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Outlines of the History of Botany ®i|g -§, p. ^m ^tbvHi-g QK\5 H3 C. STATE UNIVERSITY D.H HILL LIBRARY S00271282 M THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. ill IN ^ ir^ UG 27^1991 ^^1 9 1998 JAN 1 1975 ^""^ DEC I 2 MAR 30 1977 2004 I'A 3 i*^n N NOV ii 11979 30M- 10/73 OTHER BOOKS ON BOTANY INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL BOTANY By D. H. Scott, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. In Two Parts. Price 48. 6d. net each. 9th Edition. Part I. Flowering Plants. Containing 117 Illustrations. Edition. Part II. Flowerless Plants. 7th Containing 124 Illustrations. to the study This book is intended as a first guide has of the structure of plants. The type-system been adapted, as far as practicable, because it seems possible better to gain as thorough a knowledge as scraps of a few plants, rather than to acquire mere Pr^/oc^. of information about a larger number.— STUDIES IN FOSSIL BOTANY By D. H. Scott, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. Third Edition. Containing about 250 Illustra- tions. In preparation. Large Crown 8vo, cloth, piobable price 15s. net. Or may be had in two volumes. PLANT LIFE By the Rev. Charles A. Hall, F.R.M.S. Containing 50 full-page illustrations in colour by photo- C. F. Newall, and 24 page illustrations from graphs. Square demy 8vo, cloth, published at 20s. net, now offered at 16s. net. PUBLISHED BV W. A. & C. BLACK, LTD.. 4 SOHO SQUARE. LONDON. OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF BOTANY AGENTS Company America . The Macmillan 64 & 66 Fifth Avenue, New York Australasia The Oxford University Press 205 Flinders Lane, Melbourne Canada The Macmillan Company of Canada, Ltd. St. Martin's House, 70 Bond Street, Toronto India M cmillan & Company, Ltd. Macmillan Building, Bombay 309 Bow Bazaar Street, Calcutta OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF BOTANY BY R. J. HARVEY-GIBSON C.B.E., D.L., M.A. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINUURGH MEMBER OF THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY HOLBROOK GASKELL PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL A. & C. BLACK, LTD. 4, 5 & 6 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W.l 1919 INSCRIBED BY PERMISSION TO H.E. The Right Hon. THE EARL OF DERBY K.G.. G.C.V.O., LL.D. H.M. AMBASSADOR TO THE FRENCH REPUBLIC CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL 61J51 ; PREFACE The following brief sketch of the history of botany makes no claim to originality save in the mode of presentation of the subject-matter. It comprises the substance of a course of lectures given to students of the University of Liverpool during their third year of residence, and has for its object the discussion of the more important features in the advance of botanical knowledge from the earliest times down to, approximately, the present day. The ordinary university student, in the course of an already overcrowded curriculum, has only the minimum of time to devote to the study of the history of the science, and not always the knowledge or experience requisite to form a proper estimate of the relative values of the results achieved by the numberless investigators whose names appear on the pages of the larger text-books, still less to picture for himself in correct perspective, the evolution of the science as a whole. These lectures, it is hoped, may in some measure aid him in attaining these ends, so far as the history of botany is concerned. Much has been omitted that another writer might have included ; exigencies of time and space must serve as excuse for such omissions. Some aspects of the subject have been expanded, not unduly it is hoped, that others might prefer to treat more briefly or to omit altogether that must be put down to individual idiosyncrasy on the viii HISTORY OF BOTANY part of the author. The style of the lecture-room has been retained in the hope that that mode of presentation may render the story more vivid and more readable. The author desires to express his indebtedness to several friends who have given him the benefit of their criticism and advice. His thanks are especially due to Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S., and to Professor W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., who have very kindly read the whole work in manuscript, or in proof, and favoured him with many valuable suggestions. He desires also to record his ac- knowledgements to Professor F. O. Bower, F.R.S., and to Professor H. H. Dixon, F.R.S., for their kindly criticism of those sections on which they are recognised authorities. To his friend Miss M. Dunt he owes a debt of gratitude for constant help during the preparation of the text for publication. Hartley Botanical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, CONTENTS LECT. I. INTRODUCTORY-THE PAGB DaWN OF BOTANICAL KNOW- LEDGE— THE Herbalists . II. Introductory-The Foundations of Plant Mor- phology AND Anatomy 22 III. The Founders of Natural Classification-The Sexuality of Plants - The Physiology of Nutrition-Linnaeus and the Sexual System OF Classification— The Beginnings of Speciali SATION 40 IV. The Pioneer Investigators in Photosynthesis —Progress in Taxonomy and Anatomy at the BEGINNING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY—PRO- GRESS IN Plant Physiology 62 V. Robert Brown-Systems of Taxonomy-Physi OLOGY OF Nutrition— Cryptogamic Botany at THE beginning OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY— Protoplasm and the Cell Theory—Progress in Anatomy 88 VI. Hofmeister on the Vascular Cryptogams-Pro GREss IN Physiological Problems—The Founda TiONS OF Palaeophytology— Charles Darwin. 