CSRC WORKING PAPER

NO. 1 NOVEMBER 2011

AN OCCASIONAL SERIES AVAILABLE IN ELECTRONIC FORMAT

QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO A PILOT STUDY

CHON A. NORIEGA AND FRANCISCO JAVIER IRIBARREN

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT: UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center • 193 Haines Hall • Los Angeles, CA 90095-1544 Phone: 310-825-2642 • Fax: 310-206-1784 • E-Mail: [email protected] Editor: Chon A. Noriega • Senior Editor: Rebecca Frazier • Production: Bill Morosi This series is a project of the CSRC Latino Research Program, which receives funding from the University of California Committee on Latino Research.

MISSION STATEMENT The UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center supports interdisciplinary, collaborative, and policy-oriented research on issues critical to the Chicano community. The center’s press disseminates books, working papers, and the peer-reviewed Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies. For more information visit www.chicano.ucla.edu.

CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

he CSRC Working Paper series federal government’s use of the radio Center 2007). Nationally, hate crimes is intended to convey the prelimi- frequency spectrum. Mindful of First against Latinos, when compared with nary results of ongoing research Amendment protections as well as hate crimes against other racial/ethnic at the UCLA Chicano Studies related federal legislation and policy, groups, have risen at the highest rate, the 1993 NTIA report established a with a 25 percent increase between Research Center. The research definition of hate speech drawn from 2004 and 2008 (Federal Bureau of Tpresented in these papers is preliminary the Hate Crimes Statistics Act (1990). Investigation 2004, 2008). This and has not gone through the usual peer Now, nearly two decades later, the increase may be linked to the media- review process for CSRC publications. NTIA report continues to provide a generated negative discourse against The authors invite your comments and viable definition for hate speech, but immigrants that has been prevalent on critique: [email protected] and jiribar- it no longer reflects significant recent the airwaves. In a 2007 national sur- [email protected]. changes in federal policy, telecommu- vey, about 64 percent of U.S. Latinos nications platforms, and programming reported that the immigration debate I. INTRODUCTION formats and content. Furthermore, the had negatively impacted their lives, original study relied on data that were, while 78 percent reported feeling that The considerable and often heated by the NTIA’s own account, “scattered discrimination remained a problem debate over hate speech has produced and largely anecdotal,” and it therefore affecting their community (Pew His- numerous reports, articles, and books. failed to provide a scientific basis for panic Center 2007).3 These studies have looked at the issue data assessment, let alone a methodol- from a number of disciplinary perspec- ogy or baseline for future study. II. METHODOLOGY tives, including those of journalism, In developing this pilot study we The 1993 report was the result of the law, linguistics, economics, history, considered areas in which we expected NTIA’s mandate to examine and report and philosophy.1 These studies offer to see significant results, so as to estab- to Congress on the media’s role in valuable theoretical, conceptual, inter- lish and test data-driven descriptive “crimes of hate and violent acts against pretive, and descriptive insights into categories. Future full-scale analysis ethnic, religious, and racial minori- hate speech, but they often rest upon would need to include a comparative ties.” The report defined hate speech unsubstantiated empirical premises dimension. as either (1) “words that threaten to about the phenomenon itself. Indeed, Commercial talk radio is the focus incite ‘imminent unlawful action,’ to date there is limited research on of the pilot study. Radio has the great- which may be criminalized without hate speech using scientific approaches est penetration of any media outlet violating the First Amendment”; or (2) 2 to medium, content, and impact. (print, broadcast, or digital), reaching “speech that creates a climate of hate The main goal of this pilot study is to 90 percent of Americans each week, or prejudice, which may in turn foster develop a sound, replicable methodol- and the news-talk format is the pre- the commission of hate crimes” (U.S. ogy for qualitative content analysis that dominant radio format in terms of Department of Commerce 1993, 6). can be used to examine hate speech in dedicated stations nationwide (over The definition of hate speech used in commercial broadcasting that targets 1,700). We examined commercial this pilot study is derived from this def- vulnerable groups—ethnic, racial, reli- radio talk programs reaching audi- inition and the definition used in the gious, and/or sexual minorities. This ences in Los Angeles County because hate crimes legislation: hate speech is pilot study establishes data-driven it is the most populous county in the speech that targets a vulnerable group descriptive categories for such speech United States and because Latinos and threatens or fosters the commis- and creates a preliminary baseline or comprised nearly half (48 percent) of sion of hate crimes against that group, reference point for future research. the county’s population in 2009 (U.S. as defined by law.4 The backdrop for this study is the Census Bureau 2010).The fastest- 1993 National Telecommunications growing, and largest, minority group in INCLUSION CRITERIA and Information Administration the United States, Latinos represented The 1993 NTIA report considered (NTIA) Report to Congress, which 15.8 percent of the U.S. population, all telecommunication at that time: addressed the role of telecommu- or about 48.5 million people, in 2009 “broadcast television and radio, cable nications in the commission of hate (U.S. Census Bureau 2010). Non-cit- television, public access television, crimes (1993). The NTIA advises the izens make up 44 percent of the adult computer bulletin boards, and other president on telecommunications and Latino population, of which 55 per- electronic media” (U.S. Depart- information policy and manages the cent is undocumented (Pew Hispanic ment of Commerce 1993, i). For the 1 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY purposes of this pilot study, we focused Table 1. Description of Program Segments our attention on samples from one The John & Ken Show medium (radio), and one programming Medium: Talk radio format (news-talk), in one market Station: KFI AM 640 (Los Angeles County). We decided to Hosts: John Chester Kobylt, Kenneth Robertson Chiampou, Terri-Rae Elmer look specifically at conservative talk Air Date: July 30, 2008 radio, which accounts for 91 percent of Guests: Jim Gilchrist, founder and director, Minutemen Project total weekday talk radio programming Topics: The June 22, 2008, murders of Tony, Matthew, and Michael Bologna and their suspected murderer, Edwin (Halpin et al. 2007). This allowed us Ramos; San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom, his administration, and San Francisco’s sanctuary policy for to consider exemplary instances with undocumented immigrants; Newsom and his administration’s response to the Bologna killings; the Minutemen respect to media penetration, a pre- rally and Answer Network’s counter-rally outside San Francisco City Hall shortly after the Bologna shootings; dominant format, and the largest and the Los Angeles City Council and specifically Councilwoman Jan Perry’s initiative to place a one-year moratorium on the construction of new fast-food restaurants in South Los Angeles; the obesity epidemic in most diverse market. Furthermore, by South Los Angeles. examining the news-talk format, pro- gram content could also be measured The Lou Dobbs Show: Mr. Independent against established professional jour- Medium: Talk radio nalistic standards—specifically, the Station: Syndicated by the United Stations Radio Networks Code of Ethics developed by the Soci- Host: Lou Dobbs Air Date: July 31, 2008 ety of Professional Journalists (1969). Guests: Peter Brimelow, founder and editor, Vdare.com; Stephen A. Camarota, director, Center for Immigration Studies Segments of thirty- to forty-minutes­ were selected from each of three Topics: The issue of race in the 2008 presidential campaign, particularly in the campaigns of Barack Obama and programs: The Lou Dobbs Show: Mr. John McCain; congressional efforts to shape or enforce immigration policy; offshore drilling; George Gascón, the newly appointed police chief of Mesa, Arizona; hate speech allegations against Dobbs; the population Independent (syndicated by the United decrease, and the departure, of undocumented immigrants and possible causes (heightened immigration Stations Radio Networks), broadcast policy enforcement and the economic recession); targeting employers of undocumented immigrants as an on July 31, 2008; The Savage Nation immigration policy enforcement tactic.

