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EVALUACIÓN DE LA VIABILIDAD DEL POLEN EN CULTIVARES DE FRIJOL CAUPÍ (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp.) EN MONTERÍA-CÓRDOBA Jenry R

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EVALUACIÓN DE LA VIABILIDAD DEL POLEN EN CULTIVARES DE FRIJOL CAUPÍ (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp.) EN MONTERÍA-CÓRDOBA Jenry R EVALUACIÓN DE LA VIABILIDAD DEL POLEN EN CULTIVARES DE FRIJOL CAUPÍ (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) EN MONTERÍA-CÓRDOBA Jenry R. Hernández Murillo I.A. Universidad de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas Maestría en Ciencias Agronómicas Montería, 2020 EVALUACIÓN DE LA VIABILIDAD DEL POLEN EN CULTIVARES DE FRIJOL CAUPÍ (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) EN MONTERÍA-CÓRDOBA Jenry R. Hernández Murillo I.A. Trabajo de grado en modalidad de investigación presentado como requisito para optar al título de Magíster en Ciencias Agronómicas con énfasis en Fitomejoramiento Director Hermes AramendizTatis I.A Ph. D Universidad de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas Maestría en Ciencias Agronómicas Montería, 2020 La responsabilidad ética, legal y científica de las ideas, conceptos y resultados del proyecto serán responsabilidad del autor. Artículo 17, acuerdo No. 039 del 24 de junio de 2005 del Consejo Superior de la Universidad de Córdoba. iii Nota de aceptación ___________________________ ___________________________ Director: Hermes Araméndiz Tatis, I.A., Ph. D. ___________________________ Jurado Shirley Toro Sánchez I.A., Ph. D. ___________________________ Jurado Jorge Luis Romero Ferrer, I.A., Ph. D. Montería, diciembre de 2020. iv DEDICATORIA Dedico este trabajo. A mis hijos Nicolás Matías y Alejandro, quienes son el principal motivo de seguir adelante en mi superación. A mi esposa María Teresa, quien apoyo incondicionalmente en todo este proceso. A mis padres Gustavo y Nicolasa, a quien les debo todo lo que soy como persona. Jenry R. Hernández Murillo v AGRADECIMIENTOS Presento mis sinceros agradecimientos a: Dr. Hermes Araméndiz Tatis. Por sus consejos personales y profesionales, por sus conocimientos, orientación y valiosa asesoría en el desarrollo de esta investigación. Dr. Miguel Espitia Camacho. Por sus conocimientos y sus consejos personales y profesionales. A los estudiantes de pregrado: Luz Mileidy Duque R., Camilo Dueñas C., Leidy Quiñonez A., Yulissa Silva V., Miguel Padilla P., Samuel Tamara R. Por su apoyo en la fase de ejecución, toma y procesamiento de datos. A la Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, por permitirme los espacios, su infraestructura tecnológica (Laboratorio de Genética Vegetal y Fitomejoramiento) para la ejecución y evaluación de esta investigación. A la Universidad de Córdoba, que a través de sus docentes imparten sus conocimientos para seguir escalando metas y servir a la sociedad. vi CONTENIDO pág. RESUMEN GENERAL xvi GENERAL ABSTRACT xvii CAPITULO I MARCO GENERAL 1. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL 20 2. DEFINICION DEL PROBLEMA 24 3. GENERALIDADES DE LA TEMÁTICA 27 3.1. ASPECTOS GENÉRALES DE FRIJOL CAUPI 27 3.1.1. Origen y Clasificación 27 3.1.2. Requerimientos de la planta 28 3.2. BIOLOGÍA FLORAL DEL FRIJOL CAUPI 29 3.3. VIABILIDAD DE POLEN 31 3.4. RECEPTIVIDAD ESTIGMATICA 33 3.5. CONSERVACIÓN DE POLEN 36 3.6. MÉTODOS DE HIBRIDACIÓN EN FRIJOL CAUPI 38 3.6.1. Emasculación 40 3.6.2. Preparación de la flor masculina 41 3.6.3. Hibridación artificial 42 3.6.4. Identificación de los cruces 43 3.7. EFECTOS DEL AMBIENTE EN LA POLINIZACIÓN 43 4. OBJETIVOS 50 4.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL 50 vii 4.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 50 5. HIPOTESIS 51 6. PERFIL Y ALCANCE 52 7. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 54 CAPITULO II VIABILIDAD DEL POLEN DE CULTIVARES DE FRIJOL CAUPI (Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)) COLECTADO EN DOS EPOCAS Y DIFERENTES HORAS DEL DIA EN MONTERÍA - CÓRDOBA. RESUMEN 79 ABSTRACT 80 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 81 2. METODOLOGÍA EXPERIMENTAL 83 2.1. LOCALIZACIÓN 83 2.2. VARIABLES E INDICADORES 83 2.2.1. Variables dependientes 83 2.2.2. Variables independientes 83 2.3. PROCEDIMIENTO 83 2.3.1. Viabilidad con acetocarmín 84 2.3.2. Viabilidad con sal de tetrazolium 84 2.4. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO 85 3. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 87 4. CONCLUSIONES 110 5. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 111 CAPITULO III RECEPTIVIDAD ESTIGMÁTICA EN FRIJOL CAUPI (Vigna unguiculata L. viii (Walp.)) EN DIFERENTES HORAS DEL DÍA EN MONTERIA – CORDOBA. RESUMEN 124 ABSTRACT 125 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 126 2. METODOLOGIA EXPERIMENTAL 128 2.1. LOCALIZACIÓN 128 2.2. VARIABLES E INDICADORES 128 2.2.1. Variables dependientes 128 2.2.2. Variables independientes 128 2.3. PROCEDIMIENTO 128 2.4. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO 129 3. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 130 4. CONCLUSIONES 136 5. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 137 CAPITULO IV EVALUACION DE DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE HIBRIDACIÓN EN FRIJOL CAUPI (Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)) EN CONDICIONES DE CAMPO Y CASA MALLA EN MONTERÍA – CÓRDOBA. RESUMEN 143 ABSTRACT 144 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 145 2. METODOLOGIA EXPERIMENTAL 148 2.1. LOCALIZACIÓN 148 2.2. VARIABLES E INDICADORES 148 2.2.1. Variables dependientes 148 ix 2.2.2. Variables independientes 148 2.3. PROCEDIMIENTO 148 2.4. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO 150 3. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 151 4. CONCLUSIONES 159 5. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 160 CAPITULO V EFECTO DEL ALMACENAMIENTO DE POLEN DE FRIJOL CAUPI (Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)) SOBRE LA VIABILIDAD EN DOS AMBIENTES EN MONTERÍA – CÓRDOBA RESUMEN 167 ABSTRACT 168 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 169 2. METODOLOGIA EXPERIMENTAL 171 2.1. LOCALIZACIÓN 171 2.2. VARIABLES E INDICADORES 171 2.2.1. Variables dependientes 171 2.2.2. Variables independientes 171 2.3. PROCEDIMIENTO 171 2.4. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO 172 3. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 173 4. CONCLUSIONES 184 5. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 185 6. CONCLUSIONES GENERALES 191 x LISTA DE TABLAS Pag. CAPITULO II Tabla 1. Cuadrados medios del análisis de varianza para porcentaje de 88 polen viable (PPV) y polen inviable (PPI), colectado en diferentes horas del día en tres cultivares de frijol caupí. Montería, 2019A Tabla 2. Cuadrados medios del análisis de varianza para porcentaje 89 polen viable (PPV) e inviable (PPI) en tres cultivares de frijol caupí. Montería, 2019B Tabla 3. Promedios para porcentaje de polen viable (PPV) y porcentaje 91 de polen inviable (PPI) de frijol caupí, mediante el uso de acetocarmin y sal de tetrazolio. 2019A Tabla 4. Promedios para porcentaje de polen viable (PPV) y porcentaje 92 de polen inviable (PPI) de frijol caupí, mediante el uso de acetocarmin y sal de tetrazolio. 2019B Tabla 5. Promedios para porcentaje de polen viable (PPV) y porcentaje 94 de polen inviable (PPI) de frijol caupí, colectado en diferentes horas de día. 2019A Tabla 6. Promedios para porcentaje de polen viable (PPV) y porcentaje 95 de polen inviable (PPI) de frijol caupí, colectado en diferentes horas de día. 2019B Tabla 7. Promedios para porcentaje de polen viable (PPV) y porcentaje 96 de polen inviable (PPI) en tres genotipos de frijol caupí. 