116 VII. The Influence of the "Origin of Species "on Botanical Research—Alternation of Genera TIONS—Morphology of the Flower—Fertili- sation—Morphology of the Seed ^37 VIII. The Taxonomy of Cryptogams-Taxonomy of Phanerogams—Progress in Palaeophytology— — X HISTORY OF BOTANY LECT. PAGE Progress in Cryptogamic Morphology—Pro- gress IN Cytology—The Origin and Develop- ment OF Tissues—The Stele Theory—Advances IN Physiology — Absorption of Water and Salts—Transpiration . .161 IX. The Ascent of Sap—The Absorption of Minerals —The Absorption of Nitrogen—The Problem OF Photosynthesis . .189 X. Metabolism—Enzymes—Assimilation of Plasta — Katabolism — Growth — SOxMe Advances in Botanical Knowledge since 1900 Mendelism 213 XI. Modern Views on the Composition of Chloro- phyll — The Functions of Chlorophyll — Energy and Photosynthesis—Sensitivity and Movement—Ecology 234 XII. The Pteridosperms and the Seed—Bennettites AND the Primitive Flower—The Phylogeny of THE ANGIOSPERMAE 250 Conclusion . 261 Bibliography 263 Explanation of Table 267 Index 271 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF BOTANY LECTURE I INTRODUCTORY During the past two years, in the laboratory and in the field, you have been studying the structure and functions of plants, and, in the library and in the lecture room, you have become acquainted with some of the more theo- retical and speculative aspects of the science of botany, as well as with the views of recognised authorities on the subjects you yourselves have been investigating. From time to time I have drawn your attention to the parts played by certain great men of past generations in the development of an idea, or in the discovery of some fact or law, jealously concealed by Nature from the unin- quisitive or unsympathetic eye, and you have thus come to realise, more or less consciously, that the science itself has had a history, in the making of which many have co-operated, some largely, some modestly, but each contributing his fragment to the building of the whole. In this course of lectures I propose to sketch the story in a somewhat more connected form, to show you how the various aspects of botanical science first came to be appreciated, and how these aspects are related the one to the other. I hope also to present you with an estimate, of necessity a purely personal one, of the relative values of the labours carried out by the men of the past, and. 2 HISTORY OF BOTANY indeed, though I trust with due deference, by the workers of the present also. In a word, I desire to conduct you to the top of a Mount Pisgah, whence you may survey the country through which you have travelled, and also view the promised land of future discovery and possible achievement. But I would ask you to remember that what I propose to lay before you is merely an outline and not a detailed picture. WTien you stand on the top of a lofty mountain, a lake, a river, a village, a wood, may attract your atten- the lake, a boulder tion in the plains below ; but a boat on on the river bank, children playing in the \dllage street, or pine cones on the trees, are inconspicuous or altogether invisible. So when you take a bird's-eye view of the history of a great science your attention is necessarily directed in the first instance to the evolution of broad principles, to the works of the great masters, and trivial details, transient suggestions, and less prominent con- tributions of humbler labourers in the field are hkely to remain, at most, blurred shadows on your mind, if indeed they make any impression on it at all. When you come to travel over the country you now view from the heights, it will be your task to study in fuller detail the more intimate features of the landscape now presented to you in broad outhne only. The Dawn of Botanical Knowledge Not long ago I read, in a recently pubhshed text-book of botany, a sentence claiming that King Solomon, who flourished, we are told, some three thousand years ago, " was the first professor of botany, because he spake of trees, from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon, even unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall." It would appear that his majesty was something of a zoologist also, " for the ancient chronicler tells us that he spake also of beasts and of fowl and of creeping things and of fishes." THE DAWN OF BOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE 3 It is much to be regretted that not one sentence of these early discourses on natural history has been preserved, unless we may assume that the fragments of ecological lore in the books of the Old Testament are some of the traditional sayings handed down by the " people who came to hear the wisdom of Solomon." " Can the rush grow up without mire ? Can the flag grow without " water," asked Bildad the Shuhite.
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