J. Crop Prot. 2020, 9 (1): 29-39______

Research Article Effects of various cereal flour on life table parameters of kuehniella (: Pyralidae)

Sadiyeh Mohammadi and Fariba Mehrkhou*

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

Abstract: The , Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lep.: Pyralidae) is not only known as stored products , but also used as a potential factitious host for mass rearing of biological agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of five different cereal cultivars (Wheat: Homma, Mihan and Zareh; Corn: 704 and Barley: Makui) on feeding performance and life table parameters of E. kuehniella, which was estimated by Carey life table producer. The results showed that preadult period ranged from 46.91 to 59.00 days on Corn and Zareh, respectively. The highest and lowest net reproductive rates (R0) were obtained on Homma (128.76) and Zareh (61.77) offspring/female, respectively. The highest values of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were on Corn and Homma and the lowest was on Zareh (r: 0.079 day-1, λ: 1.08 day−1). Based on the life history and demographic parameters results, Corn and Homma were the most suitable hosts for E. kuehniella. These findings may provide helpful information in integrated pest management programs including rearing of E. kuehniella as the alternative host, which could be used in the mass production of natural enemies.

Keywords: Mediterranean flour moth, life table, population growth parameters, fecundity, cereal

Introduction12 on E. kuehniella (Hoddle et al., 2001; Specty et al., 2003; De Clercq, et al., 2005; Kim and Riedl, Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 19:16 IRST on Sunday September 26th 2021 The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia 2005; Hamasaki and Mataui, 2006; Gonzalez- kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is an Zamora et al., 2007; Jokar and Golmohammadi, important pest of some stored grain products (Cox 2012). and Bell, 1991; Sedlacek et al., 1996; Hill, 2002; The host plant quality is the most critical Rees, 2003). On the other hand, E. kuehniella factor affecting demography via its could be used as the potential factitious host for effects on metabolism and developmental rate mass rearing of egg and larval (Sarboland et al., 2017). Host plant quality including Trichgramma and Habrobracon species could be determined by effects on either (Shonouda and Nasr, 1998; Hoffmann et al., biological or demographic parameters including 2001; Özder and Kara, 2010). Moreover, some survival and reproduction of phytopaghous predators including Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, (Sequiera and Dixon, 1996; Awmack Chrysopidae and Aeolothripidae have been reared and Leather, 2002; Umbanhowar and Hastings, 2002). The quality of nutritional resources, Handling Editor: Yaghoub Fathipour affects on the biological properties of E. ______kuehniella, as well as efficiency of natural * Corresponding authors, e-mail: [email protected] enemies (predators and parasitoids) (Shapiro Received: 11 May 2019, Accepted: 12 October 2019 Published online: 4 December 2019 and Ferkovich, 2002; Saadat et al., 2014; Abdi