(produced at KFMB 760 AM and The Savage Nation syndicated by Talk Radio Network), Medium: Talk radio broadcast on July 24, 2008; and The Station: KFMB 760 AM and syndicated by Talk Radio Network John & Ken Show (KFI AM 640, Los Host: Michael Savage Angeles), broadcast on July 30, 2008 Air Date: July 24, 2008 (table 1).5 These programs share cer- Guests: None tain general features of the news-talk Topics: Barack Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign and his Berlin address; critique by Media Matters and format (news commentary, guest inter- mainstream media outlets of Savage’s remarks on previous shows regarding Iranian president Mahmud views) and focus on conservative topics Ahmedinejad and the diagnosis of autism in children as a hoax; the June 22, 2008, murders of Tony, Matthew, (anti-immigration and free speech). and Michael Bologna and the suspected murder, Edwin Ramos; San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom and his administration’s response to the Bologna killings; corruption and abuse of power by Democratic Party leaders At the same time, each program has and some Republicans; public protests against Savage regarding his remarks about autism; Obama’s links to a distinct profile: The Lou Dobbs Show communism and socialism; corruption and journalistic incompetence of the liberal media. is an example of a program featuring a high-profile media personality who controversy surrounding San Fran- categories directly from the textual has access to multiple traditional media cisco’s status as a sanctuary city for data—in this case, transcripts of the platforms (at the time of the broad- undocumented immigrants. Not sur- program segments (Mayring 2000). cast, Dobbs hosted radio and television prisingly, this issue is reflected in the This approach uses delineated and rep- shows). The Savage Nation is a promi- transcripts; nevertheless, we analyzed licable methodologies that allow the nent example of popular syndicated speech targeting any vulnerable group generation of inferences from a given talk radio. The John & Ken Show repre- (as defined by the 1993 NTIA report). text without being bound to inflexible sents successful local-market news-talk quantification. Conventional qualita- radio (it is also syndicated nationally). QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS tive content analysis is ideal for areas We selected the broadcast segments In this study we employed con­­­ven­­­ of study supported by little theoreti- shortly after the start of a project grant tional qualitative content ­analysis, also cal or research literature (Kondracki from the Social Science Research known as inductive category devel- and Wellman 2002), as is the case for Council. This coincided with the opment, whereby we derived coding empirical studies of hate speech. 2 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Conventional qualitative content Utterances could be categorized, simul- required for credible analysis, and the analysis follows an iterative process, taneously, within two or more of these contention among scholars in each beginning with the repeated reading categories. The readers then developed a area with respect to methodology and of the data (transcripts) and the forma- fifth analytical category for indexicality, interpretation. Our main concern had tion of the coding process. Category wherein a word (or other sign) points to to do with whether these categories development involves the derivation of a context-dependent meaning. Given contributed to the project research criteria from the data, based on back- the labor-intensive nature of coding for objectives by generating reliable find- ground considerations and research indexicality, the readers focused on a ings and a replicable methodology. The objectives (Barrett 2007). Materials ten-minute sample from one of the pro- interdisciplinary nature of the project are analyzed for patterns, for which gram segments (The John & Ken Show), and the volatile nature of public debate descriptive codes are developed; these adapting and using open source software over hate speech, not to mention prac- patterns may indicate the presence (Transana) for both audio and transcript tical considerations with respect to the 7 of larger themes. As the analysis pro- analysis. The readers focused on indexi- limited resources for full-scale research, gresses, categories are either revised cal terms, or code words, that pointed required a methodology that could be or removed based on their frequency to a nativist attitude on the part of the implemented or replicated by non- and reliability. The inductive process speaker, then determined which indexi- experts. of category development is followed by cal terms were used most frequently. The inherent difficulty of reliably the deductive process of category appli- Readers also identified patterns of identifying formal arguments—that is, cation (Mayring 2000). This involves rhythm, stress, and intonation (prosody) statements that make and present evi- assigning category definitions within a and discourse alignment among speak- dence for a claim—in natural-language­ coding agenda, in essence defining how ers. The four most recurrent indices in contexts and the inability of for- texts should be coded with a category. the ten-minute segment of The John & mal logic to adequately evaluate Data findings and interpretations are Ken Show were then used to analyze the natural-language argument—for ex­­ related to pertinent research and lit- three transcripts. ample, identifying logical fallacies to erature and, as relevant, to common The preliminary findings pro- invalidate a claim—led us to reconsider experience (Barrett 2007). vided data for all three programs in an approach in this direction (Hahn, six categories: targeted statements, Harris, and Conner 2009).8 As Trudy ESTABLISHMENT OF unsubstantiated claims, flawed argu- Govier (1982) cautions, “In practice ANALYTIC CATEGORIES mentation (with a focus on fallacies), it is often difficult to tell whether peo- Trained readers (undergraduate and divisive language (deixis), dehuman- ple are offering arguments or not, and graduate students), working in conjunc- izing metaphors, and selected indexical whenever this interpretive issue is con- tion with the investigators, ex­­­am­­ined terms (indices for nativism). To ensure the transcripts for each of the three a robust methodology, we reexamined testable, a comment to the effect that a program segments. Em­­phasis was placed these six categories, first in relation fallacy has been committed will be sim- on identifying the relationship between to the transcripts and then in relation ilarly contestable” (6). Although the speakers and targets—basically, who to one another. The first step yielded research team could identify and reach said what, about or to whom, and for some corrections with respect to the a consensus about “traditional falla- what purpose. This allowed the research coding process. In comparing the cies” in the transcripts (particularly, ad team to identify targets—vulnerable findings across categories, we noted hominem attacks), it proved much more groups and/or their supporters—through a certain degree of overlap. In some difficult to connect them to a corre- implied and named (specific) references instances this revealed how particular sponding argument. Doing so depended to them and through a speaker’s call for rhetorical strategies resonated with on the charity of the interpreter, who action against them (that is, suggest- one another, but in other instances it might fill in premises needed to estab- ing or implying that listeners might do merely produced redundant findings. lish a formal argument (Finocchiaro something that could affect the target). 1981). We found that another analyti- The research team then identified four CATEGORY REFINEMENT cal category used in our preliminary types of statements that were made rela- Two categories—dehumanizing findings, unsubstantiated claims, pro- tive to these targets: unsubstantiated meta­­phors and flawed argumenta- vided a more productive approach, one claims, flawed argumentation, divisive tion—raised particular concerns given in which speech targeted at vulner- language (that is, “us-them” construc- the redundancy of their findings able groups could be assessed through tions), and dehumanizing metaphors.6 with other approaches, the expertise a standard fact-checking methodology. 3 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Initially, metaphor analysis provided vulnerable groups. These were then Methodology a compelling framework by which we reviewed, and only those metaphors Readers identified statements in the could measure the extent to which the that dehumanized members of a vul- transcripts that were targeted at vul- radio programs dehumanized vulnera- nerable group were selected. The nerable groups, then distributed the ble groups by establishing the sameness preliminary findings proved sugges- statements into three categories: between two unrelated things or ideas. tive and resonated with Santa Ana’s implied target, which does not explic- Phrases such as “love is a rose,” “the findings (describing, for example, itly identify a member of a vulnerable ship of state,” or “immigrants are a Latinos as threat, disease, or animals) group, but the intent is clear; named virus” are metaphors that facilitate while also revealing other metaphoric target, which specifically identifies a an understanding of one thing (love, constructions used to describe not member of a vulnerable group; and call nation-states, immigrants) in the terms only vulnerable groups but also race for action, in which hosts suggest or of another (flowers, ships on an ocean, (using terms such as card game, nature, imply that an action might be taken disease). This type of analysis has criminals). Given the small sample, against the vulnerable group (see already generated considerable insight however, we identified only one sig- appendix charts 1a–1c, tables 2–3). into the media depiction of Latinos. In nificant and recurring pattern with Results Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in respect to dehumanizing metaphors: Readers identified 148 instances that Contemporary American Public Discourse, the repeated use of the terms illegal Otto Santa Ana (2002) provides an met the study’s criteria for statements alien or illegal aliens and illegal or illegals empirical analysis of the ways in which targeting a vulnerable group or their to describe immigrants.9 These terms the mainstream (and ostensibly liberal) supporters. Seventy-nine percent of were also identified in our examination press uses metaphors to characterize these instances (117) targeted vul- immigrants in non-human terms as a of indices for nativism, wherein they nerable groups, and 21 percent (31) dangerous threat, a virulent disease, an code immigrants as antithetical to the targeted their supporters. Across the invasion, or an animal-like force. As nation. We found the latter approach three programs, readers identified 33 Santa Ana notes, “These metaphors more productive insofar is it provides instances of call for action. are not merely rhetorical flourishes, but a comparative framework with two Just over two-thirds of targeted are the key components with which sets of indices for an external enemy statements focused on undocumented the public’s concept of Latinos is edi- (anarchist and terms including illegal) immigrants and Latinos (73 of 117), fied, reinforced, and articulated” (xvi). and home country (terms referring to including 4 of 28 instances related to Cognitive linguists emphasize that community and free speech). people of color in public office. Aver- metaphors can also operate on a con- aged on a per program basis, Latinos ceptual level. If a linguistic metaphor III. FINDINGS (both citizen and undocumented) represented 91 percent (43 of 47, uses one thing or idea to understand 1. TARGETED STATEMENTS another, a conceptual metaphor uses including those in public office) of the Drawing from the 1993 NTIA report one “coherent organization of experi- targeted vulnerable groups on The Lou and the Hate Crimes Statistic Act ence” to understand another, as with Dobbs Show, 43 percent (15 of 35) on (1990), this pilot study foregrounds two “life is a journey,” wherein the experi- The Savage Nation, and 43 percent (15 features that are crucial to the report’s ence of life is understood through the of 35) on The John & Ken Show. The metaphor of travel toward a destina- definition of hate speech: a vulnerable figure for The John & Ken Show is actu- tion (and, hence, a purpose) (Kövecses, group as the target and speech that ally higher, since 34 percent (12 of Benczes, and Csábi 2010, 4). Thus, threatens or fosters the commission 35) of the targeted statements in this the study of linguistic and conceptual of hate crimes against that group, as broadcast segment focused on the resi- metaphors has the potential to reveal defined by law. In that context, vul- dents of “South L.A.” (South Central the rhetorical strategies and underlying nerable groups are defined as ethnic, Los Angeles), an area that is roughly conceptual systems by which vulner- racial, religious, and/or sexual minori- 55 percent Latino and 41 percent Afri- able groups are understood and perhaps ties. We included undocumented can American. even acted against. immigrants insofar as they are associ- Readers identified 2 calls for action In the preliminary analysis for our ated with an ethnic group (Latinos) in against a vulnerable group: one was study the readers used a consensus the transcripts. We also gathered data a general call related to immigration, methodology to identify linguistic and on calls for action against those identi- and the other focused on people of conceptual metaphors directed against fied as supporters of vulnerable groups. color in public office who supported 4 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Table 2. Summary of Targeted Statements by Statement Type disa­bility, physical appearance, or social status. Call for Action against Call for Action against Implied Target Named Target Total by Vulnerable Group Supporter Program • Support the open exchange of Program views, even views they find repug­­ ­­ Lou Dobbs Show 1 6 10 36 53 nant. Savage Nation 0 10 12 23 45 • Distinguish between advocacy John & Ken Show 1 15 14 20 50 and news reporting. Analysis and commentary should be labeled and Totals 2 31 36 79 148 not misrepresent fact or context. • Admit mistakes and correct them promptly. Table 3. Summary of Targeted Statements by Target The code is a set of guidelines, as the Undocumented Latinos or People of Color Sexual South L.A. Total by SPJ notes: “The code is intended not Program Immigrants Mexicans in Public Office Muslims Minorities Residents Program as a set of ‘rules’ but as a resource for Lou Dobbs Show 36 3 8 0 0 0 47 ethical decision-making. It is not—nor Savage Nation 15 0 12 5 3 0 35 can it be under the First Amendment 11 John & Ken Show 12 3 8 0 0 12 35 —legally enforceable.” As with other professional organizations, membership Totals 63 6 28 5 3 12 117 signals adoption of the standards and thereby also provides a basis for identi- fying noncompliance with widely held insofar as news-talk programming is immigration reform. Insofar as both professional standards. In contrast to presented within a general journalis- were oriented toward the political other professional organizations, how- tic framework that is associated with representation system, each might ever, the SPJ itself does not enforce fact-based news commentary and also have been identified as a call for its code. Instead, it “encourage[s] the expert-driven interviews on topical action against supporters. The other exposure of unethical journalism” and issues. The relevant professional orga- 31 calls for action clearly focused on notes that its code “is widely consulted supporters: these were specific elected nizations—Radio and Television News and applied in newsrooms and class- officials, advocacy groups (ANSWER Directors Association (RTNDA), the rooms as the definitive statement of Coalition, Media Matters for Amer- International Federation of Journalists our profession’s highest values and a ica), and employers of undocumented (IFJ), and the Society of Professional helpful way to think about the specific immigrants. This suggests a rhetorical Journalists (SPJ)—underscore the and unique journalism quandaries we strategy in which vulnerable groups are importance of both freedom of the confront daily.” targeted and identified as a social prob- press and ethical journalism. The SPJ While it is beyond the scope of this lem or threat, but the call for action Code of Ethics (1996) includes the study to resolve the ongoing debate is directed against advocacy groups, following professional standards for over the relationship of news-talk radio public figures (and political administra- journalists: to journalism and professional codes of tions), or legal enforcement. • Test the accuracy of information behavior, we do note that Lou Dobbs Of the 33 calls for action, most from all sources and exercise care to has served on the board of the Society focused on Latinos and immigration. avoid inadvertent error. Deliberate of Professional Journalists. In addition, Seven related to a report by Media distortion is never permissible. all three shows analyzed here adopt a Matters for America that criticized the • Tell the story of the diversity and fact-finding, truth-exposing stance with host’s statements about autism, gays, magnitude of the human experience regard to their programming content. and Democrats-as-fascists (The Savage boldly, even when it is unpopular to While often imbued with considerable Nation).10 do so. emotion, opinion is nevertheless usu- • Examine their own cultural values ally presented as based on fact. 2. UNSUBSTANTIATED CLAIMS and avoid imposing those values on The assertion of false, unverifiable, others. Methodology and/or distorted claims emerged as a • Avoid stereotyping by race, We employed a standard fact-checking significant feature of all the segments gen­­der, age, religion, ethnic- methodology for analyzing claims in we analyzed. This finding is important ity, geography,­­ sexual orientation, the transcripts. Each transcript was 5 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Table 4. Summary of Unsubstantiated Claims by Type of Claim

All Unsubstantiated All Substantiated Program Speakers False Claims Unverifiable Claims Distorted Claims Subtotal Claims Claims All Claims Lou Dobbs 0 3 0 3 Lou Dobbs Show Peter Brimelow 0 1 0 1 4 27 Stephen Camarota 0 0 0 0 Savage Nation Michael Savage 1 8 8 17 17 19 John Kobylt 3 2 2 7 John & Ken Show Ken Chiampou 4 2 3 9 21 26 Jim Gilchrist 3 2 0 5 Total 11 18 13 42 72 114 marked for explicit factual citations on The Lou Dobbs Show were 87 per- of new fast food outlets for one year (figures, statistics, percentages) and cent accurate; on The Savage Nation, 53 in South Central Los Angeles, using for arguments or assertions with strong percent accurate; and on The John & these claims to discredit a local elected factual implications. We include fact- Ken Show, 55 percent accurate. In the official (Jan Perry), disparage the “Mexi- based claims made by guest speakers transcripts, Lou Dobbs made 3 unsub- can diet,” and portray economically and interviewees in our analyses, along- stantiated claims, with a guest making disadvantaged blacks and Latinos as side those of the shows’ hosts, since 1 in addition.12 Michael Savage made inherently violent and undeserving of their claims supported positions with 1 false claim, but a significant num- the public’s support. As with the two which the host agreed. Each statement ber of unverifiable and distorted claims other programs, The Savage Nation made of fact was crosschecked with cred- (8 in each category). John Kobylt and unsubstantiated claims related to immi- ible sources (published articles from Ken Chiampou made 7 false claims, gration, but it also made unsubstantiated academic and national media sources; 4 unverifiable claims, and 5 distorted claims with respect to a wider range of official, non-commercial institutional claims; their guest made a similar num- targets, including liberals, Democrats, websites). The claims listed in appen- ber of false and unverifiable claims. media, and advocacy groups. Other dix charts 2a–2c, and summarized in The targets of these unsubstanti- unsubstantiated claims focused on vul- table 4, are those that we were able to ated claims were congruent with the nerable groups identified by their race, disprove or question with reliable evi- vulnerable groups and supporters that religion, or sexual orientation. dence. The statements are organized are identified in the targeted state- into three degrees of unreliability: ments. In The Lou Dobbs Show and 3. DIVISIVE LANGUAGE (DEIXIS) false claims, which were proved to be The John & Ken Show, the unsubstan- In examining media discourse, it is just untrue; unverifiable claims, which were tiated claims related either entirely as important to analyze word choice based on facts that could not be veri- or predominantly to undocumented and how rhetorical effects are used to fied; and distorted claims, which were immigrants and governmental agencies appeal to listeners as it is to analyze based on facts that were exaggerated or or public officials that were character- the factual accuracy of statements. For taken out of context. Each claim was ized as supporting them or facilitating the pilot study we focused on one par- then correlated to a target—a vulner- their negative impact on society. The ticular way that language establishes, able group or a supporter—that would unsubstantiated claims magnified the maintains, or reinforces in-group status be impacted negatively if the unsub- sense of an immigrant threat (attributed vis-à-vis a targeted out-group: deixis. stantiated claim were accepted as true. alternately to immigrants-as-criminals In linguistics, deixis refers to words Results or public-officials-as-accomplices), over- or phrases that require contextual In the transcripts readers identified 114 stated the effectiveness of the hosts’ information in order for the reader fact-based claims. Of these, 37 percent preferred immigration policies, and or listener to grasp the denotational (42 of 114) were unsubstantiated, with linked immigrant rights advocacy groups meaning—that is, to understand the 11 proven false, 18 found to be unveri- to terrorism. In addition to this focus referent (who speaks, to whom and fiable, and 13 found to be distorted. on immigration, The John & Ken Show of whom, and where and when the The reliability of fact-based claims made 8 unsubstantiated claims related speech occurs) for the deictic term varied according to program: claims to an initiative to ban the construction or terms (Lyons 1977; Rapaport et 6 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011 al. 1994). For example, the sentence Table 5. Summary of Divisive Language (Deixis) by Targeted Group “And now we don’t like those people Vulnerable Group Undocumented National Sexual South L.A. High-Income Total by over there” includes four deictic terms Program Supporters Immigrants Leaders Minorities Residentsa Families Program that require contextual information: Lou Dobbs Show 5 5 3 0 0 0 13

