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Ant Faunal Diversity of Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

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Ant Faunal Diversity of Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 120(2) (2019) 81-110 EISSN 2392-2192 Ant Faunal Diversity of Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India Sumana Saha1,a, Tamoghna Roy1 and Dinendra Raychaudhuri2,b 1Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, 10, K.N.C. Road, Barasat, Kolkata – 7000124, India 2IRDM Faculty Centre, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Narendrapur, Kolkata – 700103, India a,bE-mail address: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT The present study unfolds the diversity of ants of Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. A total of 22 species under 13 genera distributed over 5 subfamilies could be recorded. These include three newly recorded species namely Leisiota frauenfeldi (Mayr) (Formicinae), Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) hodgsoni Forel (Myrmicinae) and Brachyponera nigrita Emery (Ponerinae) from the state and nearly 90.5% of the reported species are new for the district (marked*). Analysis of their zoogeographical distribution reveals that the fauna apart from being Oriental also includes some Palaearctic (72.73%), Australian (13.63%) and Ethiopian (4.54%) elements. The dominant functional group is constituted by the Subordinate Camponotini (36.37%) followed by Generalized Myrmicinae (22.73%), Tropical Climate Specialist (13.63%), Specialist Predator (9.09%), Opportunist (9.09%) and Dominant Dolichorinae (9.09%). Ants are mostly prevalent during Monsoon (81.82%), followed by Postmonsoon (68.18%) and Premonsoon (50.00%). Two species namely Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) compressus (Fabricius) and Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) are recorded throughout the year. Ranking sequence of the most abundant species in descending order is: Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) compressus (15.01%) = Oecophylla smaragdina (15.01%) > Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) hodgsoni (12.91%). Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) compressus and Oecophylla smaragdina are the most dominant species. Data also reveals that both core and buffer zones conjointly offer a better combination of habitat requirement, as 12 species are common in both the zones. Highest no. of species are recorded from leaf litter and ground combined together (22 species) and 6 species are arboreal in nature. Shannon’s Diversity Index (α diversity) and Simpson’s Diversity Index ( Received 11 January 2019; Accepted 03 February 2019; Date of Publication 04 February 2019 ) World Scientific News 120(2) (2019) 81-110 both are higher in buffer zone. This reflects the habitat exploitation efficiency of the encountered species. As per Jaccard Index (β diversity) the similarity value of both the zones is only 0.55. Keywords: Bibhutibhusan Wildlife Sanctuary, Ant Fauna, New Record, Functional groups 1. INTRODUCTION Ants are small sized invertebrates found all around the world, except the Polar Region. They are found in many different sizes and vary in colour depending on the species. Ants are one of the most abundant eusocial insect species found on the earth; have colonised almost all the available ecosystems; play major roles in structuring the ecosystems; aerate soil by digging burrows and galleries and depositing nutrients and are good decomposers. Ants take seeds into their tunnel and help seed dispersal. Ants are strong candidate for environmental monitoring (King et al., 1998; Peck, 1998). They form about 15-25 % of any terrestrial biomass (Schultz, 2000) due to their ability to modify the habitat, resource mobilisation and their well defined social organisation which renders a strong protection to their colony. Ants have been in use for the study of evolution of polyphenism (Bonasio, 2014), as tools in biological control (Beth & Drummond, 2011) and as bioindicator organisms on the health of an ecosystem (Andersen et. al. 2004). Such role of ants has prompted scientists all over the world to study in great detail the ecology and diversity of the group. Till date estimates suggest worldwide around 22,000 ant species of which nearly 14,000 (Ohio State University, 2017) have been identified. A total of 828 valid species and subspecies of ants belonging to 100 genera are listed from India (Bharti et al., 2016). This contributes about 6% of the total world species. Such a data prompt a thorough survey of ants at all the levels of biome. The present paper deals with the study of diversity of ants in a protected area Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. 