29 Life table parameters of E. kuehniella on cereals ______J. Crop Prot.

et al., 2014; Mostafazadeh and Mehrkhou, before using in experiments, to prevent any 2016). Evaluation of host plant fitness could be type of contaminants. The insect culture has determined by the biological and life table been established according to the Tarlack et al. parameters, which are the fundamental tools to (2015) producer. The insect reared two understand host plant suitability for herbivores generations on each cultivar, before using in insects (Chi and Su, 2006; Soufbaf et al., 2010; experiments. The insect culture and Khanamani et al., 2013). experiments were carried out at 26 ± 2 °C, 60 ± The biology and reproductive behavior of E. 5% R. H. and a photoperiod of 10: 14 (L: D) h. kuehniella have been studied by number of researchers (Brindley, 1930; Hill, 2002; Rees, Life history and demographic parameters of 2003; Xu, 2010; Tarlack et al., 2015; Mehrkhou E. kuehniella and Tarlack, 2016). Several authors have shown At least 70 eggs of E. kuehniella within 12 h the effects of food resources on development old have been separated from colony on each and fecundity of E. kuehniella (Brindley, 1930; cereal flour. After egg hatching, the newly Hill, 2002; Rees, 2003, Xu, 2010; Tarlack et al., emerged larvae were placed individually in 2015; Mehrkhou and Tarlack, 2016). However, transparent containers (3 cm diameter × 8.5 cm there is no comprehensive information on the height) with a hole covered with a fine mesh life table parameters of E. kuehniella reared on net for ventilation. Larvae were fed by flours of different cereal flour including wheat: Homma, different cereal tested. The eggs and larvae Mihan and Zareh; Corn: 704 and Barley: were checked daily and their developmental Makui. In our earlier study, we evaluated the time were recorded. Since the larval and pupal efficiency of six wheat cultivars (Bahar, Zarin, periods of E. kuehniella spent within flour, it is Pishgham, Pishtaz, Sardari and Parsi cultivars) not clear to distinguish the life cycle period, on demography of E. kuehniella (Mehrkhou and exactly. For this reason, the stages of larval and Tarlack, 2016), in which Parsi cultivar was the pupal periods were considered as preadult most suitable for E. kuehniella. stages. The incubation and developmental time It should be emphasized that the wheat of immature stages, and their mortality were cultivars studied in this study are different from recorded daily. After emergence from the pupa, those previously studied by Mehrkhou and sex of adults has been determined and Tarlack (2016). Therefore, in the current study, distinguished sexually (Tarlack et al., 2015). the demographic parameters of E. kuehniella on Age-specific life tables were constructed Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 19:16 IRST on Sunday September 26th 2021 different cereal were evaluated. using a group of 15 pairs of E. kuehniella adults with 12-h-old, which obtained from each cereal Materials and Methods cultivar in biological test. Each adult pair was kept in a funnel form plastic container as an Host plants and insects oviposition container (10 cm diameter × 15 cm In this research, seeds of the examined cereal height) covered by fine mesh for ventilation including wheat cultivars (Homma, Mihan, and fed daily with a mixture of 10% honey. The Zareh), Barley (var. Makui) and Corn (var. 704) number of eggs produced and adult longevity were obtained from Plant and Seed were also recorded daily. The monitoring Modification Research Institute in West- continued until the death of the last individual Azerbaijan and Sanandaj Province, Iran. It in the cohort. should be noted that the studied wheat cultivars were different from those previously studied in Statistical analysis our earlier research (Tarlack et al., 2015; The life table parameters of E. kuehniella on Mehrkhou and Tarlack, 2016). The studied different cereal flour were determined by seeds powdered by electrical grinder and the using age (x), survivorship (lx), and female cereal flour were kept in refrigerator (4 ºC) progeny (mx) (Carey, 1993; 2001).

30 Mohammadi and Mehrkhou ______J. Crop Prot. (2020) Vol. 9 (1)

Differences in the net reproductive rate (R0), Results intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), mean generation time (T) and Life history parameters of E. kuehniella on doubling time (DT) values were tested for different cereal flour significance at the examined cereal flour by Duration of life history and adult longevity of estimating variances through the jackknife E. kuehniella on different cereal flour were procedure (Maia et al., 2000). Briefly, the life presented in Table 1. The incubation periods table parameters for all the n females (r all) of E. kuehniella were significantly different. were estimated by Carey’s equations The highest egg incubation period was considering the survival and reproduction recorded on Zareh (3.65 ± 0.58 days), whereas data. Then this procedure was repeated for n there are no differences among other cultivars times, each time excluding a different female (3.00 ± 0.00 days). The longest and shortest (data of n-1 females, r all). Therefore, 15 age- preadult period of E. kuehniella were obtained specific life tables were constructed for each on Zareh (59.00 ± 0.92 days) and 704 (46.91 ± treatment. The pseudo-values were calculated 0.36 days), respectively (Table 1). There were for each parameter for 15 samples using the significant differences in life spans of E. following equation: kuehniella (F = 27.81; df = 4, 70; P < 0.05) on five cereal flour. The life span varied from psvr (i) = n × r (all) - (n-1) × r (i) (1) 55.00 to 67.55 days on 704 and Zareh, After calculating the n pseudo-values for rm respectively (Table 1). The longest female (psvr), Jackknife estimate of the mean (r (10.56 ± 0.53 days) and male (11.33 ± 0.58 mean) and standard error (SEr mean) were days) longevities were found on Homma calculated (Maia et al., 2000). The obtained (Table 1). Pre-oviposition (F = 1.44; df = 4, variables were tested for normality using the 70; P > 0.05) and post-ovipositional (F = 1.46; Kolmogorov- Smirnov test before analysis. df = 4, 70; P > 0.05) periods were not affected Then, data were analysed using analysis of by cereal cultivars. On the other hand, the variance (ANOVA), and the differences ovipositional period was found to be between the species were tested at α = 0.05 significantly different (F = 8.92; df = 4, 70; P level using the Tukey test (SPSS, 2010). A < 0.05) on cereal which ranged from 3.85 days cluster analysis was constructed by Ward’s on 704 to 5.33 days on Homma (Table 1). The method based on biological and life table longest and shortest either female or male life Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 19:16 IRST on Sunday September 26th 2021 parameters of E. kuehniella, reared on span were obtained on Zareh and 704, different cereal, as constructed by Alipour and respectively. The sex ratio was varied from Mehrkhou (2018). 0.49 to 0.61 on barley and 704, respectively.