“now” (meaning at the present time), Savage Nation 6 1 4 1 0 0 12 “we” (presumably, both the speaker John & Ken Show 4 1 0 6 1 12 and the addressee), “those people” (a third party previously mentioned), Totals 15 7 7 1 6 1 37 and “over there” (the spatial location aThese passages also referred, directly or indirectly, to Latinos (who make up a majority of the area’s residents) and blacks, of “those people”). In effect, deic- and/or undocumented immigrants. tic words “point” to specific persons, places, situations, values, ideologies, Methodology and Latino residents of South Central and/or group ascription in an often Readers identified pronouns with a Los Angeles. In another 15 passages unconscious fashion. Deixis frequently deictic function in the transcripts— the target was supporters of vulner- occurs between speakers in the same those that indicated in-group or able groups (elected officials, advocacy speech community, where members out-group status—such as we, us, ours, groups, and the media): The Lou Dobbs share the same discussion topics, val- they, them, and theirs, and also I, my, Show contained 5 of these passages, ues, and worldviews and can therefore me, you, he, and his, plus pronouns such including 3 that were focused on Latino use deictic phrases within their com- as these, this, those, and that when they elected officials; The Savage Nation, 6; munity without being misunderstood. had a deictic role. Each transcript was and The John & Ken Show, 4. In addi- Because of their capacity to attri- marked for deictic phrases and words. tion, 3 passages in The Lou Dobbs Show bute in-group and out-group status, Those that appeared to refer to a socio- and 4 passages in The Savage Nation collective pronouns carry a great political, economic, or cultural division fashioned U.S. leaders (Barack Obama, deictic charge. In fact, they act as were placed in charts for analysis. Most Nancy Pelosi, the Bush administra- of these listed instances suggested an influential shapers of perception and tion) as out of touch with the values “us versus them” framework. Thus, social cognition at a very fundamen- of the American public. One passage each deictic occurrence was linked tal level, determining group belonging in The John & Ken Show established the to an implied or stated in-group, an or lack thereof. Research has dem- wealthy as an out-group given their implied or stated out-group, or the tar- onstrated that collective pronouns obsession with physical appearance and geted vulnerable group. An explication utilized to indicate in-group and health, thereby situating its listeners of the social function of the passages somewhere between high-income fami- out-group belonging play a powerful containing deixis provides context for lies and low-income communities. The role in inter-group bias (Perdue et al. the project as a whole (see appendix class positioning for appearance (“their 1990). This is of great significance, as charts 3a–3c; the results are summa- slenderness” in wealthy families ver- perceived members of an in-group are rized in table 5). sus “everybody’s fat” in South Central thought to have more positive attri- Results Los Angeles) and health (“they take butes in comparison to those of an Readers identified 37 passages that care of themselves” versus “they don’t out-group (Brewer 1979). Collective relied primarily or extensively on deic- care”) carries strong racial and ethnic pronouns pointing at in-group and tic phrases. The number of instances overtones for the poor, which the pro- out-group membership may establish were similar across the three programs, gram hosts describe as “that tribe” in evaluative predispositions toward both with 13 passages identified for The Lou “these areas.” positive and negative targets, depend- Dobbs Show, 12 for The Savage Nation, Michael Savage’s statement about ing on group membership, in a kind and 12 for The John & Ken Show. The a CNN report on gay Iraqis suggests of linguistic conditioning (Perdue et deictic phrases used tended to posit an how a speaker can use deictic phrases al. 1990). Hence, deixis provides an insurmountable sociopolitical, racial, or to aggregate multiple targets around easy and effective tactic at the level cultural divide between a show’s audi- an apparently simple us-versus-them of language, rather than at the level ence and targeted vulnerable groups. statement. Savage dismissed the of factualness, for talk radio hosts to Fourteen passages focused on vulner- report, commenting, “If the first thing establish and maintain a cognitive and able groups: 7 on immigrants, 1 on they did with their freedom—that’s ideological bond with their audience.13 sexual minorities, and 6 on the black what American men have died for so 7 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY they can be gay in Iraq?” In the con- interpretative processes and the role of such as illegal alien, gangbanger, killers, trast between “being gay in Iraq” and language in constructing identity and anarchists, calamity, and domestic terror- “American men,” the passage suggests societal attitudes (Inoue 2004; Ochs ism indexed Latinos, undocumented that gay rights are in direct opposi- 1992). As Bucholtz and Hall note, immigrants, and immigrant rights tion to American values, as measured “Identity is the social positioning of self and advocates, thereby associating these by military casualties. Savage’s use of other” (2005, 586), wherein “indexical groups with crime, terror, and a foreign “American men” rather than “Ameri- associations can also be imposed from enemy. Heightening this message was can troops” emphasizes masculinity as the top down by cultural authorities the juxtaposition of theses terms with a positive trait—but it also ignores the such as intellectuals or the media. Such indices for a vulnerable home nation: fact that American women served and an imposed indexical tie may create community, civilized community, freedom died in the Iraq War. Savage’s rhetori- ideological expectations among speak- of speech, founding fathers, city, and coun- cal stance is to claim a dismissive lack ers and hence affect linguistic practice” try. In seventeen passages the speaker’s of interest (“please leave me alone with (596). rhythm, stress, and intonation height- that already”), but the effect of the pas- ened the indexical associations. Rising Methodology sage is to align Iraqis, homosexuals, gay pitch and syllabic emphasis on the indi- Given the large volume of data that rights, and the liberal media against ces for crime, terror, and the enemy would be generated from coding all three Savage and his articulation of “free- added a sense of urgency. Stutters and transcripts for indexicality, we focused dom” as defended by “American men.” pauses when uttering usually positive or on a sample drawn from one of the tran- As a discursive tactic, deictic pas- neutral words (advocates, endorsing, sup- scripts: ten minutes of dialogue from The sages may even be more effective than porting, preference programs) to describe John & Ken Show between hosts John explicit calls for action against vulner- immigrant rights proponents indexed Kobylt and Ken Chiampou and guest able groups, as it requires audiences to ridicule, disgust, and condemnation. Jim Gilchrist, founder and director of accept or at least be constantly aware Four terms were repeated between three the Minuteman Project. During this of the underlying context (the speaker’s and six times each over the course of segment they discussed San Francisco’s set of beliefs) in order to understand ten minutes: illegal alien (6), anarchist sanctuary policy in the context of mur- the speaker’s comments. (3), community or communities (5), and der (and other crimes) and immigration free speech or freedom of speech (4). The (lines 45–267 of the transcript). This 4. INDEXICAL TERMS first two index a foreign enemy, and the segment provides an example of identity Indexicality is a concept that emerges last two index the home nation. construction as the “social positioning of out of linguistics as well as the philoso- Finally, readers identified lack of self and other” by way of political nativ- phy of language. Like deixis, it describes alignment among hosts and guests in ism—the attitude or policy of favoring references whose meaning is dependent the sample segment—passages where the native inhabitants of a country over on context. An indexical includes any speakers did not use the same words its immigrants. sign—a linguistic expression, a behav- and tried to advance different ideas. ior, or a thing—that points to other Analysis of the Sample Prosodic and rhetorical elements such concepts, objects, or sentiments. The Readers found that the speakers used as interruption, talking over each classic example is smoke as an index of indexicality in four ways in the sample other, and changing the subject also fire, insofar as we associate smoke as a segment: 1) the use of codes words indicated a lack of alignment. In the sign that points to fire. In this context, to establish Latinos, immigrants, and ten-minute sample John Kobylt and smoke means fire, since we understand immigrant rights advocates as “other” Ken Chiampou frequently did not that fire produces smoke. The relation- to the nation; 2) the use of rhythm, align: Chiampou characterized the pro- ship between an indexical sign or code stress, and intonation (prosody) to testers as advocating immorality, while and what it signifies is not necessarily emphasize nativist attitudes; 3) the Kobylt identified them as free speech causal, however. As we saw in the dis- reinforcement of nativist attitudes suppressors; Chiampou wanted to talk cussion of The John & Ken Show in the through word repetition; and 4) align- about the specifics related to Newsom previous section, the hosts established ment between the hosts and guest and type of gun, while Jim Gilchrist the word appearance as an indexical for (appendix charts 1a–1e).14 wants to implicate Newsom using wealth and obesity as an indexical for Readers identified twenty pas- generalities. Gilchrist also wanted low-income black and Latino families sages in which indexical terms (code to advance the idea that “safe” com- in South Central Los Angeles. Analy- words) were used to identify certain munities were now in danger. These ses of indexicality offer insight into groups as “other” to the nation. Terms differences were reinforced through 8 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011 word frequency. In the nine instances Table 6. Summary of Selected Indexical Terms where Kobylt, Chiampou, and Gil- Program Illegala Communityb Free Speechc Anarchist Total by Program christ seemed to engage and concur with one another, indexical analysis Lou Dobbs Show 44 0 0 0 44 revealed that only in one instance did Savage Nation 16 2 12 6 36 they all fully align. In seven instances, John & Ken Show 9 5 4 3 21 the hosts used differing words to refer to the same discussion topic, and in Totals 69 7 16 9 101 one instance they used the identical aCategory contains “illegal alien,” “illegal aliens,” “illegal immigration,” “illegal immigrants,” “illegal,” “illegals,” “illegal word but in reference to differing inter- employers,” “illegal employees.” b pretations of it. This lack of alignment Category contains “community,” “communities.” cCategory contains “free speech,” “freedom of speech,” “free press,” “freedom of the press.” signals not so much disagreement (they are all anti-immigration) as an appeal to different audience segments and dif- away broader socioeconomic contexts financial investigations of Media Mat- ferent approaches to the same end. and factors. Dobbs used one other ters. Finally, Savage used anarchist in

