy years from first to last." A second volume dealing with his interests in 1938, No.10) international affairs has been promised. A statement of "the function of the graduate school with reference to its relation to the nation's Butts, R. Freeman. The College Charts Its resources, both human and material." Course; Historical Conceptions and Cur- Branscomb, Harvey. Teaching with Books; rent Proposals. McGraw-Hill, 1939. a Study of College Libraries. Association 46ip. $3. of American Colleges, American Library Davis, Wayne. How to Choose a Junior Association, 1940. 239P. $2.50. College; a Directory for Students, Par- A study of the college library from the stand- point of its educational effectiveness, made for the ents, and Educators. Harper, 1939. 249P. Association of American Colleges. (See review, page 278.) $2.50. Over 200 private junior colleges are described. Buswell, Guy T. Remedial Reading at the Diehl, Harold S., and Shepard, Charles E. College and Adult Levels; an Experi- The Health of College Students. Ameri- mental Study. University of Chicago can Council on Education, Washington, Press, 1939. 72p. $1. (Supplementary 1939. 169P. $1.50. Educational Monographs, No.50) "The study reported in this monograph is con- This is a report prepared for the American Youth cerned entirely with the process of reading, which Commission and is based on a study of almost 5,000 obviously is only a part of the total problem of young people and 500 institutions of higher education. reading. The exclusion from consideration of such "The information derived is reported primarily for matters as materials of reading, purposes of reading, the purpose of assisting colleges to appraise their and sociological data relating to the types of readers own student health problems with the hope that the and kinds of material read carries no implication that administration and operation of health programs these factors are of less importance. Limiting the will profit from the implications of the study." problem is simply a recognition of the fact that, to be effective, any scientific study must be focal- Harvard University. Special Committee ized. . . . "The present study is concerned directly with the Appointed by the President. Report on possibility of improving a small group of factors basic to the reading process." Some Problems of Personnel in the Fac- 28.7 JUNE, 1940 ulty of Arts and Sciences. Harvard Uni- rectory, 1940. Part III, Colleges and versity Press, 1939. 165P. Apply. Universities, Including All Institutions of The report deals with questions of policy and Higher Education; Part IV, Educational procedure concerning tenure, promotion, and general status of the younger members of the teaching staff. Associations and Directories. U. S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, Inauguration of Rufus Carrollton Harris as 1940. ioc ea. (U. S. Office of Education. President of Tulane University and a Bulletin 1940, No.i, Part III and Part Series of Symposia on Current Trends in IV) University Education, January 16, 17, and 18, 1938. Tulane University, New Or- Warren, Constance. A New Design for leans, 1939. Apply. Women's Education. Stokes, 1940. 277P. $2. Knight, Edgar W. What College Presi- The president of Sarah Lawrence College de- dents Say. University of North Carolina scribes the newer educational methods which have Press, Chapel Hill, 1940. 377p. $3-50. been followed in that institution for ten years. Statements from addresses, reports, and writings Works, George A. and Morgan, Barton. of more than 200 presidents of higher institutions in the United States during the past seventy-five The Land-Grant Colleges. Prepared for years. the Advisory Committee on Education. McNeely, John H. Higher Educational In- U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash- stitutions in the Scheme of State Gov- ington, 1939. 141P. 25c. (U. S. Advisory ernment. U. S. Government Printing Committee on Education. Staff Study Office, Washington, 1939. io8p. 15c. No.io) (U. S. Office of Education. Bulletin 1939, This study "attempts to outline the main features of the land-grant institutions with particular refer- N0.3) ence to the relationships to them of the Federal This bulletin deals with the legal status of govern- Government and of the states in which they are lo- ing boards, the effect of state government reorganiza- cated."—Introduction. tion on governing boards, and general powers vested in state executive officials over governing boards. Bibliographies on Higher Education Miller, Alice D. and Myers, Susan. Bar- Good, H. G. "Higher Education." Review nard College; the First Fifty Years. Co- of Educational Research 9:347-51, 415-17, lumbia University Press, 1939. I94P- $2. Oct. 1939. A survey of recent publications on the history of National Society for the Study of Educa- higher education in America and a discussion of the tion. General Education in the American variety of types of studies in this field. There are 56 references, including books and periodicals. Other College. Public School Publishing Com- references on this subject are included in the bibliog- raphy on the history of education in the Review of pany, Bloomington, 111., 1939. 382p. $2.75. Educational Research, Oct. 1936. (Thirty-eighth Yearbook, Part II) McGrath, Earl J. "A Bibliography in Gen- Russell, John Dale, comp. and ed. The eral Education." Educational Record 21: Outlook for Higher Education. Univer- 96-118, Jan. 1940. sity of Chicago Press, 1939. 256p. $2. Four hundred and twenty-one selected references, (Institute for Administrative Officers of books and magazine articles, are classified as follows: general readings; issues involved; the content of Higher Institutions. Proceedings. Vol. general education; instructional methodology; the psychological basis; evaluating the results; student XI) personnel problems; the organization of general edu cation; experiments in general education; general Ryan, W. Carson. Studies in Early Gradu- education for the professions. ate Education. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, New York Russell, John Dale and Hayes, Dorothy S. City, 1939. (Bulletin N0.30) Apply. "Selected References on Higher Educa- This study covers the Johns Hopkins University, tion." School Review 47:775-84, Dec. Clark University, and the University of Chicago. 1939- Includes books and magazine articles published U. S. Office of Education. Educational Di- largely during the year July 1, 1938 to June 30, 1939.