Table 1 Life history and adult longevity of Ephestia kuehniella on different cereals.

Cereals1 Incubation Pre-adult Female Male Female Life Male life Pre- Oviposition Post- Sex period (day) Longevity longevity span span oviposition (day) oviposition Ratio (day) (day) (day) (day) (day) (day) (day) Homma 3.00 ± 0.00b 53.13 ± 0.30b 10.56 ± 0.53a 11.33 ± 0.58a 63.96 ± 0.54 b 64.11 ± 0.75b 0.41 ± 0.19a 5.33 ± 0.22a 1.25 ± 0.37a 0.58

Mihan 3.00 ± 0.00b 53.52 ± 0.46b 9.77 ± 0.49ab 10.61 ± 0.55ab 63.12 ± 0.77 b 64.61 ± 0.76b 0.27 ± 0.14a 4.00 ± 0.30bc 0.63 ± 0.24a 0.52

Zareh 3.65 ± 0.57a 59.00 ± 0.92a 9.82 ± 0.63ab 10.63 ± 0.63ab 67.55 ± 1.23 a 70.90 ± 1.68a 0.62 ± 0.18a 4.75 ± 0.16ab 0.75 ± 0.25a 0.49

704 3.10 ± 0.37b 46.91 ± 0.37c 8.45 ± 0.60b 9.24 ± 0.63ab 55.00 ± 0.95c 55.93 ± 0.92c 0.85 ± 0.23a 3.85 ± 0.14c 1.00 ± 0.33a 0.61

Makui 3.00 ± 0.00b 52.62 ± 0.38b 9.25 ± 55ab 8.52 ± 0.57b 61.42 ± 0.78b 61.60 ± 0.84b 0.54 ± 0.15a 4.45 ± 0.15bc 1.72 ± 0.44a 0.50 Means with different letters in each column are significantly different at P < 0.01 based on Tukey's multiple range test. 1Wheat varieties: Homma, Mihan and Zareh; Corn: var 704 and Barley: var Makui.

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The age-specific survivorship curves (lx) of the females in Homma, Mihan, Zareh, Corn and Mediterranean flour moth on five examined Barley were 122.47, 78.53, 100, 38.41 and 62.40 cereals are presented in Fig. 1. The proportions of eggs per female per day (Fig. 1). preadult stages that survived to the adult stage were 0.63, 0.70, 0.46, 0.82 and 0.73 on Homma, Life table parameters of E. kuehniella on Mihan, Zareh, 704 (Corn) and Makui (Barley), different cereal flour respectively. The results revealed that the death of The results of the reproduction parameters of E. the last female (maximum age) in the cereal kuehniella are presented in Table 2. The gross occurred at the age of 66, 66, 69, 59 and 65 days, hatch rate of E. kuehniella ranged from 0.63- respectively (Figure 1). E. kuehniella successfully 0.87 on Zareh and 704 (Corn), respectively. reproduced on all of the cereal flours studied, The cereal flour significantly affected the gross wherein the fecundity differed significantly fecundity rates (F = 39.27; df = 4, 70; P < among cereals (Fig. 1). The mx is the number of 0.05), wherein, the lowest and highest gross female eggs produced per female at age x. The fecundity rates obtained on Mihan (448.67 ± number of eggs at the peak of oviposition of 6.50) and Zareh (646.02 ± 19.72), respectively.