Analysis of the Transcripts code word, community, which was not the context of describing left-oriented­ For the larger pilot study, we counted tabulated because it was used outside a politics. The term was used in combi- the occurrence of four indexical terms nativist framework (Dobbs spoke favor- nation with “socialists, communists, that had the highest number of repeti- ably of technological incentives within and anti-Americanism” to characterize tions in the ten-minute segment, either the “business community).” crowds attending Obama’s campaign as a single word or in a phrase: illegal Savage used the term illegal alien as speeches in the United States and (including illegals, illegal alien, illegal a jumping-off point in a criticism of abroad. The term was also used aliens, illegal immigrants, illegal immigra- government, civil servants (Kamala twice to describe Media Matters as tion), anarchist, community (including Harris), and public policies (the sanc- an organization that wants to censor communities), and free speech (including tuary policy). But he also established ­Savage’s views. freedom of speech, free press, freedom of “this illegal alien” as an index not only In The John & Ken Show, illegal alien the press). We then counted the occur- for the specific gruesome murder of or some variation was used 9 times, rences of these terms in the transcript a father and his two sons but also for largely as an index of immorality and for each of the three programs, deter- “murderers, rapists, and pornographers” criminality. Like Savage, Kobylt and mining frequency by speaker and totals in general. Savage used the other three Chiampou associated illegal alien with for each term (appendix charts 4a–4c, terms to establish an us-versus-them violent crime: “triple-murdering ille- table 6). contrast between himself and socially gal alien.” They also used the phrase liberal groups. He used community to 4 times to qualify the terms advocates, Findings Program hosts and guests repeated attack liberal values and lifestyles advocacy groups, and protesters, thereby the four indexical terms 101 times in with regard to the Middle East and to casting these groups in immoral and the transcripts. Terms including the criticize San Francisco as a liberal com- criminal terms as well. Guest Jim Gil- word illegal accounted for 68 percent munity in connection to the sanctuary christ did not use illegal aliens, but he (69 of 101) of these indexical utter- policy. In using the different iterations did use these killers in an indexical sense ances, with most of them occurring in of free speech, Savage positioned him- that generalizes a single murder sus- The Lou Dobbs Show (44). Dobbs used self as a victim of the censorship of the pect to imply that all undocumented terms with illegal 31 times, and his two political left—specifically in regard immigrants are murderous: “They [San guests used the code words a total of to philanthropist George Soros and Franciscans] don’t want these killers 13 times, in reference to deportation, media watchdog Media Matters for up here.” In the discussion, however, statistical data about the decline of America.15 In several instances Savage Gilchrist focused more attention on recent illegal immigration, employ- directly cited the activities of Media the protests by immigrant rights advo- ers of undocumented immigrants, Matters as an impediment to his own cates as suppressing free speech, a and immigration reform. Dobbs most freedom of speech and portrayed the point he repeats four times. Gilchrist frequently used the phrase illegal alien organization as detrimental to personal was the only speaker to use community (or illegal aliens), which dehumanizes freedom, national freedom, and pub- (5 times), mostly as a reference point undocumented immigrants and strips lic knowledge. Savage also called for for fears about the dangers posed by 9 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY undocumented immigrants. Finally, that of (Latino) immigrants as crimi- calls for action are directed against both host and guest used anarchist as nals and, by extension, as an imminent those identified as supporters of vul- an index for immigrant rights advo- threat to the American public. Latino nerable groups. cates. For Gilchrist, anarchists becomes immigrants were also linked to social • The use of dehumanizing meta- a code word by which the following institutions that were presented as phors, divisive language (deixis), associations are attached to immigrant complicit with them. In effect, tar- and indexical terms (nativist code rights advocates: “delusional,” “misin- get groups were characterized as both words) to establish targeted out- formed,” “let’s suppress everyone else’s powerful and a direct threat to the groups as outside the realm of legal freedom of speech,” and “domestic ter- listeners’ way of life (in some measure protection or participation in public rorists.” Interestingly, Chiampou used because they were seen as having cap- discourse. anarchist in a different sense, distin- tured major social institutions such as • The use of unsubstantiated guishing between advocacy groups and the media). claims as a cornerstone of political “just anarchists who signed up for the What we find most troubling in our opinion presented as an interpreta- mayhem that day.” Gilchrist responded findings is the extent to which this pat- tion of fact. These unsubstantiated by conflating both senses of the word tern relies on unsubstantiated claims claims further serve as the basis for around “domestic terrorism.” while the talk radio programs situate targeting vulnerable groups as an themselves within the journalistic con- immediate and direct threat to the IV. CONCLUSION AND text of “news” and “opinion” directed program audience (and nation). RECOMMENDATIONS at public policy debate. Although Other studies could attempt to mea- The findings are based on data gener- our data included no explicit calls to sure the impact of particular discursive ated from broadcast segments of thirty criminal action, the programs system- patterns, figures of speech, linguistic to forty minutes that were selected atically placed unsubstantiated claims expressions, and unsubstantiated claims from three commercial talk radio pro- in the context of divisive language and that target vulnerable groups while also grams. Even using this limited sample, indexical associations that drew a sharp calling for action on the part of listeners.­ the qualitative content analysis reveals contrast between their targets (vulner- The major challenge for a study a significant incidence of speech that able groups and those depicted as in of hate speech involves deter- incorporates targeted statements, collusion with them) and their ideo- mining whether some speech on unsubstantiated claims, divisive lan- logically aligned listeners, whom they news-talk radio conforms to one of guage, and indexical terms related sought to mobilize. In this regard, it is the two definitions for actionable hate to political nativism. Our analysis notable that the program hosts often speech—speech that threatens or fos- yielded no instances of the kind of hate utilized specific situations and people ters the commission of hate crimes. speech that is defined in the 1993 to exemplify larger themes. Thus, while In this regard, it is important to note NTIA report as calling for “immedi- the targets may have been specific (a that there is no inherent statistical ate unlawful action” (U.S. Department political figure, a news organization, or numerical threshold for any of the of Commerce 1993). Whether such undocumented immigrants), the dis- analytical categories used in this study speech exists on talk radio would course itself had bigger political or that could thereby provide unequivo- require a broader study.16 Based on policy aims. cal evidence for the existence of hate the evidence we uncovered, the pro- The primary goal of the pilot study speech or a climate of hate or preju- grams reveal a distinct and recurring was to establish a rigorous and replica- dice. Indeed, determining a causal rhetorical pattern for targeting spe- ble methodology for a full-scale study or relationship between media discourse cific vulnerable groups that relies on series of ongoing studies. Although the and the commission of hate crimes the systematic use of a combination of limited size of our sample does not pro- against vulnerable groups would require unsubstantiated claims, divisive lan- vide a basis for definitive conclusions, other approaches that can measure guage, and indexical terms that point our findings nonetheless identify sev- impact. In this regard, the pilot study to a nativist attitude. Through this eral distinct features of speech among lays the groundwork for developing rhetorical pattern, vulnerable groups the talk radio programs and raise useful scientific studies that would provide were defined as antithetical to core questions for a full-scale study. These evidence related to impact: for exam- American values, which were attrib- include broader studies into the extent ple, biomarkers for increased aggression uted by the hosts to themselves, their and nature of: (based on evidence that salivary bio- audience, and the nation. A significant • The discursive pattern whereby markers can measure aggression as and recurring indexical construct was vulnerable groups are targeted, but demonstrated by Gordis et al. 2006), 10 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011 social psychology surveys, and social may generate questions about control protection (Fourteenth Amendment). network analysis (Wasserman and over content production and distribu- Furthermore, in adjudicating among Faust 1994). We argue that qualitative tion and how that control affects the competing claims and claimants, the content analysis provides a necessary representation of vulnerable groups. government also plays an indirect role component of any such analysis, since In this regard, the 1993 NTIA report’s in restricting speech—as in the case of it provides verifiable, precise delin- recommendation is more salient than libel suits. With respect to broadcast eations of program content. But the ever: “To combat hate speech with media, the government determines question about the relationship more speech.” But such a goal is also which corporate interests are allocated between program content and hate easier said than done. Indeed, one can radio frequency (and, hence, access crimes requires a multidisciplinary reasonably ask, exactly how and where to speech within expansive media), approach that can provide indicators will this “more speech” be spoken? defines a regulatory framework that for impact on different levels: physi- In the United States, the issue of has a direct impact on programming ological, psychological, and social. hate speech has been framed largely by formats (and, hence, on content), and Together, these approaches would pro- First Amendment protections, focus- plays an explicit role in imposing fines vide a more complete picture of the ing on freedom of speech and of the and censorship around specific content. nature and impact of program content press.17 In some ways, the public dis- Our goal is not to question freedom of with respect to vulnerable groups. course about free speech has become speech, but rather to acknowledge that This project has numerous implica- more about doctrine than process, it exists in the context of the entire tions for policy development. In the presuming that free speech is absolute U.S. Constitution and our correspond- past, Latino groups have pushed for and fixed, rather than a freedom from ing governance system. In addressing change on three fronts with respect to governmental restrictions that must be the issue of hate speech and its rela- media advocacy and policy: improv- defended and defined through spe- tion to hate crimes, we need the “more ing on-screen and on-air portrayals, cific instances and for which there speech” of sound research on the phe- increasing employment (for both talent have been notable exceptions (sedi- nomenon itself, so that we have some and executives), and facilitating media tion, war protests, obscenity, and, basis other than unsubstantiated claims ownership. While our project does not more recently, free speech zones). In by which to understand who says what, explore the fine points of media policy the United States the system of checks about whom, and to what effect on the or the public and political debate that and balances inherent in the Consti- public airwaves. surrounds them, we do bring renewed tution’s separation of powers provides NOTES attention to content issues as they a necessary governance context for Student researchers included Hector Peña, Raul impact the Latino population. Our adjudicating among competing con- Lugo, Alex Lee, Addy Figueroa, Katherine Bran- pilot study also highlights the issue of stitutional rights—for example, in the son, Kristy Norindr, Melany Bertrand, Antonio codes of professional conduct for jour- case of hate speech, freedom of speech Anfiteatro, and Clifford Hilo. We would like nalists. Moreover, our pilot project (First Amendment) versus equal to recognize the exceptional contributions of

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Chon A. Noriega is a professor of cinema and media studies at UCLA and the director of the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center (CSRC) Francisco Javier Iribarren is the assistant director of the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center (CSRC).

FUNDERS This project is supported in part by a grant from the Necessary Knowledge for a Democratic Public Sphere Program of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) with funds provided by the Ford Foundation. The program supported collaborations between researchers and advocacy groups. This research project is a strategic partnership between the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center (CSRC) and the National Hispanic Media Coalition (NHMC). Additional support was provided by the W. K. ­Kellogg ­Foundation, as well as by the UCLA Graduate Division, which funded a Summer Institute for the Study of Hate Speech at the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center in 2009.

11 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Hector Peña and Clifford Hilo to this project. 7 Information about Transana is available monitoring, analyzing, and correcting conser- Our UCLA colleagues, Otto Santa Ana and Dar- on the company’s website: www.transana.org/ vative misinformation in the U.S. media”; see nell Hunt, provided valuable consultation during about/index.htm. http://mediamatters.org/press/releases/ the early development of the project. 8 The study of informal logic—the attempt 201010200018. 1 For example, Butler 1997; Cortese 2006; to assess and therefore improve reasoning in 16 In an opinion piece on August 1, 2010, a Dharmapala and McAdams 2003; Kellow and ordinary (natural) language—seems to be mov- Washington Post writer outlined a suggestive Steeves 1998; Lendman 2006; Lewis 2007; ing away from a focus on fallacies as a way correlation between program content targeting ’Meddaugh and Kay 2009; Neiwert 2009; to evaluate the validity of an informal argu- specific groups and violent acts; see Milbank O’Connor 2008; Slagle 2009; and Tolmach ment (Groarke 2007). For our purposes, the 2010. central issues have to do with the limited ability Lakoff 2000. 17 The First Amendment is actually broader in of informal logic (and “traditional fallacies,” in 2 Research in economics involves devel- scope: “Congress shall make no law respecting particular) to address natural language argu- opment of models with empirical support an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the ment (Hahn, Harris, and Conner 2009). This (Dharmapala and McAdams 2003). Media approach also resonates with at least one free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom research has established scientific approaches attempt to redefine fallacy on the basis of the of speech, or of the press; or the right of the for impact as it relates to advertising as well as to falsity or truth of the premises (Boone 1999). people peaceably to assemble, and to petition media violence (Bushman and Anderson 2001). the Government for a redress of grievances.” 9 A larger study has the potential to extend 3 These findings were echoed in a Associ- the type of research conducted by Santa Ana on ated Press-Univision poll conducted in May print media. REFERENCES 2010; see “Discrimination High Against Lati- 10 Media Matters for America maintains a list Barrett, J. R. 2007. “The Researcher as Instru- nos, Poll Finds,” Los Angeles Times, May 20, of related documents; it is available at http:// ment: Learning to Conduct Qualitative 2010. Different civil rights organizations serving mediamatters.org/search/tag/michael_savage Research through Analyzing and Interpret- the Hispanic community have mounted paral- ?page=11&tab=all&tags=michael_savage. ing a Choral Rehearsal.” Music Education lel efforts highlighting the role of the media on 11 SPJ elides a crucial distinction here: the Research 9, no. 3: 417–33. anti-immigrant hate speech; these programs First Amendment protects journalists from gov- Boone, Daniel N. 1999. “The Cogent Reason- include The National Council of La Raza’s Take ernmental censorship, not necessarily from ing Model of Informal Fallacies.” Informal Hate Out of the Immigration Debate (http:// “decision-making” related to content made Logic 19, no. 1: 1–39. wecanstopthehate.org) and The Mexican Ameri- by media corporations, as evidenced with the can Legal Defense Foundation’s Campaign to Brewer, M. B. 1979. “In Group Bias in the recent firing of Juan Williams on NPR and the Counter Anti-Immigrant and Anti-Latino Misin- Minimal Intergroup Situation: A Cognitive- suspension of Keith Olbermann on MSNBC. formation and Rhetoric (see Mexican American Motivational Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin Legal Defense Foundation 2008). In January 12 We do not include Dobbs’s claim, “But, 86: 307–24. by God, I’m an anti-illegal employer as well” 2009, NHMC filed a petition for inquiry on Bucholtz, M., and K. Hall. 2005. “Identity (lines 985–86), which has recently been proven hate speech in the media before the Federal and Interaction: A Sociocultural Linguistic untrue (Nation, October 25, 2010); that was not Communications Commission (National His- Approach.” Discourse Studies 7, nos. 4–5: known at the time of the broadcast. panic Media Coalition 2009). 558–614. 13 In a Los Angeles Times article on the 4 Our study relies on the original target Bushman, B. J., and C. G. Anderson. 2001. National Tea Party Convention in February groups for hate speech put forward in the 1993 2010, an attendee explained what she wanted “Media Violence and the American Public: NTIA report: “‘Hate speech’ would therefore from the movement: “Our way of life is under Scientific Facts vs. Media Misinformation.” encompass words and images that ‘manifest attack. I truly believe they are trying to destroy American Psychologist 56, nos. 6–7, 477– evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, this country. It’s just hard to say who ‘they’ is” 89. sexual orientation, or ethnicity.’” That said, our (Hennessey 2010). The deictic phrasing reveals Butler, Judith. 1997. Excitable Speech: A Politics use of “vulnerable group” as a generalized both the speaker’s fears for “our way of life” of the Performance. New York: Routledge. description for hate speech targets allows for in “this country” and her confusion about the Cortese, Anthony. 2006. Opposing Hate the fact that the groups constituted as vulner- “they” posing the threat. Mass media has the Speech. Westport, CT: Praeger. able may change over time or across different potential to provide contextual information that contexts. shapes these fears—and their us-versus-them con- Dharmapala, D., and R. H. McAdams. 2003. 5 Media Matters for America, a not-for-profit figuration—by providing a clear referent for the Words that Kill: An Economic Perspective on media monitoring organization, provided audio deictic term they. Hate Speech and Hate Crimes. University of Illinois Law and Economics Research Paper files and transcripts for The Savage Nation for 14 The excerpt was re-transcribed to capture No. LE02-004. ssrn.com/abstract=300695 July 21–31, 2008. More information about pauses and non-verbal expressions, and there- obtaining copies of the transcripts used in this fore its appearance is different from the formal Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004. Hate study is available on request. transcript used for the larger study. Crime Statistics, 2004. www.fbi.gov/about- 6 See Noriega and Iribarren 2009, which 15 Media Matters for America describes us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2004 presents preliminary findings for these four types itself as a “progressive research and informa- ———. 2008. Hate Crime Statistics, 2008. www. of statements. tion center dedicated to comprehensively fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2008 12 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Finocchiaro, Maurice F. 1981. “Fallacies and Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior O’Connor, Rory. 2008. Shock Jocks, Hate the Evaluation of Reasoning.” American Phil- 34, no. 4: 224–30. Speech, and Talk Radio. San Francisco: Alter- osophical Quarterly 18 (January): 13–22. Lendman, S. 2006. CNN’s Vice President of Net Books. Gordis, E. B., D. A. Granger, E. J. Susman, and Racism and Associates. Montreal: Centre for Perdue, C. W., J. F. Dovidio, M. B. Gurtman, P. K. Trickett. 2006. “Asymmetry between Research and Globalization. www.globalre- and R. B. Tyler. 1990. “Us and Them: Social Salivary Cortisol and α-Amylase Reactivity search.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=3107 Categorization and the Process of Intergroup to Stress: Relation to Aggressive Behavior Bias.” Journal of Personality and Social Psy- Lewis, Anthony. 2007. Freedom for the Thought in Adolescents.” Psychoneuroendocrinology chology 59, no. 3: 475–86. That We Hate: A Biography of the First 31: 976–87. Amendment. New York: Basic Books. Pew Hispanic Center. 2007. 2007 National Sur- Govier, Trudy. 1982. “Who Says There Are No vey of Latinos: As Illegal Immigration Issue Fallacies?” Informal Logic Newsletter 5, no. Lyons, J. 1977. Semantics, vol. 2. London: Cam- Heats Up, Hispanics Feel a Chill. Washing- 1: 2–10. bridge University Press. ton, DC: Pew Hispanic Center. pewhispanic Groarke, Leo. 2007. “Informal Logic.” In the Mayring, P. 2000. “Qualitative Content Analy- .org/files/reports/84.pdf Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy. Stan- sis.” Forum: Qualitative Social Research 1, Rapaport, W. J., Erwin M. Segal, Stuart C. Sha- ford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Center no. 2. www.qualitative-research.net/index piro, David A. Zubin, Gail A. Bruder, Judith for the Study of Language and Information, .php/fqs/article/view/1089/2386 Felson Duchan, Michael J. Almeida, Joyce Stanford University. plato.stanford.edu/ Meddaugh, Priscilla Marie, and Jack Kay. H. Daniels, Mary Galbraith, Janyce M. entries/logic-informal/#Fal 2009. “Hate Speech or ‘Reasonable Rac- Wiebe, and Albert Nanyong Yuhan. 1994. Hahn, Ulrike, Adam Harris, and Adam Corner. ism?’ The Other in Stormfront.” Journal of Deictic Centers and the Cognitive Structure 2009. “Argument Content and Argument Mass Media Ethics 24, no. 4: 251–68 of Narrative Comprehension. Buffalo, NY: Source: An Exploration.” Informal Logic 29, Center for Cognitive Science, State Univer- Mexican American Legal Defense Fund. 2008. no. 4: 337–67. sity of New York at Buffalo. www.cse.buffalo “Maldef Unveils Campaign to Counter Anti- .edu/~rapaport/ Halpin, J., J. Heidebreder, M. Lloyd, P. Woohull, Immigrant and Anti-Latino Misinformation Santa Ana, Otto. 2002. Brown Tide Rising: Met- B. Scott, J. Silver, and S. Derek Turner. and Rhetoric.” The MALDEFian, March 24. aphors of Latinos in Contemporary American 2007. The Structural Imbalance of Political www.simplesend.com/simple/textlink.asp Public Discourse. Austin: University of Texas Talk Radio: A Joint Report by the Center for ?NewsletterID=22649&SI=&E=&S=225&N American Progress and Free Press. www Press. =22649&Format=HTML .americanprogress.org/issues/2007/06/ Slagle, Mark. 2009. “An Ethical Exploration of pdf/talk_radio.pdf Milbank, Dana. 2010. “Glenn Beck and the Free Expression and the Problem of Hate Oakland Shooter.” The Washington Post, Hennessey, Kathleen. 2010. “‘Tea Party’ Con- Speech.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 24, August 1. www.washingtonpost.com/wp vention a Forum for Woes, Worries.” Los no. 4: 238–50. -dyn/content/article/2010/07/30/ Angeles Times, February 6, A11. Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ). 1996. AR2010073003254.html Inoue, Miyako. 2004. “What Does Language Code of Ethics. http://www.spj.org/pdf/ Remember? Indexical Inversion and the Neiwert, David. 2009. The Eliminationists: How ethicscode.pdf Naturalized History of Japanese Women.” Hate Talk Radicalized the American Right. Tolmach Lakoff, Robin. 2001. The Language Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14, no. 1: Sausalito, CA: PoliPoint Press. War. Berkeley: University of California Press. 39–56. Noriega, Chon A., and Francisco Javier Iribar- U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. “State and County Kellow, Christine L., and H. Leslie Steeves. ren. 2009. Hate Speech on Commercial Talk QuickFacts for 2009.” http://quickfacts.census 1998. “The Role of Radio in the Rwandan Radio: Preliminary Report on a Pilot Study. .gov/qfd/states/00000.html. Genocide.” Journal of Communication 48: Latino Policy and Issues Brief. No. 22. Los U.S. Department of Commerce, National 107–28. Angeles: UCLA Chicano Studies Research Telecommunications and Information Kövecses, Zoltán, Réka Benczes, and Szilvia Center Press. Administration (NTIA). 1993. The Role of Csábi. 2010. Metaphor: A Practical Introduc- Ochs, E. 1992. “Indexing Gender.” In Rethink- Telecommunications in Hate Crimes. Wash- tion. London: Oxford University Press. ing Context: Language as an Interactive ington, DC: Government Printing Office. Kondracki, N.L., and N.S. Wellman. 2002. Phenomenon, ed. A. Duranti and C. Good- Wasserman, S. and K. Faust. 1994. Social “Content Analysis: Review of Methods and win, 335–58. Cambridge: Cambridge Network Analysis. Cambridge, England: Their Applications in Nutrition Education.” University Press. Cambridge University Press.

