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An Introduction to the Bofedales of the Peruvian High Andes
An introduction to the bofedales of the Peruvian High Andes M.S. Maldonado Fonkén International Mire Conservation Group, Lima, Peru _______________________________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY In Peru, the term “bofedales” is used to describe areas of wetland vegetation that may have underlying peat layers. These areas are a key resource for traditional land management at high altitude. Because they retain water in the upper basins of the cordillera, they are important sources of water and forage for domesticated livestock as well as biodiversity hotspots. This article is based on more than six years’ work on bofedales in several regions of Peru. The concept of bofedal is introduced, the typical plant communities are identified and the associated wild mammals, birds and amphibians are described. Also, the most recent studies of peat and carbon storage in bofedales are reviewed. Traditional land use since prehispanic times has involved the management of water and livestock, both of which are essential for maintenance of these ecosystems. The status of bofedales in Peruvian legislation and their representation in natural protected areas and Ramsar sites is outlined. Finally, the main threats to their conservation (overgrazing, peat extraction, mining and development of infrastructure) are identified. KEY WORDS: cushion bog, high-altitude peat; land management; Peru; tropical peatland; wetland _______________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION organic soil or peat and a year-round green appearance which contrasts with the yellow of the The Tropical Andes Cordillera has a complex drier land that surrounds them. This contrast is geography and varied climatic conditions, which especially striking in the xerophytic puna. Bofedales support an enormous heterogeneity of ecosystems are also called “oconales” in several parts of the and high biodiversity (Sagástegui et al. -
Huayhuash Circuit (14 Days)
Huayhuash Circuit (14 days) The spectacular Huayhuash range is the setting for this demanding 14-day (190 km) circuit, during which altitudes range from 3,250m to 5,000m. This clockwise circuit takes us over 9 passes between 4,650m and 5,000m, & boasts numerous panoramas of sheer, towering snow peaks. It also allows the option to ascend the non-technical, but physically challenging, Diablo Mudo snow peak (5,350m). Day 1 From Huaraz we drive S past the southern Cordillera Blanca peaks. The Huayhuash first appears as we approach Chiquian. We follow a country road through cactus-and-scrub to Llamac village, where we camp (3,250m). For most of the next 13 days we walk and camp at altitudes in excess of 4,000m. Day 2 From Llamac - one of 2 villages encountered - we climb S high above the valley, reach a col at 3,900m & head E, traversing through quenual forest high above the Achin river. Superb panorama with Rondoy (5,870m), Jirishanka (6,094m) and Yerupaja (6,634m, the second highest peak in Peru). Finally reach camp at Lake Jahuacocha (4,050m). Day 3 The landscape is dominated by the sheer snow peaks of the Cordillera. We head towards the glaciers, climbing N towards Sambunya pass (4,750m). The views get better as we ascend. We descend Quebrada Rondoy, enter the Cuncush valley and ascend gently to our camp at Matacancha (4,150m). Day 4 Climb to Cacanampunta pass (4,700m) & descend the eastern slopes of the continental divide. Soon get first awesome views of the E faces of the northern summits. -
476 the AMERICAN ALPINE JOURNAL Glaciers That Our Access Was Finally Made Through the Mountain Rampart
476 THE AMERICAN ALPINE JOURNAL glaciers that our access was finally made through the mountain rampart. One group operated there and climbed some of the high-grade towers by stylish and demanding routes, while the other group climbed from a hid- den loch, ringed by attractive peaks, north of the valley and intermingled with the mountains visited by the 1971 St. Andrews expedition (A.A.J., 1972. 18: 1, p. 156). At the halfway stage we regrouped for new objec- tives in the side valleys close to Base Camp, while for the final efforts we placed another party by canoe amongst the most easterly of the smooth and sheer pinnacles of the “Land of the Towers,” while another canoe party voyaged east to climb on the islands of Pamiagdluk and Quvernit. Weather conditions were excellent throughout the summer: most climbs were done on windless and sunny days and bivouacs were seldom contem- plated by the parties abseiling down in the night gloom. Two mountains may illustrate the nature of the routes: Angiartarfik (1845 meters or 6053 feet; Grade III), a complex massive peak above Base Camp, was ascended by front-pointing in crampons up 2300 feet of frozen high-angled snow and then descended on the same slope in soft thawing slush: this, the easiest route on the peak, became impracticable by mid-July when the snow melted off to expose a crevassed slope of green ice; Twin Pillars of Pamiagdluk (1373 meters or 4505 feet; Grade V), a welded pair of abrupt pinnacles comprising the highest peak on this island, was climbed in a three-day sortie by traversing on to its steep slabby east wall and following a thin 300-metre line to the summit crest. -