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Figure 1 Age-specific survivorship (lx) and fecundity (mx) of Ephestia kuehniella reared on wheat var Homma, Mihan and Zareh, Corn var 704 and Barley var Makui.

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Similarly, the net fecundity rate was 0.05). The finite rate of increase (λ) was significantly different among cereal flour cultivars significantly higher on Homma and Corn as (F = 14.41; df = 4, 70; P < 0.05). The gross fertility compared with the other cereals (F = 17.02; df = rate (F = 22.78; df = 4, 70; P < 0.05) as well as the 4, 70; P < 0.05) (Table 3). The mean generation net fertility rate (F = 38.23; df = 4, 70; P < 0.05) time was significantly shorter (F = 34.95, df = 4, showed significant differences among cereal flour 70; P < 0.05) when E. kuehniella were reared on cultivars (F = 22.78; df = 4, 70; P < 0.05). Mean 704 (Corn) (41.51days). In addition, the mean daily number of eggs laid per female was affected estimates for doubling time (DT) was significantly by the cereal flour (F = 37.45, df = 4, significantly different on various cereal (F = 70; P < 0.05), which was highest on wheat 23.50; df = 4, 70; P < 0.05), which was the cultivars and lowest on Barley. The daily number highest on Zareh (8.73 days) and lowest on of fertile (hatched) eggs was affected significantly Homma and Corn. by cereal (F = 48.31; df = 4, 70; P < 0.05) with the highest on in Homma and Mihan and lowest values Cluster analysis on Barley, respectively (Table 2). A cluster dendrogram based on the The results of the population growth rate biological and life table parameters of E. parameters of E. kuehniella are presented in Table kuehniella reared on five cereal flour is 3. The net reproductive rate (R0) significantly shown in Fig. 2. It showed two distinct varied among cereal (F = 12.45; df = 4, 70; P < groups labelled A and B. Cluster A included 0.05). The highest and lowest R0-values were Zareh variety (partial unsuitable variety) and obtained on Homma (128.76) and Zareh (61.77 cluster B was divided into sub-cluster B1 offspring/female), respectively. Moreover, the r- (Corn and Homma as a partial susceptible value on Homma and Corn was significantly hosts) and B2 which involved the Makui and higher than other hosts (F = 17.25; df = 4, 70; P < Mihan cultivars (Fig. 2).

Table 2 The reproduction parameters (mean ± SE) of Ephestia kuehniella on different cereals.

Cereals Gross hatch Gross fecundity Net fecundity Gross fertility Net fertility rate Daily eggs Daily fertile eggs rate rate (eggs) rate rate (eggs) per female per female (fertile (eggs/female) (eggs/female) (egg/female) egg/female) Wheat 0.86 ± 0.002b 450.09 ± 18.17c 269.34 ± 23.12b 387.07 ± 15.63b 248.22 ± 9.72b 50.01 ± 2.01a 43.00 ± 1.74a (Homma)

Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 19:16 IRST on Sunday September 26th 2021 Wheat 0.86 ± 0.001b 448.67 ± 6.50c 248.13 ± 2.71b 385.90 ± 5.59b 213.39 ± 2.33c 49.85 ± 0.72a 42.88 ± 0.62a (Mihan) Wheat 0.63 ± 0.001d 646.02 ± 19.72a 264.69 ± 9.09b 407.00 ± 12.43b 150.17 ± 17.66d 53.83 ± 1.64a 33.91 ± 1.03b (Zareh) Corn (704) 0.87 ± 0.003a 571.16 ± 7.90b 343.40 ± 8.28a 496.91 ± 6.86a 289.72 ± 4.53a 40.79 ± 0.56b 35.49 ± 0.48b Barley 0.75 ± 0.05c 561.13 ± 11.06b 350.52 ± 6.99a 420.85 ± 8.30b 262.89 ± 5.24ab 35.07 ± 0.69c 26.30 ± 0.51c (Makui) The means followed by different letters in the same columns are significantly different (P < 0.05, Tukey’s test).

Table 3 Population growth parameters (mean ± SE) of Ephestia kuehniella on different cereals.