13 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

APPENDIX

Chart 1a. Statements Targeted at Vulnerable Groups or Their Supporters, The Lou Dobbs Show, July 31, 2008

I. Vulnerable Groups Group Call for Action Number Implied Target Number Named Target (Instances) Number Total for Total for (Instances) (Instances) Implied and Vulnerable Named Targets Groups Undocumented 0 101, 209, 217, 255, 320–21, 9 207–9: these people come from 27 36 36 immigrants (UI) 900–1: illegal immigration (6) countries, like Mexico (1)

194: illegal immigration crisis 146, 150, 159–60, 168, 287–88, (1) 834, 851, 901–2, 914, 951, 999 (2), 1022, 1045: illegal aliens (14) 276: this immigrant inflow (1) 167, 189, 956, 1029: illegals (4) 833: illegal immigration problem (1) 199: a million-and-a-half illegals (1)

211–12: illegal immigrants (1)

279: immigrants (1)

830–31, 832, 904–5, 1037: illegal alien population (4)

982: illegal employees (1)

Latinos (L) 0 544–46: And when people talk 1 521: La Raza (1) 2 3 3 like that and think like that, what are they? (1) 506–7: elected Latino political people (1)

People of color in 482–88: We 1 0 36-40: Barack Obama. (1) 7 7 8 public office (PC) could put half of these 66–70: I say you put a wig on him, senators you dust up a little of that hair, you in jail … know, he’d look like one of those early Dobbs: If we founding fathers, kind of. (1) go under the basis of the 446: George Gascon (1) fact that they are breaking 460-461: Robert Menendez (1) their pledge to—and their 475-476: Robert Menendez (1) oath of office. By gosh! 478: Senator Menendez (1) Sandy: Let’s do it! (1) 619-621: Barack Obama (1)

Total for Vulnerable 1 10 36 46 47 Groups

14 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 1a. cont.

II. Supporters of Vulnerable Groups Supporter VG Call for Action (Instances) Employers of UI 982–89: And why are we tolerating this kind of nonsense, that employers are 6 undocumented allowed to do this to men and women that they’re exploiting, through illegal immigrants immigration? (1)

997–99: Let’s make certain that we’re just as tough on these—these ignorant fools who are hiring illegals aliens (1)

1002: Going after the employers is almost more important (1)

1018–27: let’s make it really, really im—an important commitment, to must making certain these illegal employers are held up to the scorn to which they should. (1)

1043–44: business can be leaders, in this society of ours, or they can be the bad guys. (1)

1045–46: And these illegal employers or illegal aliens are the bad guys. (1) Total for Supporters of 6 Vulnerable Groups Total for Calls for Action 7

Note: The transcript contained one reference to “pro-illegal immigrant lobby”; this was not tabulated.

15 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 1b. Statements Targeted at Vulnerable Groups or Their Supporters, The Savage Nation, July 24, 2008

I. Vulnerable Groups Group Call for Action Number Implied Target Number Named Target Number Total for Total for (Instances) (Instances) (Instances) Implied and Vulnerable Named Targets Groups Undocumented 0 112: illegal immigration (1) 6 107: illegal alien mobs (1) 9 15 15 immigrants (UI) 194: this murderer (1) 161, 163, 166, 510: illegal alien (4) 196–97: the murderer (1) 844, 854, 859: an illegal 115–16: immigrants (3) alien (3)

848: this illegal alien (1)

People of color in 0 0 160, 168–69, 191–92, 846, 12 12 12 public office (PC) 1856, 1864–65, 1887–88: district attorney (7)

163–64, 1859–60: the district attorney, Kamala Harris (2)

845, 863: the DA (2)

861–62: this DA here, Kamala Harris (1)

Muslims (M) 0 43: throat cutters from the 3 15–16: Turkish Muslims 2 5 5 Middle East (1) (1)

235, 239: Al-Qaeda (2) 45–46: radical Islamic murderers (1)

Sexual minorities (G) 0 689–92: 3 0 3 3 so they can be gay in Iraq? (1)

701–4: his daughter to be like the sluts of Sunset Boulevard (1)

693–97: it was a war to bring in the degeneracy of the United States and West Europe to Iraq (1) Total for Vulnerable 0 12 23 35 35 Groups

16 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 1b. cont.

II. Supporters of Vulnerable Groups Supporter VG Call for Action (Instances) San Francisco Mayor UI 846–49: Frankly the mayor should be slapped with a subpoena (1) 1 Gavin Newsom San Francisco District UI 845–46: and the DA should be in prison: there should be a federal—immediate 2 Attorney Kamala arrest of the district attorney. (1) Harris 861–63: And this DA here, Kamala Harris, the DA would be in prison. (1) Media Matters UI, 130–32: I want you to demand copies of Media Matters tax records (1) 7 M 139–42: So go and ask whoever you have to ask for copies of their tax records and then see if you can get one senator or one congressman to investigate the tax status of Media Matters in this country and find out where their money is coming from. (1)

412–20: I want to reiterate many of you are saying what can I do to help? I’ll tell you what you can do to help. I want you to find out who Media Matters is: go on the Internet and then I want you as a citizen — an American citizen, a taxpayer — to demand that they send you their tax form — their latest tax form for the last few years. (1)

532–34: You can look up Media Matters on the Internet and find out where they are and write them a note and ask for their tax records gong back five years. (1)

537–43: Somebody in this audience is going to pore over those tax records […] and God’s hand will move somebody listening to this show who will get the tax returns of Media Matters and an investigation will begin into the source of the funds (1)

673: I would you suggest you picket Media Matters (1)

832–33: don’t forget look up Media Matters and ask for their tax returns. (1) Total for Supporters of 10 Vulnerable Groups Total for Calls for 10 Action

17 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 1c: Statements Targeted at Vulnerable Groups or Their Supporters, The John & Ken Show, July 30, 2008

I. Vulnerable Groups Group Call for Action Number Implied Target Number Named Target Number Total for Total for (Instances) (Instances) (Instances) Implied and Vulnerable Named Targets Groups Undocumented 209–12: This is also 1 82: these killers’ (1) 7 52: that illegal immigrant gang 4 11 12 immigrants (UI) a battle on every member (1) city street, every 91–92: established gang member (1) community, every port 86: triple-murdering illegal of entry in the United 161–63: a five-time-arrested, 21-year- alien (1) States, every political old gangbanging MS-13 member (1) office. (1) 830: illegal alien population (1) 233: this alleged killer (1) 925: illegal aliens (1) 338: Honduran crack dealers (1)

417–18, 447: Mara Salvatrucha gang members (2)

People of color in 0 0 227: the DA, Kamala Harris (1) 8 8 8 public office (PC) 297: the city’s district attorney, Kamala Harris (1)

643–44, 660, 669–70, 883: Jan Perry (4)

464, 486: councilwoman Jan Perry (2)

Mexicans (M) 0 752–54: The Mexican diet (1) 2 747–50: the Mexicans (1) 1 3 3

754: And that’s their culture (1)

South Los Angeles 0 602–3: areas that are ridden with 5 666–67: You can’t control the 7 12 12 residents (SLA) gangs. (1) crime, you can’t control what people eat (1) 665, 806: eighty thousand gang members (2) 672–74: poor people. (1)

699–701: South L.A., poor 708–9: that tribe (1) people (1)

703–4: Because everybody’s gangs (1) fat. Everybody’s wandering around fat (1)

763–64: Or five of them, or whatever these people do (1)

782–85: people just sit there and keep stuffing one burger after another, one burrito after another (1)

740–43: you could offer them a veggie panini sandwich, and they’re going to look at you like you dropped from Mars. They don’t care. (1)

Total for Vulnerable 1 14 20 34 35 Groups

18 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 1c. cont.

II. Supporters of Vulnerable Groups Supporter VG Call for Action (Instances) San Francisco Mayor UI 186–89: We want Gavin Newsom to resign, to let someone take over 9 Gavin Newsom who believes in the actual execution of the rule of the law (1)

213–19: San Francisco is the first city that we’re going to conquer, and we’re going to either drive these politicians out of office who have done this to this country, brought this calamity forward, and we’re going to replace them with people who truly reflect the concerns of our citizens (1)

225: The mayor of…he’s got to go. (1)

243–44: And we’re demanding that Mayor Newsom immediately resign. (1)

250–51: But it’s not too late to start replacing these political governors (1)

273–74: And they are calling on Gavin Newsom and others to resign (1)

295–99: calling for Gavin Newsom along with the city’s district attorney, Kamala Harris, and the guy that runs the juvenile probation department, to all resign. (1)

415–16: He ought to resign. (1)

420–24: And there was a time when a guy would resign. He would be so ashamed by his judgment, so ashamed by what he wrought on that family, that he would walk away and hide. (1) San Francisco UI 295–97: calling for Gavin Newsom along with the city’s district 1 District Attorney attorney, Kamala Harris, and the guy that runs the juvenile probation Kamala Harris department, to all resign. (1) San Francisco city UI 213–20: San Francisco is the first city that we’re going to conquer, and 2 administration we’re going to either drive these politicians out of office who have done this to this country, brought this calamity forward, and we’re going to replace them with people who truly reflect the concerns of our citizens, including San Francisco citizens and Los Angeles citizens. (1)

250–53: But it’s not too late to start replacing these political governors, and every public office will have brought this calamity forth upon the United States. (1) Community 119–22: And a domestic terrorism group called Answer Network, I 3 activists/protestors believe—put the flyers out on the Internet calling on all their minions for undocumented to show up and suppress free speech. (1) immigrants 147–49: Well, were they really an illegal alien advocacy group, or were they just anarchists who signed up for the mayhem that day? (1)

150–53: I think anarchists from the International Socialist Organization, the Answer Network, typical First Amendment suppressors—I call them domestic terrorists (1) Total for Supporters 15 of Vulnerable Groups Total for Calls for 16 Action

Note: The transcript contained four references to “illegal alien” in regard to advocacy groups; these were not tabulated.

