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The Discursive Legitimation of New Ideas. Emergence and Diffusion Of Doctoral Dissertation in the Department of Sociology The Discursive Legitimation of New Ideas. Emergence and Diffusion of the Industrial Research Laboratory in the United States, 1870-1930. to obtain the academic degree Doctor of Philosophy at the School of Human and Social Sciences of the University of Wuppertal Submitted by David M. Pithan February 2019 The PhD thesis can be quoted as follows: urn:nbn:de:hbz:468-20190918-113030-1 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Ahbz%3A468-20190918-113030-1] DOI: 10.25926/jc8t-8098 [https://doi.org/10.25926/jc8t-8098] i Table of Contents List of Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................... iv List of Illustrations.......................................................................................................................................... v 1) Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 1 2) Theory......................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1) Diffusion of Innovations.................................................................................................................... 4 What a Diffusion Perspective Can Add...............................................................................................4 Translating Ideas to Make them Fit...................................................................................................... 8 2.2) Idea Translation in Organizational Fields........................................................................................12 Of Organizational Fields and Institutions..........................................................................................13 From Institutions to Isomorphism.....................................................................................................16 2.3) Making the Case for Discourse......................................................................................................... 19 What Discourse is, and What it is Not...............................................................................................20 Towards an Operationalization of Discourse.....................................................................................25 2.4) The Gist of It..................................................................................................................................... 27 3) The Innovation: Industrial Research Laboratory....................................................................................30 3.1) Where It Originated From................................................................................................................ 30 3.2) How it Proliferated........................................................................................................................... 35 The Problem with Mapping R&D Growth.......................................................................................35 Sketching the Growth of Industrial Research Laboratories...............................................................36 3.3) The Research Pioneers...................................................................................................................... 45 1900: General Electric......................................................................................................................... 45 1902: Du Pont..................................................................................................................................... 51 1907: AT&T....................................................................................................................................... 57 1912: Eastman Kodak......................................................................................................................... 62 General Themes & Concepts.............................................................................................................. 68 3.4) Preliminary Findings from the Research Pioneers...........................................................................73 General Explanatory Notions............................................................................................................. 73 The Role of Agency............................................................................................................................ 78 The Move Towards Science................................................................................................................ 79 The Status of the Pioneers................................................................................................................... 82 4) The Organizational Field: US Chemistry, 1870-1930.............................................................................83 4.1) Chemistry as Academic Science: Scientific Societies, Journals, and Chemical Education.............85 Scientific Societies and Related Organizations...................................................................................85 Chemical Journals............................................................................................................................... 91 Chemistry in Higher Education ......................................................................................................... 95 4.2) Chemistry in Industry: Companies, Products, and Processes.........................................................98 The Development of the Chemical Industry.....................................................................................99 ii Employment Trends of Chemists in Industry.................................................................................102 Trade Associations and Other Organizations in the Chemical Industry ........................................103 4.3) Chemistry and Politics: World War I, Boosterism and the New Landscape of Federal Support for Science.................................................................................................................................................... 106 Chemists in Federal Employment .................................................................................................... 107 The Effects of World War I.............................................................................................................. 109 5) Capturing the Discourse about Industrial Research in US Chemistry, 1870 – 1930...........................117 5.1) Methodological Considerations..................................................................................................... 117 How to Capture Discourse & Where to Start..................................................................................117 From Field to Speaker....................................................................................................................... 118 From Speaker to Corpus................................................................................................................... 121 5.2) Dataset Overview............................................................................................................................ 124 Popular Journals ............................................................................................................................... 127 General Science Journals................................................................................................................... 128 Chemistry Journals........................................................................................................................... 129 Industrial Journals............................................................................................................................. 129 Governmental Journals..................................................................................................................... 130 5.3) An Event-Based Analysis................................................................................................................ 130 Events as Focal Points in Discourse..................................................................................................131 Texts as a Unit of Analysis................................................................................................................ 138 5.4) On Quality Control in Discourse Analysis....................................................................................141 Challenges to Conventional Approaches to Quality Control.........................................................141 Four Criteria for Quality Control in Discourse Analysis.................................................................143 6) Analyzing the Discourse ........................................................................................................................ 146 6.1) Interdiscursivity.............................................................................................................................. 154 Specialization..................................................................................................................................... 154 Conservation Movement.................................................................................................................. 155 Efficiency..........................................................................................................................................
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