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Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) J. Crop Prot. 2020, 9 (1): 29-39________________________________________________________ Research Article Effects of various cereal flour on life table parameters of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Sadiyeh Mohammadi and Fariba Mehrkhou* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Abstract: The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lep.: Pyralidae) is not only known as stored products pest, but also used as a potential factitious host for mass rearing of biological agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of five different cereal cultivars (Wheat: Homma, Mihan and Zareh; Corn: 704 and Barley: Makui) on feeding performance and life table parameters of E. kuehniella, which was estimated by Carey life table producer. The results showed that preadult period ranged from 46.91 to 59.00 days on Corn and Zareh, respectively. The highest and lowest net reproductive rates (R0) were obtained on Homma (128.76) and Zareh (61.77) offspring/female, respectively. The highest values of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were on Corn and Homma and the lowest was on Zareh (r: 0.079 day-1, λ: 1.08 day−1). Based on the life history and demographic parameters results, Corn and Homma were the most suitable hosts for E. kuehniella. These findings may provide helpful information in integrated pest management programs including rearing of E. kuehniella as the alternative host, which could be used in the mass production of natural enemies. Keywords: Mediterranean flour moth, life table, population growth parameters, fecundity, cereal Introduction12 on E. kuehniella (Hoddle et al., 2001; Specty et al., 2003; De Clercq, et al., 2005; Kim and Riedl, Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 19:16 IRST on Sunday September 26th 2021 The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia 2005; Hamasaki and Mataui, 2006; Gonzalez- kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is an Zamora et al., 2007; Jokar and Golmohammadi, important pest of some stored grain products (Cox 2012). and Bell, 1991; Sedlacek et al., 1996; Hill, 2002; The host plant quality is the most critical Rees, 2003). On the other hand, E. kuehniella factor affecting insect demography via its could be used as the potential factitious host for effects on metabolism and developmental rate mass rearing of egg and larval parasitoids (Sarboland et al., 2017). Host plant quality including Trichgramma and Habrobracon species could be determined by effects on either (Shonouda and Nasr, 1998; Hoffmann et al., biological or demographic parameters including 2001; Özder and Kara, 2010). Moreover, some survival and reproduction of phytopaghous predators including Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, insects (Sequiera and Dixon, 1996; Awmack Chrysopidae and Aeolothripidae have been reared and Leather, 2002; Umbanhowar and Hastings, 2002). The quality of nutritional resources, Handling Editor: Yaghoub Fathipour affects on the biological properties of E. ________________________________ kuehniella, as well as efficiency of natural * Corresponding authors, e-mail: [email protected] enemies (predators and parasitoids) (Shapiro Received: 11 May 2019, Accepted: 12 October 2019 Published online: 4 December 2019 and Ferkovich, 2002; Saadat et al., 2014; Abdi 29 Life table parameters of E. kuehniella on cereals _______________________________________ J. Crop Prot. et al., 2014; Mostafazadeh and Mehrkhou, before using in experiments, to prevent any 2016). Evaluation of host plant fitness could be type of contaminants. The insect culture has determined by the biological and life table been established according to the Tarlack et al. parameters, which are the fundamental tools to (2015) producer. The insect reared two understand host plant suitability for herbivores generations on each cultivar, before using in insects (Chi and Su, 2006; Soufbaf et al., 2010; experiments. The insect culture and Khanamani et al., 2013). experiments were carried out at 26 ± 2 °C, 60 ± The biology and reproductive behavior of E. 5% R. H. and a photoperiod of 10: 14 (L: D) h. kuehniella have been studied by number of researchers (Brindley, 1930; Hill, 2002; Rees, Life history and demographic parameters of 2003; Xu, 2010; Tarlack et al., 2015; Mehrkhou E. kuehniella and Tarlack, 2016). Several authors have shown At least 70 eggs of E. kuehniella within 12 h the effects of food resources on development old have been separated from colony on each and fecundity of E. kuehniella (Brindley, 1930; cereal flour. After egg hatching, the newly Hill, 2002; Rees, 2003, Xu, 2010; Tarlack et al., emerged larvae were placed individually in 2015; Mehrkhou and Tarlack, 2016). However, transparent containers (3 cm diameter × 8.5 cm there is no comprehensive information on the height) with a hole covered with a fine mesh life table parameters of E. kuehniella reared on net for ventilation. Larvae were fed by flours of different cereal flour including wheat: Homma, different cereal tested. The eggs and larvae Mihan and Zareh; Corn: 704 and Barley: were checked daily and their developmental Makui. In our earlier study, we evaluated the time were recorded. Since the larval and pupal efficiency of six wheat cultivars (Bahar, Zarin, periods of E. kuehniella spent within flour, it is Pishgham, Pishtaz, Sardari and Parsi cultivars) not clear to distinguish the life cycle period, on demography of E. kuehniella (Mehrkhou and exactly. For this reason, the stages of larval and Tarlack, 2016), in which Parsi cultivar was the pupal periods were considered as preadult most suitable for E. kuehniella. stages. The incubation and developmental time It should be emphasized that the wheat of immature stages, and their mortality were cultivars studied in this study are different from recorded daily. After emergence from the pupa, those previously studied by Mehrkhou and sex of adults has been determined and Tarlack (2016). Therefore, in the current study, distinguished sexually (Tarlack et al., 2015). the demographic parameters of E. kuehniella on Age-specific life tables were constructed Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 19:16 IRST on Sunday September 26th 2021 different cereal were evaluated. using a group of 15 pairs of E. kuehniella adults with 12-h-old, which obtained from each cereal Materials and Methods cultivar in biological test. Each adult pair was kept in a funnel form plastic container as an Host plants and insects oviposition container (10 cm diameter × 15 cm In this research, seeds of the examined cereal height) covered by fine mesh for ventilation including wheat cultivars (Homma, Mihan, and fed daily with a mixture of 10% honey. The Zareh), Barley (var. Makui) and Corn (var. 704) number of eggs produced and adult longevity were obtained from Plant and Seed were also recorded daily. The monitoring Modification Research Institute in West- continued until the death of the last individual Azerbaijan and Sanandaj Province, Iran. It in the cohort. should be noted that the studied wheat cultivars were different from those previously studied in Statistical analysis our earlier research (Tarlack et al., 2015; The life table parameters of E. kuehniella on Mehrkhou and Tarlack, 2016). The studied different cereal flour were determined by seeds powdered by electrical grinder and the using age (x), survivorship (lx), and female cereal flour were kept in refrigerator (4 ºC) progeny (mx) (Carey, 1993; 2001). 30 Mohammadi and Mehrkhou _________________________________________ J. Crop Prot. (2020) Vol. 9 (1) Differences in the net reproductive rate (R0), Results intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), mean generation time (T) and Life history parameters of E. kuehniella on doubling time (DT) values were tested for different cereal flour significance at the examined cereal flour by Duration of life history and adult longevity of estimating variances through the jackknife E. kuehniella on different cereal flour were procedure (Maia et al., 2000). Briefly, the life presented in Table 1. The incubation periods table parameters for all the n females (r all) of E. kuehniella were significantly different. were estimated by Carey’s equations The highest egg incubation period was considering the survival and reproduction recorded on Zareh (3.65 ± 0.58 days), whereas data. Then this procedure was repeated for n there are no differences among other cultivars times, each time excluding a different female (3.00 ± 0.00 days). The longest and shortest (data of n-1 females, r all). Therefore, 15 age- preadult period of E. kuehniella were obtained specific life tables were constructed for each on Zareh (59.00 ± 0.92 days) and 704 (46.91 ± treatment. The pseudo-values were calculated 0.36 days), respectively (Table 1). There were for each parameter for 15 samples using the significant differences in life spans of E. following equation: kuehniella (F = 27.81; df = 4, 70; P < 0.05) on five cereal flour. The life span varied from psvr (i) = n × r (all) - (n-1) × r (i) (1) 55.00 to 67.55 days on 704 and Zareh, After calculating the n pseudo-values for rm respectively (Table 1). The longest female (psvr), Jackknife estimate of the mean (r (10.56 ± 0.53 days) and male (11.33 ± 0.58 mean) and standard error (SEr mean) were days) longevities were found on Homma calculated (Maia et al., 2000). The obtained (Table 1). Pre-oviposition (F = 1.44; df = 4, variables were tested for normality using the 70; P > 0.05) and post-ovipositional (F = 1.46; Kolmogorov- Smirnov test before analysis. df = 4, 70; P > 0.05) periods were not affected Then, data were analysed using analysis of by cereal cultivars. On the other hand, the variance (ANOVA), and the differences ovipositional period was found to be between the species were tested at α = 0.05 significantly different (F = 8.92; df = 4, 70; P level using the Tukey test (SPSS, 2010). A < 0.05) on cereal which ranged from 3.85 days cluster analysis was constructed by Ward’s on 704 to 5.33 days on Homma (Table 1).
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