19 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 2a. Unsubstantiated Claims, The Lou Dobbs Show, July 31, 2008

I. False Claims Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function Total of False Claims: 0

II. Unverifiable Claims Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 97–99 And it was halted Lou Dobbs The Eisenhower Dobbs refers to the Eisenhower Fred Keostler, “Operation Wetback,” in The Handbook Undocumented Presents the in three or four administration administration’s “Operation of Texas Online (Denton: Texas State Historical immigrants Eisenhower months by the — caused 1.5 Wetback” (1954), under Association, n.d.). administration’s the new Eisenhower million which Mexican workers were http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/ policies more administration. And undocumented deported; this encouraged articles/pqo01 effective than they caused about immigrants to other undocumented nationals they may have a million-and-a-half leave. to return to Mexico. The U.S. been. illegals to — to Immigration and Naturalization leave. Service claimed that Operation Wetback prompted as many as 1,300,000 to leave the United States; the number that was officially apprehended was much lower. The actual number of undocumented immigrants who returned to their country of origin cannot be determined. 148–53 And talking with Lou Dobbs There are Because undocumented Jeffrey S. Passel and D’Vera Cohn, U.S. Population Undocumented Suggests that Steve, I said, you between 12 immigrants typically do not Projections: 2005–2010 (Washington: Pew Research immigrants the number of know, if — you and 20 million respond to polls and therefore Center, 2008). undocumented know, one of the undocumented are not represented in immigrants in great discussions is immigrants statistical records, and because the U.S. could be how many illegal currently in the estimates of the number of very large. aliens actually are U.S. undocumented residents varies in this country. We widely, Dobbs’s statement always say, here cannot be verified. The Pew at The Loud Dobbs Research Center’s estimate for Show, or Lou Dobbs 2008 was 11.9 million. Tonight, anywhere between 12 and 20 million. 272–77 the debate among Peter The debate The economic impact of the Richard Nadler, Immigration and the Wealth of Undocumented Presents the economists, among Brimelow among undocumented labor force States (Americas Majority Foundation, 2008). www. immigrants presence of labor economists is economists on on native-born residents of amermaj.com/ImmigrationandWealth.pdf undocumented over. And it’s been the impact of the United States cannot be immigrants as over for more than immigrants on conclusively determined. On Steven A. Camarota, Immigrants in the United States, harmful to the 15 years. The — the the national the one hand, undocumented 2007: A Profile of America’s Foreign-Born Populations economy. consensus among economy is immigrants create jobs and (Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, mainstream labor over and contribute to the economy 2007). economists is that resolved. through, for example, their www.cis.org/articles/2007/back1007.pdf this immigrant inflow labor and the payment of is of no benefit to sales and payroll taxes. On the Heather MacDonald, Victor Davis Hanson, and Steven native-born, and on other hand, many have lower Malanga, The Immigration Solution: A Better Plan aggregate. incomes and rely heavily on Than Today’s (Lanham, MD: Ivan R. Dee, 2007). public services; many also send their earnings to their home Judith Gans, A Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy in country rather than spending it a Global Economy (Tucson: Udall Center for Studies in where they reside. Public Policy, University of Arizona, 2006). udallcenter.arizona.edu/immigration/publications/ primer_on_u.s._immigration_j.gans_2006.pdf

National Immigration Law Center: Paying Their Way and Then Some: Facts about the Contributions of Immigrants to Economic Growth and Public Investment (Los Angeles: NILC, 2006).

20 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 2a. cont.

Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 441–42 He has a Lou Dobbs George Gascón, The enactment of new Eduardo Barraza, “Interview with George Gascón, George Gascón Discredits responsibility, as a chief of police policies by Gascón in early City of Mesa Police Department Chief,” Barriozona, Gascón; implies law enforcement in Mesa, July 2008 weakens Dobbs’s July 28, 2008. that he does officer – a chief law Arizona, is not claim that Gascón is biased http://www.barriozona.com/george_gascon_mesa_ not fulfill his enforcement officer, fully enforcing toward Latinos. These policies police_chief_interview.html responsibilities by the way, in Mesa, federal allow Mesa police to question to uphold to be enforcing immigration people who are arrested on Ray Stern, “Mesa Police Chief George Gascón Stares immigration laws. And there is laws because misdemeanor or felony charges Down Sheriff Joe Arpaio,” Phoenix New Times, July laws because his no reason for him he is about their immigration status 10, 2008. policies observe to be creating any committed and require police to notify www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2008-07-10/news/ undocumented division between to, or biased U.S. Immigration and Customs mesa-police-chief-george-gasc-n-stares-down-sheriff- immigrants’ responsibilities. He’s toward, Enforcement if they believe any joe-arpaio Fourteenth enforcing drug laws Latinos. one to the country illegally. A Amendment that are federal. commentator points out that, protections. He is enforcing all as a result, some suspected sorts of laws that illegal immigrants that are federal. He would previously have been is ethnocentrically arrested for misdemeanors invested, it appears. and then released will face longer sentences and possible deportation. Total of Unverifiable Claims: 4

III. Distorted Claims Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function Total of Distorted Claims: 0

Total of All Unsubstantiated Claims: 4

Note: Assertions of fact, cited statistics/research, and, in general, statements that cannot be construed as opinion were cross-checked for accuracy.

21 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 2b. Unsubstantiated Claims, The Savage Nation, July 24, 2008

I. False Claims Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 158–66 Now what’s Michael District Ramos was released because Jaxon Van Derbeken, “Officials Try to Explain Gavin Newsom, Portrays San interesting to me Savage Attorney no charges were filed against Murder Suspect’s Release,” San Francisco Chronicle, Kamala Francisco’s is that I’m being Kamala Harris him after he had been jailed July 22, 2008. www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article. Harris; Edwin sanctuary attacked in my own and/or Mayor for three days; neither Harris cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/22/BA5C11SK2S.DTL Ramos and, policy and hometown by this Gavin Newsom nor Newsom was directly by extension, its political failed newspaper released or responsible. undocumented supporters that’s losing a million was directly immigrants as negligent; dollars a day while responsible equates the district attorney for releasing politicians who and mayor, who suspect Edwin support the released an illegal Ramos when he policy with alien who gunned was jailed as a the murder down a father and juvenile. of innocent his two sons who citizens. were just driving down the wrong alley at the wrong time – this illegal alien was released two months before by the district attorney, Kamala Harris, handpicked by Willie Brown when he was mayor; handpicked by – what’s his name – Gavin Newsome –

Total of False Claims: 1

II. Unverifiable Claims Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 12–16 At least now we Michael Obama chose The reason for choosing Berlin “Obama Refines Plans for Germany Trip,” Der Spiegel, Obama, Obama Portrays know why Obama Savage to give his cannot be verified. Der Spielgel July 5, 2008. supporters Obama and picked Germany to first speech reported that the German www.spiegel.de/international/ his supporters give his first speech in Europe ambassador to Washington world/0,1518,564083,00.html as radical in Europe. It is in Germany worked to convince the extremists. certainly because because he campaign that Obama’s major Carlotta Gall and Jeff Zeleny, “Obama Opens a Foreign of Germany’s knew he appearance should be in Berlin. Tour in Afghanistan,” The New York Times, July 20, deeply entrenched would receive Media commentators speculated 2008. socialist-communist support from that Berlin was chosen by www.nytimes.com/2008/07/20/us/politics/20OBAMA. establishment. It Germany’s the campaign because it html is also due to the socialist- would evoke the speeches of massive number of communists Presidents Ronald Regan and Dan Balz, “Embraced Overseas, But to What Effect?,” Turkish Muslims who and its large John F. Kennedy. Washington Post, July 27, 2008 live there who made Turkish Muslim www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ up a majority of the bloc. story/2008/07/26/ST2008072602016. crowd. html?sid=ST2008072602016

Jennifer Parker, “Obama Echoes Reagan in Call for Global Unity,” ABC News, July 24, 2008. abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/ story?id=5442448&page=1

22 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 2b. cont.

Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 17–22 When I say majority Michael The Germans Demographic makeup of the “Obama Tells World We Must Unite,” Washington Obama Portrays of the crowd, you Savage who attended crowd cannot be verified. Times, July 25, 2008. supporters Obama’s mark my words, Obama’s speech Stories in major European www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/jul/25/ supporters the majority of that comprised and American media outlets obama-tells-world-we-must-unite/ as radical crowd were the primarily reported estimates of the extremists. communist-socialist socialist- crowd’s size, but nothing “Crowds Gather in Berlin to Hear Obama’s Foreign bloc in Germany. communists about its race or ethnicity. Policy Speech,” The Guardian, July 25, 2008. Now you say, how do and anti- Factchecker.org addressed www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/24/ you know that? This American claims by some conservative uselections2008.barackobama is the same group terrorists. commentators that the crowd of anti-Americans was far smaller than the Christian Retzlaff, “Speech Appears to Resonate with in Germany that estimates reported, but no Germans,” Los Angeles Times, July 25, 2008. torched McDonalds mention was made of the articles.latimes.com/2008/jul/25/nation/na-berlin25 during G8 meetings; crowd’s makeup. that burns effigies of Gregor Peter Schmitz, “People of the World, Look at our presidents over Me,” Der Spiegel, July 25, 2008. the last number of www.spiegel.de/international/ administrations world/0,1518,567932,00.html

Jeff Zeleny and Nicholas Kulish, “Obama, in Berlin, Calls for Renewal of Ties With Allies,” The New York Times, July 25, 2008. www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/us/politics/25obama. html?ref=politics

“Did 200,000 People Show Up in Berlin … ?” Factchecker.org, August 15, 2008. www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/did_200000_ people_show_up_in_berlin.html

David Usborne, “Will Obama’s Rock-Star Moment in Berlin Backfire?” The Independent, July 26, 2008. www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/will- obamas-rockstar-moment-in-berlin-backfire-877802. html

22–25 it’s the home of the Michael Obama’s There is no verifiable Clare Murphy, “Who Were the Baader-Meinhof Gang?” Obama Links Obama Baader-Manhoff Savage philosophy is resemblance between Baader- BBC News, September 5, 1977. to terrorists. crowd who are similar to that Meinhof’s commitment to news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6314559.stm the cousins to of German domestic terror and Obama’s Obama’s philosophy, domestic campaign platform or any “It’s Your Choice: How the Candidates Stand on the incidentally; terrorists. statements he has made. Issues that Matter to You,” Organizing for America (Obama campaign website), n.d. www.barackobama.com/issues/index_campaign.php

“Post Endorses John McCain,” New York Post, September 8, 2008. www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/editorials/item_S6i XH45stH6gujTk5rptKP;jsessionid=0810CCC0D73494D1 0910B9FA570CFE3C

“Barack Obama for President,” The Washington Times, October 17, 2008. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ article/2008/10/16/AR2008101603436. html?ref=www.americanpresidency.org

23 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 2b. cont.

Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 33–36 I’ve devoted over Michael Media Matters Media Matters for America, Jacques Steinberg, “Savage Stands by Autism Media Matters Portrays Media 40 years of my Savage is dedicated to a liberal media watchdog Remarks,” The New York Times, July 22, 2008. Matters as life to defending hating families. organization, was one of many www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/business/ scoundrels. defenseless children critics denouncing Savage’s media/22sava.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=%22media+mat and these rats – comments on autism; whether ters%22+autism&st=nyt dedicated to hating the group “hates families” families, they’re cannot be verified. John J. Pitney Jr., “A Savage Attack,” The National dedicating (inaudible) Review Online, July 24, 2008. – and how you www.nationalreview.com/articles/225112/savage- people can be taken attack/john-j-pitney-jr in by these...villains is not of course a mystery to me. 97–100 Ahmadinejad is on Michael Ahmadinejad Ahmadinejad’s meaning Juan Cole, “Hitchens Hacker and Hitchens,” Informed Ahmadinejad Emphasizes record as saying he Savage stated that he cannot be verified. English Comment, May 3, 2006. the most would gladly wipe would gladly translations and interpretations http://www.juancole.com/2006/05/hitchens-hacker- bellicose out the entire state of wipe out of the of Ahmadinejad’s statement in and-hitchens.html interpretation Israel with everyone entire state of Farsi conflict; some have less of in it and gladly lose Israel. violent or extremist overtones. Ethan Broner, “Just How Far Did They Go, Those Words Ahmadinejad’s half of the Iranian Against Israel?,” The New York Times, June 11, 2006. statement; population to do http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/ encourages so; that’s a fact, he weekinreview/11bronner.html?ex=1307678400&en=ef Iranians to said so. a2bd266224e880&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss be seen in a highly negative way. 162–70 to let this illegal Michael Edwin Investigation of the case Jaxon Van Derbeken, “Suspect Pleads Not Guilty to Edwin Ramos Portrays alien on the streets Savage Ramos is an was ongoing at the time Kill­­ing Dad, Sons,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 24, and, by Ramos as an through the so-called undocumented of the broadcast; Ramos’s 2008. extension, undocumented sanctuary policies of immigrant and undocumented status had not www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/ undocumented immigrant and this sick city that I a murderer. been verified and his guilt not c/a/2008/07/24/BAGF11TF78.DTL immigrants, a murderer; live in; here’s a man determined. associates who killed a father undocumented and two sons immigrants with violent crime. 370–74 Well, you know, Michael The left wants The Fairness Doctrine, if James Rainey, “A False Alarm on a New ‘Fairness Democrats, Presents the left wants the Savage to control free reinstated, would require Doctrine,’” The New York Times, November 14, 2008. liberal media the left as fairness doctrine speech through broadcast license holders to articles.latimes.com/2008/nov/14/nation/ conspiring to introduced so they the Fairness present both sides of any na-onthemedia14 suppress free can control the Doctrine. controversial issue and provide speech. dialogue and have equal time to dissenting political George F. Will, “Broadcast ‘Fairness’ Fouls a monologue which figures. Because the FCC would Out,” The Washington Post, December 7, 2008. they control rule on a case-by-case basis, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ rulings could reflect the politics article/2008/12/05/AR2008120503194.html of the party in power. That the left would use it to control free speech is an assertion that cannot be verified. 377–82 then everyone will Michael An Obama An Obama presidency would James Rainey, “A False Alarm on a New ‘Fairness Obama, his Suggests worship Obama; Savage presidency lead to a shift in political Doctrine,’” The New York Times, November 14, 2008. supporters that Obama when Obama appears will result policy; that it would lead to articles.latimes.com/2008/nov/14/nation/ and the his anyone who doesn’t in political a dissolution of democracy is na-onthemedia14 supporters are worship him perhaps tyranny. an assertion that cannot be committed to will be interrogated verified. George F. Will, “Broadcast ‘Fairness’ Fouls Out,” The undermining and reeducated. Washington Post, December 7, 2008. democracy. … That’s where www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ we’re headed. That’s article/2008/12/05/AR2008120503194.html correct; this is the road to tyranny that we are on Total of Unverifiable Claims: 8

24 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 2b. cont.