2 290 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Readings in Business Administration ARIAN C. MANLEY, business branch librarian, Newark Public Library, supplies the M following annotated list of recent articles in the field of business administration which have marked application to libraries.
Bibliography benefits of an administrative research as- Amos Tuck School of Administration and sistant is of practical value. Finance. Reading List on Business Ad- Smith, George H. "Building the Junior ministration. Dartmouth College, 1939. Marketing Executive." Journal of 54P- 30c. Marketing 4:168-77, Oct. 1939. A faculty-selected, annotated list of As problems of developing administra- books useful to executives, prepared at the tive ability are pressing, the specific, request of the alumni. A well-balanced sympathetic, and progressive program here selection. outlined deserves attention.
Magazine Articles Books Dean, Joel. "Demand for Professional Heyel, Carl. Human Relations Manual Management Counsel." Journal of for Executives. McGraw-Hill, 1939. Business of the University of Chicago 253p. $2. 11:2i7-3i, July 1938. A stimulating, practical collection of An analysis of the different types of notes on getting along with people, de- management consultants, the services they veloping the working force, paying people, offer, the conditions that have made con- and other pressing executive problems. sultation advisable, and the groups in Free from cant and constructive in ap- which clients are found. proach.
Maledon, W. J. "Research in Retail Walker, S. H., and Sklar, Paul. Business Distribution: Its Methods and Prob- Finds Its Voice. Harper, 1938. 93p. lems." Journal of Marketing 4:238-48, $1.25. Jan. 1940. Discussion of some fundamental prob- Since many department problems in li- lems in putting public relations of business brary and retail store administration are on a sound basis, indicating many library similar, such a thoughtful discussion of the applications.
28.7 JUNE, 1940 Current Reference Aids
HIS checklist of 1939 reference books published in English has been compiled by Ta committee of which Frances Neel Cheney, Mabel L. Conat, Charles F. McCombs, James T. Rubey, Harold Russell, and Anne M. Smith are members and the under- signed is chairman. Undoubtedly, this first list has omissions. You are invited to call them to the com- mittee's attention for inclusion in subsequent issues. We will also welcome suggestions on the following points: 1. Continuations: Standard yearbooks have not been listed unless the 1939 issue contained fundamental changes. 2. Government publications: The committee proposes to canvass carefully for reference tools in 1940. Only a few 1939 items are here included. 3. Society publications: Much needs to be done with university and learned society pub- lications. These will be included during 1940. 4. Foreign language reference books: These will be listed in the next issue. 5. Ephemera: The committee invites the aid of reference workers. 6. Local reference aids: Reference librarians are invited to submit for listing any local bibliographies or reference tools developed.
Please address comments to the chairman at the Library School, George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, Tenn. Louis SHORES, Chairman
Abbott, Maude E. S., ed. Classified and American Painting Today; with an essay by Annotated Bibliography of Sir William Forges Watson. American Federation of Osier's publications (based on the chrono- Arts, Washington, 1939. I79P- $4.50. logical bibliography by Minnie W. Blogg) American Women; the Standard Biographi- Medical Museum, McGill University, cal Dictionary of Notable Women. V0I.3, Montreal, 1939. 163P. $2.25. 1939-40; Durward Howes, ed. Mary Agnew, Janet M., comp. A Southern Bibli- L. Braun, Rose Garvey, associate eds. ography; Fiction 1929-1938. Louisiana American, Los Angeles, 1939. 1083P. State University Library School, Baton $10. Rouge, La., 1939. 63P. 75c. (Louisiana Ash, Edward C. New Book of the Dog; State University Library School. Biblio- a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to graphical Series, No. 1) their history, pedigree, breeding, exhibit- Aircraft Calendar: an Authoritative Dic- ing points, ailments, etc. Macmillan, tionary of All Aeroplanes Currently Man- 1939- 534P- $5- ufactured in Every Country in the World; Attwater, Donald, ed. A Dictionary of the giving particulars of engines, construction, Popes, from Peter to Pius XII. Burns, and performance, together with numerous London, 1939. 343p. 10s. 6d. comments on design and history. Eric , comp. Names and Name Days. Sargent, ed. Appleton-Century, 1939. Burns, London, 1939. 124P. 5s. 144P. $2.50. Barnouw, Erik. Handbook of Radio Writ- Allen, Arthur A. The Golden Plover and ing; an Outline of Techniques and Mar- Other Birds . . . with seven color plates kets in Radio Writing in the United by George M. Sutton, and 240 photo- States. Little, 1939. 3o6p. $2.50. graphs. Comstock, Ithaca, N.Y., 1939. Bauer, Harry C., comp. Indexed Bibliog- 324P- $3- raphy of the Tennessee Valley Authority.
