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Testing and Calibration of the IBEX Lo-Res Collimator University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Winter 2008 Testing and calibration of the IBEX Lo-Res Collimator Stephen Zaffke University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Zaffke, Stephen, "Testing and calibration of the IBEX Lo-Res Collimator" (2008). Master's Theses and Capstones. 440. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/440 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Testing and Calibration of the IBEX Lo-Res Collimator By Stephen Zaffke BS, Augsburg College, 2006 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science In Physics December, 2008 UMI Number: 1463246 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 1463246 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 This thesis has been examined and approved. Harald Kucharek, RESEARCH ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR-PHYSICS Dawn Meredith, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR-PHYSICS Date This thesis is dedicated to Pineapples 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to: Eberhard Mobius Harald Kucharek Stan Ellis John Nolin Dave Heirtzler William Whitledge IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ,..v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vi ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION TO IBEX 1 1.1) IBEX mission overview 1 1.2) Purpose and function of the Collimator 11 1.3) Motivation 28 2. IBEX-LO COLLIMATOR TESTING 31 2.1) Measurement Method. 31 2.2) Simulations 34 2.3) Experimental Setup 40 2.4) Discharge Chamber Calibration 48 2.5) Testing 56 2.6) Calibration Analysis 67 3. CONCLUSIONS 84 LIST OF REFERENCES 86 APPENDIX 87 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 2-5.1: Test configuration table 57 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1-1.1: Diagram of the Heliosphere 2 1-1.2: Interstellar O velocity profile 5 1-1.3: IBEX-Hi Schematic 6 1 -1.4: Channel Electron Multiplier diagram 7 1-1.5: IBEX-Lo Schematic 8 1-1.6: Simple representation of the Time Of Flight instrument 9 1 -1.7: Illustration of IBEX orientation , 10 1-2.1: Photograph illustrating Hi-res andLo-res collimator sections 12 1-2.2: Diagram illustrating single slit collimator function 14 1 -2.3: Throughput dependency illustration 15 1-2.4: Central angular bias of the Collimator 17 1 -2.5: Collimator spacing illustration 18 1 -2.6: Collimator FOV restriction schematic 19 1 -2.7: Rejection potential scheme 20 1-2.8: Positive Rejection equipotential lines. 22 vi 1 -2.9: Illustration of ion rejection , 23 I -2.10: Illustration of Pre-Collimator effectiveness 24 1 -2.11: Negative Rejection equipotential lines 25 1-2.12: Illustration of electron rejection 26 1-2.13: Illustration of the cooperation between FOV and rejection requirements.... 27 1-3.1: Results from previous testing 29 2-1.1: Ion deflection field generating plates 32 2-2.1: Illustration of deflector effectiveness for parallel trajectories 35 2-2.2: Illustration of deflector effectiveness for angled trajectories 35 2-2.3: Relationship between deflection distance and deflection voltage 36 2-2.4: Deflector plate restrictions 37 2-2.5: Deflector plate dimensions 38 2-3.1: Schematic of the major sections of the experimental setup 40 2-3.2: Components of Ion Accelerator 41 2-3.3: Discharge Chamber 42 2-3.4: Beam Path 44 2-3.5: Chamber setup 46 2-3.6: Chamber setup with Chicane 47 2-4.1: Gas flow schematic 49 2-4.2: Graph of gas input pressure vs. discharge pressure 51 2-4.3: Graph of beam path pressure vs. discharge pressure 51 2-4.4: Graph of discharge voltage vs. discharge pressure 54 2-5.1: Motion table rotation axis 58 vii 2-5.2: Chicane diagram 60 2-5.3: Background counts 61 2-5.4: Improper alignment of the chicane 62 2-6.1: Raw output image 68 2-6.2: Raw output with overlay 69 2-6.3: Physical dimensions of the MCP 70 2-6.4: Raw surface plot 71 2-6.5: Trimmed surface plot 72 2-6.6: Small angle divergence 73 2-6.7: Divergence measurements 74 2-6.8: Full beam with 2-D cut across the peak 75 2-6.9: Actual 2-D cut across the peak of the beam 76 2-6.10: Deflected beam 76 2-6.11: 2-D representation of figure 2-6.10 77 2-6.12: Strengthened beam 