III. Distorted Claims Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 58–60 Add up one and one Michael The Democratic Critics of Savage John J. Pitney Jr., “A Savage Attack,” National Review Online, Democratic Party Portrays on the attack at Savage Party is behind are not confined July 24, 2008. Democrats Michael Savage, you media criticism to members of the www.nationalreview.com/articles/225112/savage-attack/ as fomenting know what you’re of Savage. Democratic Party; for john-j-pitney-jr Communist going to get? The example, conservative revolution. Democrat Party. media outlets and Jacques Steinberg, “Savage Stands by Autism Remarks, The They want me out of supporters have New York Times, July 22, 2008. the way before the not supported his www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/business/media/22sava. election. comments regarding html?_r=1&sq=%22media%20matters%22%20autis autism. m&st=nyt&adxnnl=1&scp=1&adxnnlx=1296155388- xdDcsnEIYRr+EOA4Ggaccg

Jacques Steinberg, “Savage Loses Advertisers,” The New York Times, July 23, 2008. www.nytimes.com/2008/07/23/arts/23arts-SAVAGELOSESA_ BRF.html

61–64 They’re going to Michael The Democratic The policies of the “What We Stand For,” Democratic Party website. Democratic Party Discredits the go after every Savage Party’s goal is Democratic Party and www.democrats.org Democratic conservative who is a Communist the Communist Party Party by going to expose the revolution in USA have distinct “FAQ,” Communist Party USA website. linking it to communist-socialist the United differences that relate www.cpusa.org/faq communism roots of Obama in States. to capitalism; neither and revolution. order to make sure promotes revolution. that they finally have the communist revolution that they’ve wanted in this country for so many years. 80–86 The next target Michael Media Matters Media Matters for “Editorial: Obama’s Elusive ‘Safe Schools’ Czar,” The Media Matters Suggests might be Hannity, Savage is a powerful America is identified Washington Times, October 8, 2009. that Media or it might be Rush, socialist by conservative and www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/oct/8/obamas-elusive- Matters is an or it might be “The organization. . liberal media sources safe-schools-czar anti-American, Leprechaun,” or it as a partisan, liberal undemocratic might be somebody media watchdog; none Jacques Steinberg. “An All-Out Attack on Conservative organization. else in the top five surveyed associates Misinformation,” The New York Times, November 8, 2008. of radio; anyone the organization with www.nytimes.com/2008/11/01/washington/01media.html who stands up to communist-socialists or the liberal-socialist anarchists. juggernaut; anyone who exposes the corruption in the Democrat Party, and for that matter in the Republican Party, moreover in the government itself, will be targeted. 90–93 It’s happened at Michael Media Matters Media Matters for “Editorial: Obama’s Elusive ‘Safe Schools’ Czar,” The Media Matters Suggests least three or four Savage is composed America is identified Washington Times, October 8, 2009. that Media times before and the of communist- by conservative and www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/oct/8/obamas-elusive- Matters is an very same group of socialists and liberal media sources safe-schools-czar anti-American, communist-socialist anarchists. as a partisan, liberal undemocratic anarchists in Media media watchdog; none Jacques Steinberg. “An All-Out Attack on Conservative organization. Matters, along surveyed associates Misinformation,” The New York Times, November 8, 2008. with the very same the organization with www.nytimes.com/2008/11/01/washington/01media.html deviant forces, have communist-socialists or tried to drive me off anarchists. the air. Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function

25 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 2b. cont.

502–13 They never really Michael Newspapers The fact that a media “Bad Neighbors,” San Francisco Chronicle, February 1, 2007. Newspapers Discredits put out a story that Savage that are not outlet does not support www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/02/01/ identified as liberal supports borders, conservative conservative positions EDGC7N768I1.DTL liberal, including newspapers; language and culture; (specifically, does not mean that, those that, dehumanizes they’re always on The New York as a consequence, it by extension, undocumented the side of the illegal Times and the supports murder, rape, support immigrants alien or on the San Francisco or pornography. immigrant and indentifies murderer or on the Chronicle) rights. them with side of the rapist or have an anti- criminals. the pornographer -- American, so the demographic anti-family, --the natural pro-criminal demographic for the bias. newspapers says you know what, I’m not buying that rag anymore. 228–30 the progressives of Michael Current-day Progressives represent Michael Lind, “Is It OK to Be Liberal Again, Instead of today are very close Savage progressives a range of political Progressive?,” Salon.com, November 2,1 2008. to the Communist are associated thought and can www.salon.com/news/opinion/feature/2008/11/21/liberals Party USA; CPUSA, with the be associated with socialist party Communist a range of political Jonathan Chait, “McCain Buries His Progressive Past,” CBS workers, et cetera Party USA and organizations. News, February 11, 2008. are very close to the Socialist Party. www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/11/opinion/ progressive parties main3817077.shtml of today 689–97 CNN report on being Michael Iraqis would The CNN story dated Frederik Pleitgen, Mohammed Tawfeeq and Wayne Drash, Iraqi, U.S., Uses the gay in Iraq; please Savage rather kill July 24, 2008, quotes “Gays in Iraq Terrorized by Threats, Rape, Murder,” CNN World, and Western CNN story to leave me alone with themselves a gay Iraqi, who July 24, 2008. European gays discredit gay that already, I’m not than see states that, because articles.cnn.com/2008-07-24/world/gay.iraqis_1_gay-men- men. interested -- again homosexuality of the intolerance and gays-and-lesbians-homosexuals?_s=PM:WORLD if the first thing become widely violence that Iraqi gays they did with their accepted. and their families face, freedom – that’s killing himself would what American men be preferable to his have died for so they family finding out that can be gay in Iraq? he is gay. That’s wonderful. That’s amazing. So it wasn’t a war to liberate Iraqis; it was a war to being [bring] in the degeneracy of the United States and West Europe to Iraq; that’s great, now you understand why they’re willing to put themselves under a truck and kill themselves rather than see their country become like ours. Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function

26 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 2b. cont.

697–704 If you think that a Michael Arab men The CNN story dated Frederik Pleitgen, Mohammed Tawfeeq, and Wayne Drash, Gays Casts having Bedouin – a proud Savage would rather July 24, 2008, quotes “Gays in Iraq Terrorized by Threats, Rape, Murder,” CNN World, a gay son as Bedouin – wants his die than have a a gay Iraqi, who July 24, 2008. unbearably daughter to be like gay son. states that, because articles.cnn.com/2008-07-24/world/gay.iraqis_1_gay-men- humiliating. the sluts of Sunset of the intolerance and gays-and-lesbians-homosexuals?_s=PM:WORLD Boulevard or wants violence that Iraqi his son to put on his gays and their families Scott Long, “Netherlands: No Deportations of LGBT Iranians to wife’s high heels and face, killing himself Torture,” Human Rights Watch, October 8, 2006. go to a nightclub, would be preferable to www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/10/08/netherlands-no- you’re mistaken; his family finding out deportations-lgbt-iranians-torture he’d rather die. that he is gay. Neither this report nor others U.S. Department of State, Bureaucracy of Democracy, Human detailing violence Rights, and Labor, 2006 Human Rights Report: Iraq, 2007. against and persecution http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78853.htm of gay men and women in the Middle East do not mention suicide by a father. If such cases exist they cannot be easily verified. Total of Distorted Claims: 8

Total of All Unsubstantiated Claims: 17

Note: Assertions of fact, cited statistics/research, and, in general, statements that cannot be construed as opinion were cross-checked for accuracy.

27 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 2c. Unsubstantiated Claims, The John & Ken Show, July 30, 2008

I. False Claims Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 42–44 OK, coming up later Ken The ordinance The ordinance was Council File Number 07-1658, Office of the City Clerk, City of L.A. City Council Implies that Los on, the L.A. council Chiampou banned new not an outright ban. Los Angeles, Ordinance No. 180103. Angeles’s fast makes good on fast food outlets Rather, it states that its cityplanning.lacity.org/Code_Studies/Misc/FastFoodInterim. food ordinance banning new fast in South L.A. intent is “to prohibit the pdf is irrational or food outlets in South establishment of new extreme by L.A. fast food restaurants in exaggerating South Los Angeles for its provisions; 365 days, or until the attempts to adoption of appropriate discredit the L.A. regulatory controls.” City Council and, by extension, Councilmember Jan Perry (the ordinance’s sponsor). 77–80 San Francisco Jim Gilchrist San Francisco Data provided by the California Secretary of State Debra Bowen, “May 4, 2009— San Franciscan Implies that — seriously, is primarily State of California Report of Registration.” www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ror/ror- non- immigration San Francisco a politically indicate that of all pages/15day-stwdsp-09/ror-050409.htm conservatives reform advocates is essentially a conservative registered voters in San such as ANSWER conservative-leaning city. Francisco in May 2009, Coalition have city that wants a 9.36% are Republican, little support in civilized community the primary right- San Francisco; to be preserved leaning political party justifies the in the U.S.; 56.67% mission of are registered as Gilchrist’s Democratic, 1.68% as Minuteman American Independent, Project. and 1.97% as Green. Data also show that of all cities in California, San Francisco has the second highest percentage of Democratic Party members. 119–22 And a domestic Jim Gilchrist ANSWER Media sources identifies Frances Romero, “Antiwar Movements in the U.S.,” Time, ANSWER Discredits terrorism group Coalition is an ANSWER (Act Now October 7, 2009. Coalition ANSWER called ANSWER organization to Stop War and End www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1928823,00.html Coalition—and Network, I believe that attempts Racism) Coalition as by extension, — put the flyers to suppress free an antiwar group Global Terrorism Database. other immigrant out on the Internet speech through immigrant rights group, www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results. rights calling on all their terrorist not a domestic terrorism aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&cou advocates— minions to show up methods group; ANSWER is not ntry=217&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100 as a violent, and suppress free identified as a terrorist anti-American speech. organization by online San Francisco Bay Independent Media Center, “Immigrant organization that sources that track Demonstrators Call for Affirmation of SF Sanctuary Status,” opposes free terrorist acts. July 31, 2008. speech. www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/07/31/18521239.php

National Counterterrorism Center Worldwide Incidents Tracking System.

wits.nctc.gov/FederalDiscoverWITS/index.do?N=0

28 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 2c. cont.

Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 150–54 I think anarchists Jim Gilchrist International Media sources identify Frances Romero, “Antiwar Movements in the U.S.,” Time, International Links the from the Socialist ANSWER Coalition as an October 7, 2009. Socialist International International Socialist Organization antiwar and immigrant http://www.time.com/time/nation/ Organization, Socialist Organization, (ISO) and rights group and the article/0,8599,1928823,00.html ANSWER Organization the ANSWER ANSWER International Socialist Coalition and the ANSWER Network, typical Coalition Organization as a Carolyn Lochhead, “Anti-immigration Caravan Makes It to Coalition — and, First Amendment members are pro-immigration group. Washington: Minuteman Project Holds Rally as Senate Ready by extension, suppressors — I anarchists who They are not identified to Debate Bill,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 13, 2006. other immigrant call them domestic attempt to as anarchists. rights advocates terrorists. suppress free www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/13/ — to terrorism; speech through MNGBTIR6CO1.DTL discredits terrorist them as an methods. San Francisco Bay Independent Media Center, “Immigrant organization that Demonstrators Call for Affirmation of SF Sanctuary Status,” wants to limit July 31, 2008. free speech. www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/07/31/18521239.php

225–32 JIM: The mayor of Ken It was the All city employees San Francisco Administrative Code Chapter 12H: “Immigration Gavin Newsom, Discredits San [inaudible], he’s got Chiampou responsibility (in their official Status.” Kamala Francisco city to go. of William capacity) are prohibited sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=1069 Harris, William government KEN: You had signs Siffermann, by city law from Siffermann officials and local asking that Gavin head of the cooperating with INS law enforcement; Newsom resign, juvenile to detain, arrest, or implies that they the D.A., Kamala probation investigate suspected had neglected Harris, to resign, and department undocumented their duties William Siffermann, to report and immigrants; requesting and were not the head of the deliver Ramos information on protecting the juvenile probation to federal police individual immigration community. department. And I for deportation status; or withholding or imagine it was his when he was restricting provision of responsibility to arrested as a public services/benefits have this guy turned juvenile. upon immigration over to the feds long status, unless required ago, when he was by federal or state getting arrested as a laws, or court decision, juvenile. or if the suspected undocumented immigrant has been convicted of/is arrested for a California state felony. 416–20 Any mayor that John Kobylt Mayor Gavin The sanctuary ordinance City and County of San Francisco, “Sanctuary Ordinance.” Gavin Newsome; Portrays the chooses a policy Newsom made was adopted in 1989, www.sfgov.org/site/sanctuary_page.asp?id=81004 local gangs and, mayor of San that leads to Mara the decision before Mayor Newsom by extension, Francisco as Salvatrucha gang that instated took office in 2004. undocumented being unwilling members killing San Francisco’s immigrants to protect the city family members sanctuary from criminal in cold blood on a ordinance gangs; links the city street in San toward city’s amnesty Francisco ought to undocumented policy — and, resign. immigrants. by extension, undocumented immigrants — to gang violence.