2 292 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES The Authority Library, Knoxville, Tenn., between Dec. 1, 1934 and Jan. I, 1939. I939- !5P- Gratis. (Mimeographed) National Association for Nursery Educa- Baumgartner, Leona. John Howard (1726- tion, Detroit, 1939. 64P. 40c. 1790), Hospital and Prison Reformer; a Breycha-Vauthier, Arthur C. von. Sources bibliography. Johns Hopkins University of Information; a handbook on the pub- Press, 1939. 79P- $1. lications of the League of Nations. Eng- Beadnell, Charles M. Dictionary of Scien- lish ed. Columbia University Press, tific Terms, as Used in the Various Sci- 1939. Ii8p. $1. ences. Chemical Publishing Co., New Brown, Karl, comp. American Library Di- York, 1939. 235P- $3- rectory, 1939. Bowker, 1939. 53ip. $13. Bennett, Harry. Standard Chemical and Burke, William J. The Literature of Slang. Technical Dictionary. Chemical Publish- New York Public Library, 1939. i8op. ing Co., New York, 1939. 638P. $10. $1.50. Besterman, Theodore. A World Bibliog- Carlen, Sister Mary, comp. A Guide to 'raphy of Bibliographies. Vol. 1, A-L. the Encyclicals of the Roman Pontiffs Printed for the author at the Oxford Uni- from Leo XIII to the Present Day (1878- versity Press, and published by him at 98 1937). Wilson, 1939. 247p. $2. Heath St., London, N.W. 3, 1939. Sub- Certain, Casper C., ed. Handbook of Eng- scription Vols.1-2, $50. lish for Boys and Girls, prepared by a Beutel, Frederick K. Bank Officer's Hand- committee of the National Conference on book of Commercial Banking Law. Lit- Research in English. Scott, Foresman, tle, 1939. 388p. $4. 1939. I28p. 60c. Bieber, Margarete. History of the Greek Chemical Formulary; a collection of valua- and Roman Theater. Princeton Univer- able, timely, practical commercial formu- sity Press, 1939. 465P. $7.50. lae and recipes for making thousands of Bitting, Katherine G. Gastronomic Bibli- products in many fields of industry. V0I.4. ography. A. W. Bitting, 1030 Green St., H. Bennett, ed.-in-chief. Chemical Pub- San Francisco, 1939. 7i8p. $8. lishing Co., New York, 1939. 638P. $6. Block, Andrew. The English Novel 1740- Coleman, Laurence V. The Museum in 1850; a catalog including prose romances, America, a Critical Study. American As- short stories, and translations of foreign sociation of Museums, Washington, 1939. fiction. Grafton, London, 1939. 367P. 3v. $7.50; to members, $6. 3s- Collins, Archie F. Simplified Household Book of Fishes; J. O. LaGorce, ed. with Mechanics; being a simple explanation of 443 color portraits, 102 biographies and how the mechanical and electrical equip- 162 photographs. National Geographic ment of your home is made, how it works, Society, Washington, 1939. 367P. $3.50. and how it is serviced. Appleton-Century, Book of the States, 1939-40. V0I.3; pub- 1939. 3I7P- $2.50. lished under the supervision of Public Commodity Year Book. 1939. Commodity Administration Service. Virginia S. Lan- Research Bureau, Inc., New York, 1939. ahan, ed. Council of State Governments, 6i6p. $7.50. 1313 E. 60th St., Chicago, 1939. 454P. Comstock, Anna B. Handbook of Nature- $3.50. Study. 24th ed. rev. Comstock, Ithaca, Booth, Bradford A., and Jones, C. E., comps. N.Y., 1939. 937p. $4. A Concordance of the Poetical Works of Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Lit- William Collins. University of California erature. Oxford, 1939. 567P. $2.50. Press, Berkeley, 1939. I26p. $1.25. Condit, Lester. A Pamphlet about Pam- Boswell, Peyton, Jr. Modern American phlets. University of Chicago Press, 1939. Painting. Dodd, 1939. 200p. $5. 