-1 -1 Cereals R0 (offspring/ female) r (day ) λ (day ) T (day) DT (day) Wheat (Homma) 128.76 ± 1.19a 0.105 ± 0.002a 1.11 ± 0.01a 46.09 ± 0.90b 6.61 ± 0.22c Wheat (Mihan) 96.03 ± 1.27b 0.098 ± 0.020ab 1.10 ± 0.04ab 46.38 ± 2.06b 7.03 ± 1.50bc Wheat (Zareh) 61.77 ± 1.58c 0.079 ± 0.011c 1.08 ± 0.005c 51.98 ± 2.25a 8.73 ± 1.23a Corn (704) 76.24 ± 1.05bc 0.104 ± 0.009a 1.11 ± 0.05a 41.51 ± 1.15c 6.63 ± 1.02c Barley (Makui) 74.64 ± 1.27bc 0.094 ± 0.001b 1.09 ± 0.01b 45.72 ± 0.09b 7.34 ± 1.04b The means followed by different letters in the same columns are significantly different (P < 0.05, Tukey’s test).

33 Life table parameters of E. kuehniella on cereals ______J. Crop Prot.

Figure 2 Dendrogram of wheat var Homma, Mihan and Zareh, Corn var 704 and Barley var Makui classified based on biological and demographic parameters of Ephestia kuehniella.

Discussion 62.54 days when Zareh cultivar was used as a host. These discriminatory may be due to the The current study revealed that although E. differences in their experimental conditions kuehniella can feed on different cereal hosts, its including humidity and temperature condition. development time, adult longevity, survival Development, growth, fecundity and rate, and population growth parameters survivorship of phytophagous insects could be significantly depended on the host. It seems that effected by nutritional quality, allelochemistry, Homma and Corn were the best hosts in terms or morphology of the host plant which could act of population growth parameters evaluated. as a sub-lethal plant defense by prolonging However, in concerning with the results of development of insects (Slansky and Feeny, developmental time and reproduction 1977; Norris and Kogan, 1980). Moreover, parameters Corn was a better host than other plant species as hosts for specific insects differ

Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 19:16 IRST on Sunday September 26th 2021 cereal. The shortest larval or preadult periods greatly in suitability when measured in terms of were observed on Corn, which is probably survival, development and reproductive rates of attributed to high nutritional value of this host. pests. Shorter development times and greater We found that, the incubation period was varied total reproduction of insects would indicate from 3 to 3.65 days, which was the longest on greater suitability of host plant (van Lenteren Zareh. According to Tarlack et al. (2015), the and Noldus, 1990). incubation period took from 3.90 to 4.16 days In phytophagous insects which did not feed on different wheat flour cultivars. In addition, in the adult stage, food resources during the Brindley (1930) stated eggs hatched after 96 h larval stage was the determinant for their fitness (4 days) at 30 ºC and 73% of relative humidity. (Awmack and Leather, 2002). Our results Based on current results, the mean larval period clearly demonstrated variation of adult was 41.50 days, which is coincided with the longevity, oviposition period and fecundity of value reported by Brindley (1930) and Tarlack the Mediterranean flour moth on different et al. (2015) for wheat flour. The present results cereal. Adult longevity of females and males showed that the preadult period of E. kuehniella was 8.45-10.56 and 8.52-11.33 days, ranged between 46.91 and 59 days in Corn and respectively indicating shorter longevity of Zareh. Tarlack et al. (2015) reported that it was female than male. There was no significant