Landsat TM and ETM+ Derived Snowline Altitudes in the Cordillera Huayhuash and Cordillera Raura, Peru, 1986–2005
The Cryosphere, 5, 419–430, 2011 www.the-cryosphere.net/5/419/2011/ The Cryosphere doi:10.5194/tc-5-419-2011 © Author(s) 2011. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Landsat TM and ETM+ derived snowline altitudes in the Cordillera Huayhuash and Cordillera Raura, Peru, 1986–2005 E. M. McFadden1,*,**, J. Ramage1, and D. T. Rodbell2 1Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, 1 West Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA 2Geology Department, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA *now at: Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, 1090 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA **now at: School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 275 Mendenhall Laboratory, 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Received: 13 August 2010 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 6 October 2010 Revised: 10 March 2011 – Accepted: 4 May 2011 – Published: 23 May 2011 Abstract. The Cordilleras Huayhuash and Raura are remote and better-known Cordillera Blanca, and has 117 glaciers glacierized ranges in the Andes Mountains of Peru. A robust covering ∼85 km2 (Morales Arnao, 2001). Peaks are typ- assessment of modern glacier change is important for under- ically over 6000 m a.s.l., with the highest peak recorded at standing how regional change affects Andean communities, 6617 m a.s.l. (Nevado Yerupaja).´ The Cordillera Raura, lo- and for placing paleo-glaciers in a context relative to mod- cated to the southeast of the Cordillera Huayhuash, has ern glaciation and climate. Snowline altitudes (SLAs) de- a slightly smaller (55 km2) glacier area (Morales Arnao, rived from satellite imagery are used as a proxy for modern 2001). -
Folleto Inglés (1.995Mb)
Impressive trails Trekking in Áncash Trekking trails in Santa Cruz © J. Vallejo / PROMPERÚ Trekking trails in Áncash Áncash Capital: Huaraz Temperature Max.: 27 ºC Min.: 7 ºC Highest elevation Max.: 3090 meters Three ideal trekking trails: 1. HUAYHUASH MOUNTAIN RANGE RESERVED AREA Circuit: The Huayhuash Mountain Range 2. HUASCARÁN NATIONAL PARK SOUTH AND HUARAZ Circuit: Olleros-Chavín Circuit: Day treks from Huaraz Circuit: Quillcayhuanca-Cójup 3. HUASCARÁN NATIONAL PARK NORTH Circuit: Llanganuco-Santa Cruz Circuit: Los Cedros-Alpamayo HUAYHUASH MOUNTAIN RANGE RESERVED AREA Circuit: Huayhuash Mountain Range (2-12 days) 45 km from Chiquián to Llámac to the start of the trek (1 hr. 45 min. by car). This trail is regarded one of the most spectacular in the world. It is very popular among mountaineering enthusiasts, since six of its many summits exceed 6000 meters in elevation. Mount Yerupajá (6634 meters) is one such example: it is the country’s second highest peak. Several trails which vary in length between 45 and 180 kilometers are available, with hiking times from as few as two days to as many as twelve. The options include: • Circle the mountain range: (Llámac-Pocpa-Queropalca Quishuarcancha-Túpac Amaru-Uramaza-Huayllapa-Pacllón): 180 km (10-12 days). • Llámac-Jahuacocha: 28 km (2-3 days). Most hikers begin in Llámac or Matacancha. Diverse landscapes of singular beauty are clearly visible along the treks: dozens of rivers; a great variety of flora and fauna; turquoise colored lagoons, such as Jahuacocha, Mitucocha, Carhuacocha, and Viconga, and; the spectacular snow caps of Rondoy (5870 m), Jirishanca (6094 m), Siulá (6344 m), and Diablo Mudo (5223 m). -
Mapping the Cordillera Huayhuash Digital Alpine Cartography with Imperfect Data
Mapping the Cordillera Huayhuash Digital Alpine Cartography with Imperfect Data Martin Gamache Digital Cartographer Alpine Mapping Guild 1 Kenney St #2, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 USA [email protected] www.alpinemapguild.com This paper will examine the issues involved in creating a topographic map for an audience of recreationists (climbers, trekkers, and hikers) for a remote mountain area of Peru. The Cordillera Huayhuash, a sub range of the Cordillera Occidental of the Peruvian Andes, is a compact but impressive massif located a few kilometers south of the better known Cordillera Blanca. Like its sister range it was initially surveyed and mapped in the 30’s by an Österreichischen Alpenverein (Alpenvereinskarte/ D.O.A.V.) party. Since then the range has been remapped by the Peruvian I.G.N. at 1:100,000 scale. The two map sheets covering the range while useful do not meet the requirements of climbers and hikers. Unlike the D.O.A.V. sheets (Cordillera Blanca North and South) covering the Cordillera Blanca which are in the process of being updated and reissued, it may be years before the Cordillera Huayhuash sheet is revised by the prestigious European group. Other recreational maps also fail to meet the needs of this special group of users. In the fall of 1999 the Alpine Mapping Guild obtained digital topographic data to the Cordillera Huayhuash and has been preparing a shaded relief topographic map of the range. Initial quality control verification work was done in the field during the 2000 climbing season by the AMG. A first edition of the map is planned for release in late spring of 2002.This paper reviews previously available maps to the areas and how the AMG map improves upon this work to serve its audience’s special needs. -