104P. 75c. (Chicago University. Stud- Bradbury, Dorothy E., and Skeels, E. L., ies in Library Science) comps. Bibliography of Nursery Educa- Craven, Thomas, ed. A Treasury of Art tion; including references published Masterpieces, from the Renaissance to the 28.7 JUNE, 1940 Present Day. Simon and Schuster, 1939. Medvey; with a preface by Andre Vara- 59IP- $10. gnac. Mary Chamot, tr. Art Books Culver, Dorothy C., comp. Crime and Publications, New York, 1939. 23p. $4. Criminal Justice 1932-37. Wilson, 1939. (Hyperion Art Books) 400p. Service basis. Funk and Wagnalls Standard High School Davis, Wayne. How to Choose a Junior Dictionary. Frank H. Vizetelly and College; a directory for students, parents, Charles E. Funk, eds. Row Peterson, and educators. Harpers, 1939. 249P. 1939. ioo8p. $2.08. $2.50. Gardiner, Horace J. Happy Birthday to Deferrari, Roy J. ,Sister M. Inviolata Bar- You! Complete party programs for every ry, and McQuire, M. R. P. A Con- age, silhouette illustrations and poems by cordance of Ovid. Catholic University Katharine Haviland-Taylor. Lippincott, of America Press, Washington, 1939. 1939. I28p. $1. 2220p. $20. Gaul, John J. Reclamation 1902-1938; a Dent, Ellsworth C. The Audio-Visual supplemental bibliography. Denver Pub- Handbook. Society for Visual Education, lic Library, 1939. g8p. $1. (Regional Chicago, 1939. 21 ip. $1.50. Checklist N0.6) (Photoprinted) Depew, Arthur M., comp. Cokesbury Game Germany, Auswartiges Amt. German White Book. Cokesbury Press, Nashville, Tenn., Book; documents concerning the last phase 1939. 41 ip. $1.75. of the German-Polish crisis. German Dictionary of National Biography. Founded Library of Information, Room 1923, 17 in 1882 by George Smith; the concise dic- Battery Place, New York, C1939. 48p. tionary from the beginnings to 1930; being Gratis. Paper. an epitome of the main work and its sup- Goode, Gerald, ed. The Book of Ballets; plement to which is added an epitome of classic and modern; 31 colored illus. by the 20th century volumes covering 1901- Matisse, Picasso, Berard, etc.; 200 half- 1930. Oxford, 1939. 1456, 184P. $7. tone illus. Crown, 1939. 246P. $3. Downs, Robert B., ed. Guide for the De- Gore, Challis. How to Get a Job. Win- scription and Evaluation of Research Ma- ston, 1939. 134P. $1.50. terials. American Library Association, Graumont, Raoul, and Hansel, John. En- l939- 49P- 50c. (Mimeographed) cyclopedia of Knots and Fancy Rope Encyclopedia of Occult Sciences; introduc- Work. Cornell Maritime Press, New tion by M. C. Poinsot. McBride, 1939. York, 1939. 6i5p. $10. 496p. $3. Great Britain. Secretary of State. Docu- English, George L., comp. Descriptive List ments Concerning German-Polish Rela- of the New Minerals, 1892-1938. Mc- tions and the Outbreak of Hostilities Graw-Hill, 1939. 258p. $3. between Great Britain and Germany on Fahey, James C., comp. Ships and Aircraft September 3, 1939. British Library of of the U. S. Fleet, 1939. Herald-Nathan Information, 50 Rockefeller Plaza, New Press, New York, 1939. 47p. 50c. York. 30c. (Command Paper 6106) A Field Guide to the Birds; giving field Grismer, Raymond L., comp. A Reference marks of all species found east of the Index to 12,000 Spanish American Au- Rockies. Rev. and enl. by R. T. Peterson. thors; a guide to the literature of Span- Houghton Mifflin, 1939. i8op. $2.75. ish America. Wilson, 1939. I50p. $4.50. Forbush, Edward H. Natural History of (Inter-American Bibliographical and Li- the Birds of Eastern and Central North brary Association Publication Series 3, America; rev. and abr. with the addition Vol.i) of more than 100 species, by John B. May; Grose, Clyde L. A Select Bibliography of illus. in color by Louis A. Fuertes, Allen British History, 1660-1760. University of Brooks, and Roger T. Peterson. Hough- Chicago Press, 1939. 507p. $9. ton Mifflin, 1939. 554p. $4.95. Hamilton, William J. American Mammals; French Costumes, Designed by Lepage- their lives, habits, and economic relations.
