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Thèse De Doctorat Université de Lorraine École doctorale Sciences et Ingénierie des Ressources Naturelles Laboratoire GeoRessources Laboratoire d’Excellence « Ressources21 » THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Présentée et soutenue publiquement pour l’obtention du titre de Docteur de l’Université de Lorraine en « Géosciences » ___________________________________________________________________________ Mining risk assessment at the territory scale: development of a tool tested on the example of gold mining in French Guiana L’analyse des risques des projets miniers à l’échelle territoriale : développement d’un outil d’aide à la décision testé sur le cas de l’exploitation aurifère en Guyane française par Ottone SCAMMACCA soutenue le 3 décembre 2020 ______________________________________________ Devant le jury composé de : Claire CÔTE Associate Professor, University of Queensland (SMI) Rapportrice Franck MARLE Professeur, CentraleSupélec (LGI) Rapporteur Anne-Sylvie ANDRÉ- MAYER Professeure, Université de Lorraine (GeoRessources) Examinatrice Jean-Louis MOREL Professeur émérite, Université de Lorraine (LSE) Examinateur Nicolas ROLLO Maître de conférences, Université de Nantes (LETG) Examinateur Magali ROSSI Maître de conférences, Université Savoie Mont Blanc (Edytem) Examinatrice Sylvain CAURLA Ingénieur de recherche, INRAE Nancy - AgroParisTech (BETA) Invité Yann GUNZBURGER Professeur, Université de Lorraine (GeoRessources) Directeur de thèse Rasool MEHDIZADEH Maître de conférences, Université de Lorraine (GeoRessources) Co-directeur de thèse Laboratoire Georessources (UMR 7359), Université ́ de Lorraine, Campus ARTEM, 92 rue du Sergent Blandan, Nancy 54000 II Institutional acknowledgments This thesis (2017-2020) has been realized entirely at the laboratory GeoRessources (UMR7359), Université de Lorraine – CNRS (http://georessources.univ-lorraine.fr ). The work was funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) through the national program “Investissements d'avenir” (ANR-10-LABX-21–01/LABEX RESSOURCES21) and the Laboratoire d’Excellence (LabEx) Ressources 21 (https://ressources21.univ-lorraine.fr ). III Remerciements Et voilà, trois ans écoulés à la fois rapides comme des éclairs et lents comme une tortue fatiguée. Le temps d’une thèse ! Le temps, quand même, de vraiment beaucoup de choses, beaucoup d’émotions, beaucoup d’amis et de connaissances, vieilles et nouvelles, beaucoup d’expériences, en solo ou en compagnie, beaucoup de « dernières lignes droites », beaucoup de tout ! Et c’est vrai que, comme tout, la thèse est une expérience de vie qui aide un peu à la connaissance de soi…On devient tellement habitués à remettre tout en question et tout analyser pendant trois ans, jour par jour, qu’on risque de faire pareil avec nous-mêmes, et plonger dans des abysses débordants de réflexions et pensées. Ces années ont été extrêmement enrichissantes sur plusieurs aspects, me permettant de chercher mais aussi découvrir et de me découvrir. J’ai eu la chance de travailler sur un sujet très large et foisonnant qui m’a lié à la Guyane d’une façon inattendue et extrêmement forte. Mais tout ce bagage infini d’expériences et de vécu, je le dois à toutes les personnes rencontrées. L’être humain est comme une éponge qui, tout en faisant épreuve d’un certain esprit critique, absorbe et se façonne du vécu, du bien et du mal de tous ceux qui croisent ou partagent une partie de son chemin. C’est pour cette raison que je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes rencontrées au fil de ces trois ans qui m’ont toutes donné des grandes ou petits briques pour continuer à me construire. Je n’ai pas réussi, cause temps et émotions, à le faire à la fin de ma soutenance et alors je vais essayer de vous remercier un/e par un/e ici. Car cette thèse n’est pas à moi mais à tous ceux qui m’ont permis d’y arriver. (Et vive les longs pavés!). Tout d’abord, merci à Claire Côte, Frank Marle, Jean-Louis Morel, Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer, Nicolas Rollo, Magali Rossi et Sylvain Caurla d’avoir pris part à l’évaluation de ces trois ans de travail. Merci d’avoir pris le temps de me lire et de m’écouter, en espérant avoir répondu à toutes vos attentes. Merci à toutes les personnes qui ont suivi, contribué et supporté le travail de ces trois ans, notamment en Guyane. Merci à la Collectivité Territoriale de la Guyane, en particulier au Pôle Technique et Minier, avec Thibaut Brouard et Mathieu Champion. Merci beaucoup pour votre présence continue pendant l’entièreté de la thèse, pour votre aide et le support. Je chéris énormément notre mission sur le terrain avec Pascal (merci beaucoup Pascal !). Merci aussi à Marie Chaix, Loïc Buzaré et Bénédicte Maximin. Merci beaucoup à l’Office National des Forêts, en particulier à Alain Coppel, Alexandre David, Clément Coignard, Olivier Brunaux et Jean-Luc Sibille. Merci à l’Office de l’Eau et en particulier à Marjorie Gallay. Merci