The Ascent of Rondoy
106 THE ASCENT OF RONDOY THE ASCENT OF RONDOY1 BY DAVID WALL. (Four illustrations: nos. 38-4I) HE London School of Economics Mountaineering Club sent an expedition to the Cordillera de Raura in Peru in 1961. The leader of that successful expedition Peter Bebbington later went on a reconnaissance of the Cordillera Huayhuash. He was impressed by everything he saw there, especially by Rondoy, which he knew had defeated Walter Bonatti earlier that year. He arrived back in England in May, 1962, after working for Griffiths of the Peruvian Times as do most expedition leaders in Peru, it seems. He arrived back to discover that Dave Condict and I, both at L.S.E., were planning an expedition. We had been unable to go out in '61 and were hoping to make up for it in '63. We had nowhere particular in mind and Pete found it easy to persuade us to adopt Rondoy as our objective. By Christmas, 1962, we had three more members Graham Sadler and Charles Powell they also had wanted to go out in '61 but had somehow not managed it and Vic Walsh. While Pete was in Lima working for the Peruvian Times, he met the advance party of the New Zealand 1962 Andean Expedition; this consisted of Vic Walsh and Pete Farrell. 2 After that expedition Vic came to London his home town to work in Fleet Street, we were all able to meet him, and on Pete's suggestion invited him to join us. Vic's inclusion greatly increased the strength of the expedition, and the Mount Everest Foundation agreed to ~upport us. -
A Survey of Andean Ascents 1961-1970
ML A Survey of Andean Ascents 1961-1970 A Survey of Andean Ascents: 1961~1970 Part I. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. EVELIO ECHEVARR~A -,!!.-N the years 1962 and 1963, the American A/pine Journal published “A survey of Andean ascents”. It included climbs dating back to the activity deployed by the Andean In- dians in the early 1400’s to the year 1960 inclusive. This present survey attempts to continue the former by covering all traceable Andean ascents that took place from 1961 to 1970 inclusive. Hopefully the rest of the ascents (in Bolivia, Chile and Argentina) will be published in 1974. The writer feels indebted to several mountaineers who readily pro- vided invaluable help: the editor of this journal, Mr. H. Adams Carter, who suggested and directed this project: Messrs. John Ricker (Canada), Olaf Hartmann (Germany) and Mario Fantin (Italy), who all gave advice on several ranges, particularly in Peru. Besides, the following persons also provided important information that helped to solve a good many problems on the history and geography of Andean peaks: Messrs. D.F.O. Dangar and T.S. Blakeney (Great Britain), Ben Curry (Great Britain-Colombia), Ichiro Yoshizawa (Japan), Hans-Dieter Greul and Christian Jahl (Germany), J. Monroe Thorington, Stanley Shepard and John Peyton (United States) and Christopher Jones (Great Britain- United States). The American Alpine Club, through its secretary, Miss Margot McKee, helped immensely by loaning books and journals. To all these persons I express my gratitude. This survey has been compiled mostly from mountaineering and scientific literature, as well as from correspondence and conversation with mountaineers. -
Mountains Are Listed by Their Official Names and Ranges; Quotation Marks Indicate Unofficial Names
INDEX Volume 25 0 Issue 57 0 1983 Compiled by Patricia A. Fletcher This issue comprises al1 of Volume 25 Mountains are listed by their official names and ranges; quotation marks indicate unofficial names. Ranges and geographic locations are also indexed. Unnamed peaks (e.g. Peak 2037) are listed following the range or country in which they are located. All expedition members cited in major articles are included, whereas only the leaders and persons supplying information iti the Climbs and Expeditions section are listed. Titles of books reviewed in this issue are grouped as a single entry under Book Reviews. Abbreviations used: Article: art.; Bibliography: bibl.; Obituary: obit. A Alaska, arts., 77-80, 81-86, 87-92, 93-97, 98-101; 139-52 Abi Gamin (Garbwal Himalaya), 252-53 Alaska Range (Alaska), arts.. 87-92, Abuelo (Patagonia), 209 93-97; 139-48, 149-50 Acay (Argentina), 206 Alaska Range (Alaska): Peak 9050. See Accidents: Annapuma, 240, 241-42; Broken Tooth. Peak 11300, 148 Annapuma III, 239; Bhagirathi II, Aleta de Tiburbn (Patagonia), 212 253; Broad Peak, 271; Cho Oyu, 232; Alfred Wegener Peninsula (Greenland), Everest, 8-14. 22-29, 227, 228, 183-84 229-30; Gasherbrum II, 269-70, 271; Alligator Rock (Rocky Mountain Gongga Shari,, 291-92; K2, 273, National Park, Colorado), 171 295-96; Kuksar, 283; Kun, 265; Allison, Stacy, 30-34 Langtang Lirung, 235; Makalu, 220; Alpamayo (Cordillera Blanca, Peru), Manaslu, 236, 237; Nanga Parbat, 284, 192, 194 288; Nun, 263. Porong Ri, 295; “Alpe Adria.” See Greenland, Peak 3270. Shivling, 257 Altai Mountains (USSR), 298-300 Aconcagua (Argentina), 206-7 Altar Group (Ecuador), 184 Adela (Patagoma), 209 Amadablam (Nepal Himalaya), an., AdrSpach (Czechoslovakia), 129-3 1 30-34; 222 “Aene Pinnacle” (Sierra Nevada, American Alpine Club, The: Blue Ridge California), 155 Section. -