2 294 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES McGraw-Hill, 1939- 434P- $3-75- culture. The Institute, Rome, 1939. Harvard University. Graduate School of 3iip. $1.25. Business Administration. Baker Library. Ireland, Norma O. and D. E. An Index Kress Library of Business and Economics. to Monologs and Dialogs. Faxon, 1939. Vanderblue Memorial Collection of I27p. $2.50. (Useful Reference Series. Smithiana; an essay by Charles J. Bul- N0.65) lock, and a catalogue of the collection pre- Jones, Silas P., ed. A List of French Prose sented to the Harvard business school by Fiction from 1700 to 1750; with a brief Homer B. Vanderblue, in memory of his introduction. Wilson, 1939. I50p. $3.50. father, Frank J. Vanderblue, and depos- Kaplan, Louis. Research Materials in the ited in the Kress library. Baker Library, Social Sciences; an annotated guide for Boston, 1939. 53p. Gratis. Paper. graduate students. University of Wis- (Publication No.i) consin Press, Madison, 1939. 36p. 60c. Harvey Cushing Society. A Bibliography Kurath, Hans and others. Handbook of of the Writings of Harvey Cushing; pre- the Linguistic Geography of New Eng- pared on the occasion of his seventieth land. Linguistic Atlas, Brown Univer- birthday, April 8, 1939. C. C. Thomas, sity, Providence, 1939. 240P. $5. Springfield, 111., 1939. io8p. $5. . Linguistic Atlas of New England. Henney, Keith, and Dudley, Beverly, eds. Linguistic Atlas, Brown University, Prov- Handbook of Photography. McGraw- idence, 1939. 3v. Vol.i in 2 pts. $60. Hill, 1939. 87ip. $7.50. Kurtz, Albert K., and Edgerton, H. A. Sta- Hiler, Hilaire and Meyer, comps. Bibli- tistical Dictionary of Terms and Symbols. ography of Costume. Helen G. Cushing, Wiley, 1939. I9ip. $2. ed., assisted by Adah V. Morris. Wilson, Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut, in collaboration 1939- 9np. Service basis. with Ruth S. Grannis and L. C. Wroth. Hill, Richard L., comp. A Bibliography Book in America; a history of the making, of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, from the selling, and the collecting of books in the U.S. Bowker, 1939. 453p. $6. Earliest Times to 1937. Oxford, To- Luquiens, Frederick B., comp. Spanish ronto, 1939. 2i3p. $6. American Literature in the Yale Univer- Horrabin, James F. An Atlas of Current sity Library; a bibliography. Yale Uni- Affairs. 5th ed. rev. Knopf, 1939. I49p. versity Press, 1939. 335p. $10. $1.50. McClelland, Ellwood H., comp. Review of Hughes, Rupert, comp. Music Lovers' En- Iron and Steel Literature for 1938; a cyclopedia. Completely rev. and newly classified list of the more important books, ed. by Deems Taylor and Russell Kerr. serials, and trade publications during the Garden City Publishing Company, 1939. year; with a few of earlier date not 877P- $1-98. previously announced. Carnegie Library, Hungarian Economic Yearbook. Gustav Pittsburgh, 1939. 2gp. Gratis. Gratz, ed. Vol.i. Grill, Budapest, 1939. Macmahon, Arthur W., and Millett, J. D. I76p. $3. Federal Administrators; a biographical ap- Hutchinson, Lois I. Standard Handbook proach to the problem of departmental for Secretaries. 2d ed. rev. McGraw- management. Columbia University Press, Hill, 1939. 6i6p. $2.95. 1939. 524P- $4-50. International Cyclopedia of Music and Macmillan, Dougald. Catalogue of the Musicians. Oscar Thompson, ed. G. W. Larpent Plays in the Huntington Library. Harris, associate ed. Dodd, 1939. 2237p. San Marino, Calif., 1939. 442p. $4.25. $12.50. (Huntington Library Lists, N0.4) International Institute of Agriculture, Magriel, Paul D., comp. A Bibliography of Rome. International Directory of Agri- Dancing; second cumulated supplement cultural Libraries and of Libraries 1936-38. Wilson, 1939. 62p. $1.15. Specialized in Subjects Related to Agri- Paper. 28.7 JUNE, 1940 Major, Mabel, Smith, R. W., and Pearce, $9.75. (Special library price for limited T. M. Southwest Heritage; a literary time only) history with bibliography. University of Naval Calendar: an authentic handbook of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1939. the navies of every nation, providing the i65p. $2. leading particulars of each vessel of fight- Mann, George C. Bibliography on Con- ing value, with the addition of full details sumer Education. Harper, 1939. 286p. concerning the auxiliary and supply ships $4. _ attached to each navy. E. C. Talbot- Mansion, Jean E., ed. Heath's Standard Booth, ed. Appleton-Century, 1939. 272p. French and English Dictionary. Harper, $2.50. 