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effect of larval food on the pre-ovipositional Pishgham cultivars, respectively. High or low period of E. kuehniella. The mean value was value of the intrinsic rate of increase reveals host 1.44 days on all cereal flour. The protogynous plant suitability or unsuitability to insect feeding, traits of E. kuehniella affects the pre- respectively (Goodarzi et al., 2015). Thus, Corn ovipositional period in which the female and Homma among other cereal flour would be reproductive systems became mature soon after the suitable hosts, and the Mediterranean flour emergence, that is why the pre-ovipositional moth had the greatest chance for population period was shorter in this species, which is increase on this host. The suitability of the supported by Xu et al. (2008). mentioned cultivars could be due to the highest According to our results, the lx curve of E. rate of protein, which affects pest growth, and kuehniella showed the most protrusion on Corn. fecundity, as supported by Seyedi et al. (2017). This host developed relatively low preadult According to their results on the three cereals time (46.91 days) on Corn in comparison with (e.g. barley, wheat and Corn), the highest rate of the others, suggesting that higher survival rate larval survival and growth index were 88% and and shorter development time would imply to 9.77, respectively, fed on Corn flour. Moreover, the higher values of growth index and indicate the relative growth rate, the efficiency of better food quality for phytophagous insects conversion of ingested food, the protein (Greenberg et al., 2001). Therefore, Corn may concentration, as well as digestive enzymatic be a better nutritional source host than the other activity (total proteolytic, tryptic and tested cereal for this species. chymotryptic) of larval midgut showed the It is known that the survival and highest rate, when they fed on Corn in reproduction could be affected directly by comparison with barley and wheat. According to quality and quantity of nourishment ingested by Seyedi et al. (2017) results, Corn (Var. 704) was insect (Razmjou et al., 2006). Therefore, the the most suitable cereal for laboratory rearing of fitness of phytophagous insects depends on the E. kuehniella, resulting in the highest rate of nutrients in the host (Du et al., 2004). biological and physiological parameters. The comparison of the biological Cluster analysis drawn showed the effects of performance of insects at different temperatures, cereal flour on the biological and life table relative humidity and host species could be parameters of E. kuehniella. The different cereal obtained by fertility life tables (Özder and Kara, flour fell into two distinct groups; cluster A 2010). The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) is (Zareh) and cluster B. Cluster B was divided into Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 19:16 IRST on Sunday September 26th 2021 one of the fundamental parameter for elucidation sub-cluster B1 (Corn and Homma) and sub- of a population growth potential under certain cluster B2 (Makui and Mihan). The grouping food conditions and the best single value within each cluster was based on the high-level reflecting survival, fecundity, longevity and similarity in biological and demographic species developmental times (Carey, 1993; parameters among cereal flour, whereas the Southwood and Henderson, 2000). The intrinsic separate clusters represented significant rate of increase and the finite rate of population variability in mentioned characteristics between increase (λ) are commonly used for estimating clusters. In the other word, sub-cluster B1 was population growth for inter and intraspecific the most suitable host variety due to the shorter comparisons. According to our findings, these development time, higher survival rate, two parameters showed a similar trend on reproduction as well as a higher population different cereal. E. kuehniella had the highest r growth parameters of E. kuehniella. However, and λ on Corn and Homma and the lowest on cluster A (Zareh variety) had partial unsuitability Zareh (Table 3), which is somewhat similar to with longer development time, as well as lower Mehrkhou and Tarlack (2016) results, who reproduction and population growth parameters. reported the rate of intrinsic of increase was Furthermore, the sub-cluster B2 (Makui and ranged from 0.098 to 0107 day-1 on Bahar and Mihan) would have intermediate status.