de toute ton aide, tes conseils et ton support. Merci à Damien Brélivet et à l’Agence Régionale de Santé pour la très grande disponibilité à plusieurs reprises. Merci à l’Université de Guyane, Marianne Palisse et à la Licence VALORESS. IV J’ai été honoré de pouvoir présenter mes travaux pendant une séance de cours (Arnauld, tu seras remercié plus tard..quand même !). Merci au BRGM, en particulier à Marine Cabidoche et Laure Verneyre. Merci aussi à la DEAL, à Guy Faoucher et Adrien Ortelli pour le temps accordé et les discussions passionnantes. Merci à Rémi Galin et Diana Guillon pour les nombreux échanges eus et pour votre temps. Merci à Julien Cambou et Denis Lenganey du Parc Amazonien de Guyane. Un grand merci aussi à Gustave Marceillon, Remy Aubert, Karyn Cunico-Leal, Sophie Merlindun, Mouna Zayer du Service Urbanisme de la Mairie de Mana : votre aide et support ont été fondamentaux pour nous. Merci à Juliette Guirado pour sa gentillesse et pour le court échange téléphonique. Merci à Jules Queguiner de la Mairie de Saint Laurent du Maroni pour les informations concernant les PLU de la commune. Merci beaucoup à l’IRD, à Michel Brossard et à Stéphane Calmant pour votre intérêt dans mes recherches. Merci à Philippe Poggi de la DRRT Guyane, Didier Lemoine, Sébastien Linarès et Damien Ripert de la Préfecture pour le temps accordé et les belles discussions eues. Merci aussi beaucoup à Martial Tombu, à Antoine Gardel du CNRS et Laurent Kelle de WWF France pour leur disponibilité. Merci à la Fédération Guyane Nature Environnement, à la disponibilité de certains membres du collectif Or de Question rencontrés pendant ces trois ans, merci à Marie Fleury, Michel Dubouillé et Marine Calmet. Merci à Jeunesse Autochtone de Guyane et à Christophe Pierre pour les quelques échanges eus. Un très grand merci à Alexandre Cailleau et à la Compagnie Minière Espérance-Société Minière Saint-Elie. Merci beaucoup pour l’accueil, la visite des sites mais surtout merci pour tous les conseils, les échanges et la bienveillance à mon égard au long de ces trois ans. Un grand bonjour à Nico et à sa femme (ses plats..ohlala, j’en rêve encore !). Merci à Didier Tamagno et Pierre Gibert de nous avoir accueilli sur leur site de Dieu Merci et de nous avoir fourni des nombreuses informations essentielles pour bien mener notre travail et de leur grande disponibilité. Merci beaucoup à Pascal et à la Société Al Maktoum de m’avoir permis de visiter leur site alluvionnaire : ça a été une journée inoubliable pour moi, couronnée par une superbe soirée-diner en compagnie ! Merci à Remi Pernod et Robin Tschofenr de Amazon Gold de nous avoir accueilli sur leur site pendant toute la journée et des informations transmises. Merci beaucoup à Elodie et Julie Brunstein pour la grande disponibilité et pour leur travail extrêmement important que vous réalisez. Merci à Pierre Rostan pour tous nos échanges et pour vos éclairages extrêmement intéressants sur la gestion des résidus et la construction de digues et de barranques. Merci à Philippe Matheus de la Compagnie Minière Boulanger pour sa disponibilité. Merci aussi à Monique Raymond de Iamgold et à Alex Guez, Pierre Paris, Jean-François Orru, Chantal Roy et Marie-Françoise Bahloul de la Compagnie Minière Montagne d’Or pour la très grande disponibilité et l’opportunité de pouvoir échanger avec vous. Je souhaite remercier beaucoup aussi les membres de mon comité de suivi. Arnauld, merci beaucoup pour ton amitié, pour toutes nos discussions sur plein de sujets variés, nos quelques petits verres à Cayenne, ton aide et ton support sur beaucoup d’aspects liés à la thèse et pas V que ! Je crois et j’espère que nous aurons l’occasion de continuer à rester liés entre la Métropole, La Guyane mais aussi Rome, que je sais tu chéris (au moins) un tout petit peu ! Michel, merci beaucoup de ta présence et des apports, des idées stimulantes que tu as pu apporter et sur lesquelles nous avons pu réfléchir, discuter et échanger ou se critiquer. Merci aussi pour la richesse des sujets variés (macrocosme !), la gentillesse et grande disponibilité que t’as pu avoir toujours à mon égard. Jean-Alain, je suis très content de t’avoir eu dans le comité et je chéris beaucoup aussi notre petit séjour canadien. Tu passeras le bonjour à ton fils de ma part aussi ! Merci beaucoup pour tout ! À vous tous je tiens à faire mes plus grands remerciements pour m’avoir permis de faire ce travail que j’espère réponde à toutes vos attentes ! En tout cas, il y a des très nombreuses personnes qui ne se sont pas sauvées de moi autant que vous. Ce doctorat s’est fait grâce à mes encadrants, Yann et Rasool avec lesquels on a appris à se connaitre le long de ces trois ans. Ça n’a pas été toujours facile, en plus cette dernière année de distances, quarantaines et confinements est bien particulière. Néanmoins, ils ont pu m’accompagner, me guider, se confronter à mon entêtement (et moi a leurs), entre un verre au bar et un dans l’avion.
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