1939. Pt. I, $14; Pt. 2, $15.50. New Standard Encyclopedia of Art: archi- Marie, Joseph S. F. English, French, tecture, sculpture, painting, decorative Italian, and Spanish Medical Vocabulary arts; based on the work of Louis Horticq and Phrases. Blakiston, Philadelphia, and translated under the supervision of 1939- 358p. $3- J. Leroy Davidson and Phillipa Gerry; Mather, Kirtley F., and Mason, S. L. A with the assistance of the staff of the Source Book in Geology. McGraw-Hill, Index of Twentieth-Century Artists Col- 1939. 702P. $5. lege Art Association, N.Y. Garden City, Mawson, Christopher O. S., and Robson, N.Y., 1939. 2v. in 1. $3.95. J. W. The Complete Desk Book. Crow- New York (city). Municipal Reference Li- ell, 1939- 374P- $2.50. brary. New York Advancing; the result Medsger, Oliver P. Edible Wild Plants; of five years of progressive administration illus. with eight pen and ink drawings and in the city of New York, F. H. La 19 photographs. Macmillan, 1939. 323p. Guardia, mayor; together with an official $3.50. guide to the city of New York exhibit Menke, Frank G. Encyclopedia of Sports. building. Rebecca B. Rankin, ed. The Frank G. Menke, 235 E. 45th St., New Library, 2230 Municipal Bldg., New York, York, 1939. 319P. $2. Paper. 1939. 270p. 50c. Miller, Bruce, comp. Sources of Free and Newill, Mrs. Phyllis K. Good Food and Inexpensive Teaching Aids. The com- How to Cook It; a comprehensive modern piler, Box 222, Ontario, Calif., 1939. 77p. cookbook of practical, easily followed $1. Paper. recipes, with suggestions that help plan Moffett, M'ledge. When We Meet Socially, every meal. Steele Savage, illus. Apple- a Guidebook to Good Form in Social ton-Century, 1939. 555p. $2.50. Conventions. Prentice-Hall, 1939. 167P. O'Neill, Edward H. Biography by Ameri- $1.25. cans, 1658-1936, a Subject Bibliography. Mudge, Isadore. Reference Books of 1935- University of Pennsylvania Press, Phila- 37; an information supplement to Guide delphia, 1939. 465P. $4. to Reference Books. 6th ed. American Opdycke, John B. Don't Say It; a cyclo- Library Association, 1939. 69P. 90c. pedia of English use and abuse. Funk Paper. and Wagnalls, 1939. 85op. $5. Muenscher, Walter C. L. Poisonous Plants Palfrey, Thomas R., Fucilla, J. G., and of the United States. Macmillan, Holbrook, W. C., comps. A Bibliographi- 1939. 266p. $3.50. (Rural Science cal Guide to the Romance Languages and Series) Literature. Chandler's, Evanston, 111., National Council of Women of the United 1939. 82p. $2. States. Biblioteca Femina; assembled by Parsons, Wilfrid, comp. Early Catholic Grace Thompson Seton, chairman of let- Americana; a list of books and other ters of the National Council of Women works by Catholic authors in the United of the U.S., 1933-39- Chicago, 1939. States, 1729-1830. Macmillan, 1939. Gratis. (41 No.i) 282P. $10. National Law Library. Collier, 1939. 6v. Perrin, Porter G. An Index to English; a
2 296 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES handbook of current usage and style. Chemistry Section, Science-Technology Scott, Foresman, 1939. 68op. $1.50. Group of the Special Libraries Associa- Reynolds, Mary T. Interdepartmental tion. 2d ed., rev. by Betty Joy Cole. Committees in the National Administra- Special Libraries Association, 1939. 77p. tion. Columbia University Press, 1939. $2.50. J77P- $2.25. (Columbia University . National Financial Group. Hand- Studies in History, Economics, and Public book of Commercial and Financial Serv- Law, No.450) ices. Dorothy Avery, chairman of the Roberts, Arthur D. Guide to Technical revision committee. Special Libraries As- Literature. Grafton, London, 1939. sociation, 1939. 7op. $2. 28op. 15s. . San Francisco Bay Region Chapter. Rounds, Joseph B. Research Facilities of Union List of Serials of the San Fran- the International Labour Office Available cisco Bay Region. Stanford University to American Libraries. American Library Press, Stanford University, Calif., 1939. Association, 1939. 8op. 75c. 283p. $5- Royal Institute of International Affairs, Stedman, Thomas L., and Garber, S. T. London. South-eastern Europe, a Politi- Stedman's Practical Medical Dictionary. cal and Economic Survey; in collaboration 14th rev. ed. Williams and Wilkins, with the London and Cambridge economic *939- I3C>3P- $7." $7-50 with thumb in- service. The Institute, London, 1939. dex. 205p. 5s. Survey Graphic. Calling America; a special Rumball-Petre, Edwin A. R. Money for number of Survey Graphic on the chal- Old Bibles. Bibles of Yore, New York, lenge to democracy; foreword by Paul 1939. 