2. STUDY AREA Bibhutibhusan Wildlife Sanctuary (formerly Parmadan Forest) [Latitude: 23.1930o N & Longitude: 88.7734o E] is in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. It is located on the banks of Ichhamati River covering an area of 0.68 km2. The forest land is bounded on all its three sides (i.e. north, south and east) by Ichhamati river while the eastern side is bounded by rural settlements (namely Parmadan and Jhupa villages). Natural vegetation of this protected area comprises of a varied assemblage of deciduous and non-deciduous trees, while the undergrowth is thick and dense, comprising mostly ferns, tall grasses and bushes. Floral biodiversity of the study area comprise of about 209 species of angiosperms including 59 trees, 98 herbs, 34 shrubs, 15 climbers and 3 creepers (Talukdar and Sanyal 2013). Main trees of this forest are Terminalia arjuna, Albizia saman, Senna siamea, Morus sp., Bombax ceiba, and several species of bamboo. This forest is known to harbour more than 200 deer, birds, rabbit and a large number of langurs. The core area of the forest is fenced off and visitors are permitted to walk along the road by the fence. The climate is tropical, dry during winter (mid of November to mid-February) and humid during summer. Annual rainfall is 1,579 mm, temperature ranges between 41 °C (in -82- World Scientific News 120(2) (2019) 81-110 May) and 10 °C (in January) and relative humidity lies between 50 % and 90 % (Talukdar & Sanyal, 2013) (Fig. 1 & 2). Fig. 1. Study Area. -83- World Scientific News 120(2) (2019) 81-110 Fig. 2. Study Area 3. MATERIALS & METHODS Survey is conducted once a week during August, 2017 - July, 2018 within Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary. Sampling are being done by pit fall trap, hand picking, bush beating & using inverted umbrella (Fig. 3). Samples are killed and preserved in 70% alcohol as per recommendation of Raychaudhuri & Saha (2014). The materials are studied using Stereo Zoom Binocular Microscope, model Olympus SZX-16 (Fig. 4). The measurements are in millimeters, made with an eye piece graticule. Specimens are identified following Dutta (1988); Bhattacharjee (2009). Materials are in the deposition of Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, Barasat, Kolkata, India. -84- World Scientific News 120(2) (2019) 81-110 Using inverted umbrella Hand picking Visual Search Pit fall Trap Fig. 3. Collection methods Fig. 4. Laboratory Work -85- World Scientific News 120(2) (2019) 81-110 4. RESULTS - TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT Order: Hymenoptera Family: Formicidae Diagnosis: Pedicel present between thorax and abdomen; antennae elbowed with elongated scape. Key to Subfamily Subfamily: Ponerinae Diagnosis: First gastral segment demarcated from the second by a constriction; sting present; antennal carinae widened anteriorly, more or less covering the bases of antennae; metapleural gland orifice in the lower posterior corner of metapleuron; third gastral segment of normal size and appearance. Key to Genera: 1. Node of pedicel with 2 spines directed posteriorly; body variously, strongly striate…………………………………………………………….…...Diacamma Mayr - Node of pedicel differently spinose………………………..………………………….2 2. Mesometanotal suture obsolete or weakly marked; node of pedicel may or may not be toothed; body strongly developed………………….… Pseudoneoponera Donisthorpe -86- World Scientific News 120(2) (2019) 81-110 - Mesometanotal suture distinct; metanotum strongly compressed and emarginated at the mesometanotal suture; body comparatively slender……………..Brachyponera Emery Key to species of Diacamma Mayr 1. 1st gastral segment striate; pedicellar spines not continuous with pedicel margin; pedicel ventrally with a small tooth…………………........................Diacamma vagans (Smith) - 1st gastral segment not striate; pedicellar spines continuous with pedicel margin; pedicel ventrally with an acute spine size 13-15 mm……….... Diacamma scalpratum (Smith) 1. Diacamma vagans (Smith) Ponera vagans, Smith, 1860, J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4: 103 Diacamma vagans (Smith), 1903, Bingham, Fauna Brit. India, Hym. 2: 81. Material examined: 3 /1 / 1 , 26.8.2017/7.10.2017/19.8.2017, BWLS, coll. T. Roy. Distribution: India (Assam, Maharashtra, Orissa, Sikkim, West Bengal [Burdwan, Darjeeling, Howrah, Hooghly, Jalpaiguri, Kolkata, Murshidabad, Nadia, N-24 Pgs., S-24-Pgs.], Indonesia, Myanmar (Bingham 1903; Tiwari et al., 1998; Bhattacharjee, 2009; Anonymous, 2017). 2. Diacamma scalpratum (Smith) Ponera scalprata, Smith, 1858, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 6: 84. Diacamma scalpratum (Smith), Mayr, 1862, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 12: 718. Material examined: 3 /1 /1 /4 /6 /1 /10 /2 /1 /1 /4 /12 /7 /4 , 4.11.2017/25.11.2017/2.12.2017/24.2.2018/1.4.2018/7.4.2018/14.4.2018/20.4.2018/12.5. 2018/19.5.2018/16.6.2018/23.6.2018/30.6.2018/7.7.2018, BWLS, coll. T. Roy. Distribution: Bangladesh, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal [Burdwan, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, *N -24 Pgs., S-24 Pgs.], Myanmar, Pakistan (Bingham 1903;
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