77 2-6.13: 2-D representation of strengthening the beam 78 2-6.14: New beam profile 79 2-6.15: 9kVFOV scan 80 2-6.16: 9kV Ion Suppression ratio 81 2-6.17:1 OkV Ion Suppression ratio 81 2-6.18: 1 lkV Ion Suppression ratio 82 2-6.19: Ion Suppression ratio as a function of beam energy 83 viii ABSTRACT TESTING AND CALIBRATION OF THE IBEX LO-RES COLLIMATOR By Stephen Zaffke University of New Hampshire, December, 2008 The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission will provide full sky images of Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENA's) from interstellar space. The Collimator is tasked to restrict the Field of View (FOV) of IBEX, as well as repel ions up to lOkeV in energy to a degree greater than 10M, and electrons up to 600eV to the same degree. This thesis retests the capability of the Collimator to perform these functions, as well as improving upon the testing procedures. IX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO IBEX SECTION 1-1: IBEX MISSION OVERVIEW The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) is a satellite mission which will study the boundary layer between the Inter-Stellar Medium (ISM) and the solar wind. T*«?$U> i\XJ Figure 1-1.1: Diagram of the heliosphere, showing the different layers of the heliospheric boundary and shock fronts. The sources of Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENA) are also shown. Image used IBEX mission website http://www.ibex.swri.edu/mission/strategy.shtml. The solar wind travels radially outward from the sun at super-sonic speeds until it reaches the Interstellar Boundary (ISB). In this region, at about 100 AU from the sun, the solar wind is slowed from super-sonic to sub-sonic speeds. This creates a termination shock, which is the region within which the solar wind and ISM interact. The IBEX mission is 2 designed to collect and study inbound neutral particles from this region, using them to take an image of the heliospheric boundary. The neutral particles inbound from the ISB that can be detected from earth orbit come from a variety of sources. The ISM is known to have a significant portion of H, He, and O neutral atoms present (Lee, M. A. et al., Physical Processes in the Outer Heliosphere (2008)) These species have a high ionization potential and thus a large percentage will remain neutral in low energy plasmas such as in the immediate interstellar region. These neutral atoms are not affected by the electric or magnetic fields present in the boundary region and the solar wind (Interstellar Neutral Atoms in Figure 1- 1.1). They stream into the heliosphere on straight trajectories affected only by the sun's gravitation. Solar wind particles can charge exchange with the neutral interstellar gas. When this occurs in the ISB region some of these are sent back in toward the sun as Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENA). The solar wind approaches the termination shock as a cold, fast moving plasma. As it draws near the bulk velocity is slowed causing the temperature to rise. This increases the random velocity of individual ions. These ions trajectories can then be wound around magnetic field lines, effectively increasing their probability to collide with neutral atoms and to charge exchange. The resulting ENA's will maintain their energy and follow a straight path (Wurz, P., et al., IBEX Backgrounds and Signal to Noise Ratio, Space Sci. Rev., subm. (2008)) (ENA in Figure 1-1.1). Due to the increase in random velocity some of these particles will make it back in toward the sun and can be detected by IBEX. 3 Secondary neutral atoms are also created by interstellar ions in the outer heliosheath (region outside between the heliopause and the bow shock in Figure 1-1.1). Interstellar ions, such as H and O, will be slowed down as they approach the interstellar boundary, in a similar process as the solar wind. This reduces their bulk velocity while increasing their temperature, or random velocity (Wurz, P., et al.). These ions can charge exchange into neutral particles, maintaining their new random velocities. Thus a random percentage of these particles will have trajectories which lead them to earth to be collected by the IBEX satellite.
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