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Conclusion Entomological Society of America, 23: 741-757. Our findings regarding to the selection of Carey, J. R. 1993. Applied Demography for resistant cereal (unsuitable) among different Biologists with Special Emphasis on Insects. cereal flour may provide important information Oxford University Press, New York. to aid the design of a comprehensive scheme for Carey, J. R. 2001. Insect biodemography. an IPM program of E. kuehniella on stored Annual Review of Entomology, 46: 79-110. products. Comprehensive studies need to survey Chi, H. and Su, H. Y. 2006. Age-stage, two-sex on the chemical composition of these cereals to life tables of Aphidius gifuensis (Ashmead) design more practical tactics in the IPM (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host program of E. kuehniella on examined hosts. In Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: addition, it would be useful if the effectiveness Aphididae) with mathematical proof of the of the mentioned cereal evaluated on biological relationship between female fecundity and agents (third trophic levels) reared on E. the net reproductive rate. Environmental kuehniella. Entomology, 35: 10-21. Cox, P. D. and Bell, C. H. 1991. Biology and Acknowledgements ecology of moth pests of stored foods. In: Gorham, J. R. (Ed.), Ecology and We would like to sincerely thank Dr. Maryam Management of Food-Industry Pests (FDA Forouzan for providing the seeds needed for Technical Bulletin Number 4). Gaithersburg, this study. This work was supported by the Maryland, USA: The Association of Official Department of Plant Protection, Urmia Analytical Chemists, pp: 181-193. University. De Clercq, P., Bonten, M., Van Speybroeck, K., Bolckmans, K. and Deforce, K. 2005. References Development and reproductive of Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Abdi, A., Naseri, B., Fathi, S. A. A. 2014. eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Nutritional indices, and proteolytic and Pyralidae) and pollen. Pest Management digestive amylolytic activities of Ephestia Science, 61: 1129-1132. kuehniella (Lep.: Pyralidae): response to flour Du, L., Ge, F., Zhu, S. and Parajulee, M. N. of nine wheat cultivars. Journal of 2004. Effect of cotton cultivar on Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 19:16 IRST on Sunday September 26th 2021 Entomological Society of Iran, 33 (4): 29-41. development and reproduction of Aphis Alipour, V. and Mehrkhou, F. 2018. Effects of gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its different potato cultivars on life history and predator Propylaea japonica (Coleoptera: demographic parameters of Phthorimaea Coccinellidae). Journal of Economic operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Entomology, 97: 1278-1283. Gelechiidae). International Journal of Pest Gonzalez-Zamora, J. E., Camunez, S. and Management. 64 (4): 1-7. Avilla, C. 2007. Effects of Bacillus Awmack, C. S. and Leather, S. R. 2002. Host thuringiensis Cry toxins on developmental plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous and reproductive characteristics of the insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 47: predator Orius albidipennis (Hemiptera: 817-844. Anthocoridae) under laboratory conditions. Brindley, T. A. 1930. The growth and Environmental Entomology, 36: 1246-1253. development of zinckenella and Goodarzi, M., Fathipour, Y. and Talebi, A. A. Tribolium confusum Duval (Coleoptera) 2015. Antibiotic resistance of canola under controlled conditions of temperature cultivars affecting demography of and relative humidity. Annals of the Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera:

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تأثیر آردهای غالت مختلف بر فراسنجههای جدولزندگی شبپره مدیترانهای آرد Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

سعدیه محمدی و فریبا مهرخو*

گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران. پست الکترونیکی نویسندگان مسئول مکاتبه: [email protected] دریافت: 21 اردیبهشت 1398؛ پذیرش: 20 مهر 1398

چکیده: شبپره مدیترانهای آرد Ephestia Kuehniella Zeller نهتنها بهعنوان یکی از آفات محصوالت انباری شناخته شده است، بلکه یکی از میزبانهای اصلی در پرورش عوامل بیولوژیک میباشد. هدف از انجام این تحقیق، ارزیابی تأثیر آردهای غالت مختلف گندم )ارقام هما، میهن و زارع(، ذرت )رقم 704( و جو )رقم ماکویی( روی ترجیح میزبانی و فراسنجههای جدول زندگی E. kuehniella است که با استفاده از روش Carey انجام شده است. نتایج نشان داد که طول دوره مراحل نابالغ از 91/46 روز تا 59 روز بهترتیب روی ذرت و زارع متغیر بود. بیشترین و کمترین نرخ خالص تولید مثل (R0) بهترتیب روی هما 76/128 و زارع 77/61 )نتاج/ماده( بهدست آمد. بیشترین نرخ ذاتی افزایش جمعیت و نرخ متناهی جمعیت بهترتیب روی ذرت و هما و کمترین آنها روی زارع بود (r: 0.079 day-1; λ: 1.08 day-1). با توجه به نتایج بهدست آمده از فراسنجههای زیستی و دوره زندگی، ذرت و هما مناسبترین میزبان برای .E kuehniella بودند. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق میتواند اطالعات مفیدی را در برنامه مدیریتتلفیقی آفت از جمله پرورش آن بهعنوان میزبان جایگزین در تکثیر و پرورش دشمنان طبیعی فراهم کند.

واژگان کلیدی: شبپره مدیترانهای آرد، جدول زندگی، فراسنجههای رشدجمعیت، باروری، غالت Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 19:16 IRST on Sunday September 26th 2021

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