Geological Society of America Bulletin
Downloaded from gsabulletin.gsapubs.org on May 4, 2011 Geological Society of America Bulletin Structural Evolution of the Cordillera Huayhuash, Andes of Peru PETER J CONEY Geological Society of America Bulletin 1971;82;1863-1884 doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1863:SEOTCH]2.0.CO;2 Email alerting services click www.gsapubs.org/cgi/alerts to receive free e-mail alerts when new articles cite this article Subscribe click www.gsapubs.org/subscriptions/ to subscribe to Geological Society of America Bulletin Permission request click http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/copyrt.htm#gsa to contact GSA Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in subsequent works and to make unlimited copies of items in GSA's journals for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science. This file may not be posted to any Web site, but authors may post the abstracts only of their articles on their own or their organization's Web site providing the posting includes a reference to the article's full citation. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society. Notes Copyright © 1971, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared by U.S. -
Irish Mountain Log Issue 91
No 91 Autumn 2009 ISSN 0790 8008 €3.20 ( £2.20) THE MAGAZIINE FOR WALKERS AND CLIIMBERS IIN IIRELAND www.mountaineering.ie membership Gramang Bal, Himal Pradesh, objective of IMC summer expedition 2009. Photo: Sé O’Hanlon. Onwards and upwards Plans to recruit a new Chief Officer ongoing “Change will not come if we wait for some organisation. However, it continues to be As we start our new membership year, other person or some other time.” a time of great change in Mountaineering we are looking forward to the Autumn Ireland and, by the time you receive this Gathering in Dingle, Co Kerry, when we s clubs and individuals start issue of the Mountain Log, we will be hope that as many members as possible to make their way back onto engaged in trying again to recruit a new will be present to discuss the changes in Athe hills and crags after a Chief Officer for the organisation, a crucial the organisation and to enjoy the craic. summer possibly spent further afield, post as we move forward. The Board we on the Board have to take stock would like to acknowledge the excellent of where Mountaineering Ireland is work of the acting Chief Officer, Pat as an organisation and, more Dignam, and of all the staff members, importantly, of where it is going as north and south, who have shown we head into a new membership year professionalism and commitment beyond Ruairi Ó Conchúir for the National Governing Body for the call of duty in the past few months. Chairperson Mountaineering Ireland hillwalking, climbing and We also welcome Joe Dowdall of Co mountaineering in Ireland. -
Beneath the Mountain Lakes
1 Beneath the Mountain Lakes I was lying in my sleeping bag, staring at the light filtering through the red and green fabric of the dome tent. Simon was snoring loudly, occasionally twitching in his dream world. We could have been anywhere. There is a peculiar anonymity about being in tents. Once the zip is closed and the outside world barred from sight, all sense of location disappears. Scotland, the French Alps, the Karakoram, it was always the same. The sounds of rustling, of fabric flapping in the wind, or of rainfall, the feel of hard lumps under the ground sheet, the smell of rancid socks and sweat – these are universals, as comforting as the warmth of the down sleeping bag. Outside, in a lightening sky, the peaks would be catching the first of the morning sun, with perhaps even a condor cresting the thermals above the tent. That wasn’t too fanciful either since I had seen one circling the camp the previous afternoon. We were in the middle of the Cordillera Huayhuash, in the Peruvian Andes, separated from the nearest village by twenty-eight miles of rough walking, and surrounded by the most spectacular ring of ice mountains I had ever seen, and the only indication of this from within our tent was the regular roaring of avalanches falling off Cerro Sarapo. I felt a homely affection for the warm security of the tent, and reluctantly wormed out of my bag to face the prospect of lighting the stove. It had snowed a little during the night, and the grass crunched frostily under my feet as I padded over to the cooking rock.