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Geant4 Study of a Gamma Ray Collimator for Proton Therapy Selim Romero University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected]

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Geant4 Study of a Gamma Ray Collimator for Proton Therapy Selim Romero University of Texas at El Paso, Selimiles@Live.Com University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2018-01-01 Geant4 Study Of A Gamma Ray Collimator For Proton Therapy Selim Romero University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Biophysics Commons, and the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Romero, Selim, "Geant4 Study Of A Gamma Ray Collimator For Proton Therapy" (2018). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 1532. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/1532 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GEANT4 STUDY OF A GAMMA RAY COLLIMATOR FOR PROTON THERAPY SELIM SABAG ROMERO GONZALEZ Master’s Program in Physics APPROVED: Jorge A. López, Ph.D., Chair Rajendra Zope, Ph.D. Wei Qian, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Selim Sabag Romero Gonzalez 2018 DEDICATION I dedicate this writing to a person who guided me since childhood and woke up my interest in science. GEANT4 STUDY OF A GAMMA RAY COLLIMATOR FOR PROTON THERAPY by SELIM SABAG ROMERO GONZALEZ, B.S. THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physics THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO May 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In this project participated Ph.D. candidate Jason Holmes from the Arizona State University, UTEP M.S. student Omar Hernández Rodríguez, and my mentor Dr. Jorge A. López Gallardo, I thank all of them for the opportunity of collaborating with them. Likewise, I thank UTEP’s Physics Department for supporting my M.S. studies with a teaching assistantship, as well as my presentation of this work at the 2017 meeting of the Texas Section of the American Physical Society in Dallas, Texas. Finally, I thank the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Rajendra Zope, and Dr. Wei Qian, for their time and comments, my professors for these two years of academic preparation, and the staff of the Physics Department for their continuous support. v ABSTRACT This thesis presents the results of an investigation of the use of collimators in proton therapy. The problem to solve is that in the proton therapy, we do not have the certainty if the target-tumor is receiving all the energy to destroy it or if we are really shooting at this one, so the remaining question is: where the beam is hitting? How to know it? to answer those questions our work has the propose of study proton therapy to determine where the proton interactions occur, these kinds of interactions usually produce gamma rays, and we simulated in GEANT4 the gamma production of a radial source interacting with a collimator made of lead, so our study focused on getting characteristic of the detected gammas and relate those characteristics to a location of the gamma source. The detector was placed behind the collimator, as shown in chapter 4. Each simulation of GEANT4 captured the signal in the detector and this information was analyzed with the program ROOT CERN, providing us the signal in regions of the detector to suggest some characteristics of a detector device. The results obtained are simulations for the number of gammas obtained as a function of the position along the detector, the previous was repeated for different configurations of the detector and different positions of the gamma source, as shown in chapter 5. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: PHYSICS OF PROTON THERAPY .......................................................................5 2.1 BASICS OF PARTICLE-MATTER INTERACTIONS ...............................................5 2.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROTON THERAPY ............................................................9 2.2.1 HISTORY OF PROTON BEAM THERAPY ......................................................9 2.2.2 PROTON THERAPY PHYSICS ........................................................................10 2.2.3 DELIVERY OF PROTONS ...............................................................................12 2.3 THIS THESIS ..............................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 3: GEANT4 .................................................................................................................14 3.1 GEANT4 HISTORY ....................................................................................................14 3.2 GEANT4 FUNCTIONALITY .....................................................................................15 3.3 COMPARISION OF GEANT4 WITH OTHER TOOLS ............................................19 3.4 ROOT CERN ...............................................................................................................19 CHAPTER 4: SIMULATION .......................................................................................................21 4.1 COLLIMATOR-DETECTOR GEOMETRY ..............................................................23 4.2 SIMULATION SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................27 4.3 DATA PROCESSING .................................................................................................29 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................33 5.1 RESULTS CHANGING PITCH WITH 2 MEV ENERGY ........................................34 5.1.1 SIMULATION FOR 2 MM THICKNESS AND 4 MM PITCH .......................34 vii 5.1.2 SIMULATION FOR 2 MM THICKNESS AND 5 MM PITCH .....................39 5.1.3 SIMULATION FOR 2 MM THICKNESS AND 6 MM PITCH .....................44 5.1.4 SIMULATION FOR 2 MM THICKNESS AND 3 MM PITCH .....................49 5.2 RESULTS CHANGING THICKNESS 2 MEV ENERGY .........................................54 5.2.1 SIMULATION FOR 4 MM pitch AND 1 MM thickness ................................54 5.2.2 SIMULATION FOR 4 MM pitch AND 3 MM thickness ................................59 5.3 RESULTS CHANGING PITCH WITH 5 MEV ENERGY ........................................64 5.3.1 SIMULATION FOR 2 MM THICKNESS AND 4 MM PITCH .......................64 5.3.2 SIMULATION FOR 2 MM THICKNESS AND 5 MM PITCH .......................69 5.3.4 SIMULATION FOR 2 MM THICKNESS AND 3 MM PITCH .......................79 5.4 RESULTS CHANGING THICKNESS 5 MEV ENERGY .........................................84 5.4.1 SIMULATION FOR 4 MM PITCH AND 1 MM THICKNESS .......................84 5.4.2 SIMULATION FOR 4 MM PITCH AND 3 MM THICKNESS .......................89 5.5 ANALYSIS OF THE PREVIOUS DATA ..................................................................94 5.5.1 ANALYSIS FOR ENERGY WITH 2 MEV ......................................................94 5.5.2 ANALYSIS FOR ENERGY WITH 5 MEV ....................................................101 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................109 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................111 VITA ............................................................................................................................................114 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Characteristic gamma ray energies in proton-induced reactions [Chiari, 2013]. .......... 9 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Spread of x-ray radiation compared to proton radiation. The SOBP is actually produce by several Bragg peaks (blue lines) at different energies. [Levin, 2005]. ...................................... 2 Figure 2. Proton interaction mechanisms: (a) proton-electron interactions, (b) deflection of proton by the nucleus Coulomb field, (c) proton-nucleus collision [Newhauser, 2015]. .......................... 3 Figure 2.1. Characteristic gamma ray spectra in proton-induced reactions [Chiari, 2013]. Clearly visible are the resonant peaks. ........................................................................................................ 8 Figure 2.2. Percent depth dose as a function of depth [Bernam, 2015]. ....................................... 12 Figure 3.1 Geant4 class categories [Geant4, 2018] ...................................................................... 17 Figure 4.1. Beam of gamma rays with and without a collimator. The gammas are recorded on the left plates [Fon, 2018]. .................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 4.2. Geometrical arrangement of the collimator
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