14P. 25c. Kellogg, ed. Harper, 1939. I22p. $1. Schapiro, Waldemar. Russian-English, Eng- Sweet, Frederick A., comp. Handbook for lish-Russian Pocket Dictionary [Soviet Writers, Editors, and Typists; a universal orthograpy]. Crofts, New York, 1939. style book. Dutton, 1939. 189P. $1.50. 384P. $1.50. Tannenbaum, Samuel A. Robert Greene: Shores, Louis. Basic Reference Books; an a concise bibliography. Tannenbaum, introduction to the evaluation, study, and J939- 58p. $3.50. (Elizabethan Bibliog- use of reference materials with special raphies, No.8) emphasis on some 300 titles. American . Shakespeare's Macbeth: a concise Library Association, 1939. 472p. $4.25. bibliography. Tannenbaum, 1939. 165P. Shrader, James H. Food Control: Its $7. (Elizabethan Bibliographies, N0.9) Public-Health Aspects; a manual for . Thomas Heywood: a concise bibli- regulatory officers, food technologists, and ography [bound with: Thomas Dekker: a students of the food industry. Wiley, concise bibliography]. Tannenbaum, 1939, 1939. 5I3P. $4- 43, 46p. $4.50. (Elizabethan Bibliogra- Snell, Foster D., and Snell, C. T. Chemi- phies, Nos.6-7) cals of Commerce. Van Nostrand, 1939. Thompson, Oscar, ed. International Cyclo- 542P- $5- pedia of Music and Musicians. Dodd, Sobel, Bernard, ed. The Theatre Hand- Mead, 1939. 2287P. $12.50. book and Digest of Plays. Crown, 1939. Thonssen, Lester, Fatherson, Elizabeth, and goop. $3. Thonssen, Dorothea. Bibliography of Spargo," John W., comp. Bibliographical Speech Education. Wilson, 1939. 8oop. Manual for Students of the Language and Service basis. Literature of England and the United Thurston, Ada, and Buhler, C. F., comps. States; a short-title list. Packard, Chi- Check List of Fifteenth-Century Printing cago, 1939. igip. $1.75. in the Pierpont Morgan Library. Pier- Special Libraries Association. Chemistry pont Morgan Library, New York, 1939. Section. Union List of Scientific Periodi- 348p. $7.50. cals in the Chemical Libraries of the Time. Background for War; reprinted
JUNE, 1940 28.7 from recent issues of Time [May i-Aug. Watters, Garnette, and Courtis, S. A. A 14, 1933]. 30p. Gratis. Picture Dictionary for Children; a first Tobin, James E. Eighteenth-Century Eng- guide to the meanings, spellings, and use lish Literature and its Cultural Back- of words and a fascinating introduction ground; a bibliography. Fordham to the adventure of building a vocabulary. University Press, New York, 1939. igop. Grossett and Dunlap, 1939. 478p. $1. $2. Wheeler-Holohan, Vincent, ed. Flags of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Scien- the World, Past and Present, Their Story tific Publishing Institute of Pictorial Sta- and Associations, rev. and illus. F. tistics. U.S.S.R.: an album illustrating Warne, New York, 1939. 245P. $3.50. the state organization and national econ- Who's Who among Women Lawyers, 1939. omy of the U.S.S.R. [No place, publisher Fiona Hale Cook, ed.; foreword by Flor- or date] 140P. ence E. Allen. The author, 60 State St., U. S. Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. Index Boston, 1939. I27p. $3. of Publications of the Bureau of Chemis- Williams, Franklin B. Elizabethan Eng- try and Soils. ... 75 years—1826-1937, land. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Vol.i, prepared by H. P. Holman, V. A. 1939. Ltd. ed. 32p. 41 plates. $5. Pease, K. Smith, M. T. Reid, A. Cregassa, (Museum Extension Publications. Re- under the direction of W. W. Skinner, constructing the Past; Illustrative Set assistant chief, Bureau of Chemistry and No.i) Paper in portfolio. Soils. The Bureau, Washington, 1939. Woellner, Robert C., and Wood, M. A. 546p. Requirements for Certification of Teach- U. S. Office of Government Reports. United ers and Administrators for Elementary States Government Manual, October, Schools, Secondary Schools, Junior Col- J939- Charts. Office of Government Re- leges. 4th ed. University of Chicago ports, 1939. 55op. Annual subscription, Press, 1939. n.p. $2. 3 eds. Cloth, $3.50; single ed., $1.25; The World Over: 1938; a chronological and paper, $2; single ed., 75c. interpretive survey of the year of tension. Volume Library; an encyclopedia of prac- Harrison-Hilton Books, New York, 1939. tical and cultural information, brief, con- 59op. $4. cise, clear, topically arranged for ready Wright, Lyle H., comp. American Fiction, reference and home study, now completely 1774-1850; a contribution toward a bibli- rewritten and rev., modernized and en- ography. Huntington Library, San larged. 25th ed. Educators Association, Marino, Calif., 1939. 246P. $3.50. New York, 1939. 2422P. $11.75. (Huntington Library Publications) Walsh, Thomas, ed. Catholic Anthology: Wurzburg, Dorothy A., comp. East, West, the world's great Catholic poetry. Mac- North and South in Children's Books; an millan, 1939. 584P. $1.69. annotated regional bibliography for use Walter, Frank K. Periodicals for Small in grade and junior high schools. Faxon, and Medium-sized Libraries. American 1939- I58p. $2.50. (Useful Reference Library Association, 1939. 93p. 75c. Series N0.64)