2019A Tabla 8. Promedio de cinco evaluaciones para porcentaje de polen 98 viable (PPV) y porcentaje de polen inviable (PPI) en tres genotipos xi de frijol caupí. 2019B Tabla 9. Promedios de la interacción test por hora de colecta de polen 100 para su viabilidad en tres genotipos de frijol caupí. 2019A Tabla 10. Promedios de la interacción test por hora de colecta de polen 101 para su viabilidad en tres genotipos de frijol caupí. 2019B Tabla 11. Promedio de la interacción hora por genotipo para su viabilidad 102 en tres genotipos de frijol caupí. 2019A Tabla 12. Promedio de la interacción hora por genotipo para su viabilidad 103 en tres genotipos de frijol caupí. 2019B Tabla 13. Promedio de la interacción test por hora y genotipo para la 104 viabilidad de polen en tres genotipos de frijol caupí. 2019B Tabla 14. Coeficientes de correlación Spearman para porcentaje de 105 polen viable e inviable con respecto a la temperatura y la humedad relativa. Tabla 15. Promedios, valores mínimos y máximos para las variables de 106 estudio. CAPITULO III Tabla 1. Cuadrados medios del análisis de varianza para el tiempo de 130 reacción del estigma al peróxido de hidrogeno (TREPH) en casa malla y campo, en tres genotipos en frijol caupí. Montería, 2020 Tabla 2. Promedios para el tiempo de reacción del estigma al peróxido de 132 hidrogeno (TREPH) en frijol caupí, evaluado en diferentes horas del día. Tabla 3. Promedios para el tiempo de reacción del estigma al peróxido de 132 hidrogeno (TREPH) en tres genotipos de frijol caupí, cultivados en campo y casa malla. Tabla 4. Promedios de la interacción hora por genotipo para tiempo de 133 reacción del estigma al peróxido de hidrogeno (TREPH) en frijol xii caupí, evaluado en diferentes horas del día. Tabla 5. Correlación de Spearman del tiempo de reacción del estigma al 134 peróxido de hidrogeno (TREPH) con la temperatura (TEMP) y la humedad relativa (HR), de muestras que provienen de campo y casa malla. CAPITULO IV Tabla 1. Porcentaje de cruzamientos viables (P.C.V) en frijol caupí 151 realizados en casa malla, utilizando dos métodos de hibridación. Montería, 2020 Tabla 2. Porcentaje de cruzamientos viables (P.C.V) en frijol caupí 154 realizados en campo, utilizando dos métodos de hibridación. Montería, 2020 Tabla 3. Correlación de Spearman para porcentaje de cruzamientos 158 viables (P.C.V) en frijol caupí realizados en dos fechas en campo. CAPITULO V Tabla 1. Cuadrados medios del análisis de varianza para las variables 174 porcentaje de polen viable (PPV) e inviable (PPI) de tres cultivares de frijol caupí, almacenado en nevera y cuarto frio, Montería 2019- 2020 Tabla 2. Prueba de medias para las variables porcentaje de polen viable 176 (PPV) y porcentaje de polen inviable (PPI), almacenado en dos ambientes. Tabla 3. Prueba de medias para las variables porcentaje de polen viable 177 (PPV) y porcentaje de polen inviable (PPI), conservado por 6 y 12 días. Tabla 4. Prueba de medias para las variables porcentaje de polen viable 179 (PPV) y porcentaje de polen inviable (PPI) en tres genotipos de frijol caupí. xiii Tabla 5. Promedios de las variables porcentaje de polen viable (PPV) y 181 porcentaje de polen inviable (PPI) en tres genotipos de frijol caupí, para la interacción ambiente por genotipo utilizando el test de tetrazolium. Tabla 6. Prueba de medias para las variables porcentaje de polen viable 182 (PPV) y porcentaje de polen inviable (PPI) en tres genotipos de frijol caupí, para la interacción tiempo por genotipo utilizando el test de acetocarmin.
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