2 298 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Special Assistants to A.C.R.L. Publications Committee
1. News from the Field—Willard P. Lewis, Librarian, Pennsylvania State College Library, State College
2. Reviewing, abstracting and indexing literature of interest to A.C.R.L. membership:
Library Literature—Marian Shaw, Editor, Library Literature, H. W. Wilson Co., New York City; Jens Nyholm, Assistant Librarian, University of California Library, Berkeley
Educational Literature—Clara Esther Derring, Reference Librarian, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City. Carrie E. Meares, Assistant to Library Consultant, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City
New Periodicals—Carolyn F. Ulrich, Chief, Periodicals Division, New York Public Library
In Public and Personnel Administration—Lucile L. Keck, Librarian, Joint Refer- ence Library, Chicago
In Business Administration—Marian C. Manley, Librarian, Business Branch, Pub- lic Library, Newark
3. Review—Research and Experimentation
G. Flint Purdy, Librarian, Wayne University Library, Detroit
4. Review—Reference Aids
Louis Shores, Director, Library School, George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, Tenn. Chairman of Subcommittee on Reference Aids
Frances Neel Cheney, Reference Librarian, Vanderbilt University Library. Secre- tary to the subcommittee
Mabel L. Conat, Reference Librarian, Detroit Public Library
Louis Kaplan, Reference Librarian, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Charles F. McCombs, Superintendent of the Main Reading Room, New York Public Library
James T. Rubey, Assistant Professor, Simmons College School of Library Science, Boston
Harold Russell, Reference Librarian, University of Minnesota Library, Minneapolis
Anne M. Smith, Reference Librarian, University of British Columbia Library, Van- couver, B.C., Canada Nominees for A.C.R.L. Officers 1940-41 General Association Nominations are for the following terms: president, one year; treasurer, three years; director, three years. President: Robert B. Downs, Director of Libraries, New York University, New York, N.Y. Treasurer: (Elect one) Harold W. Hayden, Librarian, Carnegie Library, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa. Constance M. Winchell, Assistant Reference Librarian, Columbia University Library, New York, N.Y. Director: (Elect one) Etheldred Abbot, Librarian, Ryerson Library, Art Institute, Chicago, 111. Charles V. Park, Librarian, Central State Teachers College Library, Mt. Pleasant, Mich. Subsections Nominations are for the following terms: chairman, one year; secretary, one year; director, three years. College Libraries Subsection Chairman: Robert E. Stauffer, Librarian, Mount Union College Library, Alliance, Ohio. Secretary: Mary Helen James, Librarian, Western College Library, Oxford, Ohio. Director: Fina C. Ott, Librarian, Alma College Library, Alma, Mich. Junior College Libraries Subsection Chairman: Gladys C. Johnson, Librarian, Montague Library, Mars Hill College, Mars Hill, N.C. Secretary: Maysel O'H. Baker, Librarian, LaSalle-Peru Township High School and Junior College Library, La Salle, 111. Reference Librarians Subsection Chairman: Sarah H. Griffiths, Reference Librarian, Public Library, Bridgeport, Conn. Secretary: Ruth A. Hubbell, Reference Librarian, Georgetown Branch, Public Li- brary of the District of Columbia, Washington, D.C. Director: Augustus H. Shearer, Librarian, Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N.Y. Subsection for Libraries of Teacher-Training Institutions Chairman: Daisy L. Anderson, Librarian, State Teachers College Library, East Rad- ford, Va. Secretary: Marguerite Robinson, Librarian, State Normal School Library, Cortland, N.Y." University Libraries Subsection Chairman: Earl N. Manchester, Librarian, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Secretary: Dorothy Hale Litchfield, Research Assistant to the Director of Libraries, Columbia University, New York, N.Y.