29 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 2c. cont.

Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 461–63 OK, the L.A. city Ken The ordinance The ordinance was Council File Number 07-1658, Office of the City Clerk, City of L.A. City Council Implies that Los council made it Chiampou banned new not an outright ban. Los Angeles, Ordinance No. 180103. Angeles’s fast official yesterday: fast food outlets Rather, it states that its http://cityplanning.lacity.org/Code_Studies/Misc/ food ordinance they have banned in South L.A. intent is “to prohibit the FastFoodInterim.pdf is absurd, the opening of any establishment of new irrational, or new fast food outlets fast food restaurants in extreme by in in South L.A. South Los Angeles for exaggerating 365 days, or until the its provisions; adoption of appropriate by extension, regulatory controls.” discredits the L.A. City Council and Councilmember Jan Perry (the law’s sponsor). 652–53 KEN: Well, yeah, Ken 20 percent of A media survey found Tami Abdollah, “A Strict Order for Fast Food,” Los Angeles Fast food Misstates the because 20 percent Chiampou restaurants on that about 45% of the Times, September 10, 2007. restaurants on percentage of the restaurants the West Side 900 restaurants in http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/10/local/ Los Angeles’s of fast food on the West Side are are fast food South L.A. are fast food me-fastfood10/3 west side. restaurants on fast food. restaurants. chains or restaurants Los Angeles’s JOHN: Just go down with minimal seating, west side. on Santa Monica compared with 16% of Boulevard. You’ll 2,200 restaurants in run into plenty of West L.A. them. 699–701 South L.A., poor John Kobylt Impoverished Obesity in South California Center for Public Health Advocacy (CCPHA), Residents of Perpetuates people, they don’t residents of L.A. is not caused by “Searching for Healthy Food: The Food Landscape in South L.A. negative care what they look South L.A. personal indifference California Cities and Counties,” January 2007. www. stereotypes about like. are obese by toward appearance. publichealthadvocacy.org/RFEI/policybrief_final.pdf South L.A. choice, because Research shows that they don’t factors such as the food California Center for Public Health Advocacy (CCPHA), care about environment and lack “Dropping the Ball…California Schools Fail to Meet Physical their physical of exercise influence Education Mandates,” June 2006. www.publichealthadvocacy. appearance. obesity. org/droppingtheball.html 752–53 The Mexican diet is John Kobylt Mexican food Mexican cuisine is California Center for Public Health Advocacy (CCPHA) Mexican Implicates what’s shot up the has caused not the sole cause of “Searching for Healthy Food: The Food Landscape in diet, and, by Mexicans as obesity rates in Los obesity rates to the obesity epidemic; California Cities and Counties,” January 2007. www. extension, the cause for a Angeles. increase in Los research shows that publichealthadvocacy.org/RFEI/policybrief_final.pdf Mexicans complex public Angeles. other factors such as and Mexican health issue. the food environment California Center for Public Health Advocacy (CCPHA), Americans. and lack of exercise “Dropping the Ball…California Schools Fail to Meet Physical influence obesity. Education Mandates,” June 2006. www.publichealthadvocacy. org/droppingtheball.html Total of False Claims: 10

30 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 2c. cont.

II. Unverifiable Claims Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 49–53 And, of course, Ken Edwin Investigation of the case Jason Van Derbeken, “Suspect Pleads Not Guilty to Killing Dad, Edwin Ramos Portrays Ramos the big story is Chiampou Ramos is an was ongoing when the Sons,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 24, 2008. (and, by as a murderer the reason that undocumented show was broadcast; www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/24/ extension), who exploited the protest was immigrant and Ramos’s immigration BAGF11TF78.DTL undocumented San Francisco’s held, is because of a gang member status and his status as immigrants, City sanctuary the deaths of the who avoided a gang member had not of San Francisco policy; Bologna family at jail because of been verified. officials associates the hands of that San Francisco’s undocumented illegal immigrant amnesty policy immigrants gang member who with gangs and got sanctuary from violent crime. San Francisco for years. 90–95 when you have Ken Edwin Ramos Investigation of the case Jason Van Derbeken, “Suspect Pleads Not Guilty to Killing Dad, Edwin Ramos Portrays Edwin a [inaudible] Chiampou is a gang was ongoing when the Sons,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 24, 2008. and, by Ramos as a established gang member and a show was broadcast; www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/24/ extension, murderer; member who murderer who Ramos’s guilt not been BAGF11TF78.DTL undocumented associates kills three family killed three proven and his status immigrants undocumented members in the members of the as a gang member had immigrants middle of a day on a Bologna family. not been verified. with gangs and city street, violent crime. 160–74 And this dispute is Jim Gilchrist Edwin Ramos Investigation of the case Jason Van Derbeken, “Suspect Pleads Not Guilty to Killing Dad, Edwin Ramos Portrays Edwin about the lack of is an MS-13 was ongoing when the Sons,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 24, 2008. and, by Ramos as a immigration law gang member, show was broadcast; www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/24/ extension, murderer; enforcement that and he used an Ken acknowledges that BAGF11TF78.DTL undocumented associates left a five-time- AK-47 to kill he is unsure whether immigrants undocumented arrested, 21-year-old three members the murder weapon was immigrants gangbanging MS-13 of the Bologna an AK-47. with gangs and member with a family. violent crime. full magazine of 30 rounds and an AK-47 — KEN: Was it an AK-47? JIM: — literally slaughtered. Yeah -- KEN: What — JIM: He slaughtered. KEN: [overlapping dialogue, inaudible] JIM: He slaughtered three family members. Shot them all to death in one car. KEN: Was it an AK-47? Do we know that for sure? JIM: That’s the reports I’ve been getting repeatedly.

31 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 2c. cont.

Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 235–39 He has an arrest Jim Gilchrist Undocumented No evidence Ruben Rumbaut and Walter Ewing, The Myth of Immigrant Edwin Ramos Suggests that record as long as immigrants like supports the claim Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration and, by no U.S. city is his arm, and what Edwin Ramos that undocumented Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men (Washington, DC: extension, safe from gang- happened to the routinely immigrants regularly Immigration Policy Center, 2007). undocumented related murder; Bologna family is not commit murder commit murder in U.S. nicic.gov/Library/022189 immigrants associates an isolated incident, in cities cities; research shows undocumented gentlemen. This throughout the that overall, immigrants immigrants happens daily in U.S. have a far lower crime with gangs and every city across the rate than U.S. citizens. violent crime. United States. 407–14 He knows that a John Kobylt Gavin Newsom Newsom did not City and County of San Francisco, “Sanctuary Ordinance.” Gavin Newsom Discredits lot of people can acknowledges enact or introduce www.sfgov.org/site/sanctuary_page.asp?id=81004 Gavin Newsom reasonably connect the accuracy San Francisco’s by suggesting his policy to those of the sanctuary policy; it that he was three murders. That Minutemen’s was established on responsible for he is an accomplice claim that he November 27, 1989, the Bologna to those murders. originated the prior to Newsom’s murders; That he started San Francisco taking office. validates the the chain of action sanctuary policies of the that led to those policy, which led Minuteman murders. He knows to the Bologna Project. this, and so he’s murders; trying to defuse and Newsom made make nice to the conciliatory Minutemen, because remarks to the their case is correct. Minutemen out of guilt. 663–71 You can’t control John Kobylt South L.A. is Since 1998, new Paul Ong, Theresa Firestine, Deirdre Pfeiffer, Oiyan Poon, Residents of Portrays South the crime, you can’t ungovernable. policies and programs and Linda Tran, The State of South L.A.” (Los Angeles: UCLA South L.A., Jan L.A. residents control what people in various sectors, School of Public Affairs, 2008). la.ucla.edu/downloads/ong/ Perry as negligent eat, you can’t control including law StateofSouthLA-FinalReport1.pdf and their fathers who father enforcement and community as children and run off education, have ungovernable; -- you can’t control improved the welfare suggests the any of this. (including a decrease community in crime) of South L.A. is immune to communities. improvement. Total of Unverifiable Claims: 6

32 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 2c. cont.

III. Distorted Claims Lines Excerpt Speaker Claim Counterevidence Source Target of Speech Social Function 84–86 are they the only Ken Ramos is Edwin Ramos had not Jason Van Derbeken, “Suspect Pleads Not Guilty to Killing Dad, ANSWER Portrays Ramos 140 people who Chiampou a triple been convicted of the Sons,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 24, 2008. Coalition as a murderer; would dare protest murdering murders and had not www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/24/ dehumanizes basically in support undocumented been proven to be BAGF11TF78.DTL undocumented of a triple murdering immigrant; undocumented at the immigrants and illegal alien? time of the broadcast. associates them with violent crime.

90–95 how could you come Ken ANSWER News accounts and ANSWER Links immigrant out and support Chiampou Coalition photos identify the Richard Gonzalez, “San Francisco Under Fire for Immigrant Coalition and, rights advocates that act? members at protestors as immigrant ‘Sanctuary,’” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, July 31, by extension, all to gang the Minuteman rights activists and 2008. immigrant rights violence. Project rally advocates, not www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93111065 advocates were supporting supporters of Ramos; Ramos, a photo of the event San Francisco Bay Independent Media Center, “Immigrant an alleged shows protestors Demonstrators Call for Affirmation of SF Sanctuary Status,” July murderer. holding ANSWER 31, 2008. Coalition signs with www.indybay.org/newsitems/2008/07/31/18521239.php “Stop Racism Against Immigrants.”

97–100 Which kind of Ken ANSWER There is no evidence Richard Gonzalez, “San Francisco Under Fire for Immigrant ANSWER Distorts the fits their typical Chiampou Coalition in media reports that ‘Sanctuary,’” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, July 31, Coalition character of mentality — let’s supports ANSWER Coalition 2008. the July 30 suppress everyone criminals and suppresses the free www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93111065 demonstration; else’s freedom of intended to speech of those with links ANSWER speech, but we want suppress free opposing views. Coalition – and everyone else to speech. by extension, listen to us. other immigrant rights advocates – to violence and suggests that it wants to limit free speech. 603–7 JOHN: Yeah, they’re John Kobylt South L.A. is Research found that Karl Vick, L.A. Official Wants a Change of Menu,” Washington Residents of Perpetuates lucky anything so dangerous fast food restaurants Post, July 13, 2008. South L.A. negative opens. that restaurants made up 45 percent www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ stereotypes KEN: I’m —they other than of restaurants in South article/2008/07/12/AR2008071201557.html about South L.A. should be happy that fast food L.A. . residents and they’ve got fast food restaurants their community. available. cannot operate there 664–66 You’ve got like John Kobylt Eighty thousand The California Governor’s Office of Gang and Youth Violence Policy, “CalEMA South L.A. Perpetuates eighty thousand gang members Governor’s Office Funded Projects.” negative gang members occupy South of Gang and Youth www.calgrip.ca.gov/?navid=68 stereotypes running amok. Los Angeles. Violence Policy data about South L.A. for 2007–08 estimates 39,000 as the number of gang members in the City of Los Angeles.

Total of Distorted Claims: 5

Total of All Unsubstantiated Claims: 21

Note: Assertions of fact, cited statistics/research, and, in general, statements that cannot be construed as opinion were cross-checked for accuracy.

33 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 3a. Divisive Language (Deixis), The Lou Dobbs Show, July 31, 2008

Lines Excerpt In-group (Us) Out-group (Them) Social Function 28–34 Now if you could imagine the idea that Senator Harry Reid, the Senate majority You: radio audience They: Reid and Pelosi Casts Reid and Pelosi as disconnected and leader, and Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi, have reached a point of delirium Us: Dobbs, radio contemptuous of the American public; and self-delusion in which they think (laughs) they’re smarter than all the rest audience, Americans suggests they are irrational. of us –? generally 174–92 BRIMELOW: There’s many other ways of getting people out than – I: Dobbs Them, their, they, Implies that undocumented immigrants DOBBS: Right. themselves: undocumented have only transitory ties in the United BRIMELOW: – than physically removing them. immigrants States; by disregarding the difficulties DOBBS: Yeah. One of the ways, a pilot program announced by Immigration and That: voluntary deportation undocumented immigrants would face, Customs Enforcement, is voluntary deportation, if you will, a – what I would – That: undocumented status suggests that it would be easy for them what I’d style as a – as an exit amnesty – to return to their home country. BRIMELOW: Right. DOBBS: – in which people, for a three-week period, will be able to – to get their affairs in order, be given a period of time to do so, and then be leaving the country. What do you think the – the response will be to that program? BRIMELOW: You know, the – it seems to me that most illegals can just leave anyway, if they want to. But it – it is a way of – of getting themselves square with the law. And that clearly does bother them enormously. 201–14 BRIMELOW: But only about 100,000 of them were actually – actually physically I: Brimelow Them, they: undocumented Implies that undocumented immigrants deported. Most of them, when they realized that these raids were going on and immigrants, Mexicans have only transitory ties in the United that this government was serious, just left. And that’s what would happen now. These: deportation raids States. It would trigger an avalanche of people leaving. Because they know the – the This: U.S. government situation is absurd. I mean, most of these people come from countries, like Themselves: other countries Mexico, which don’t allow illegal immigration themselves. They: illegal immigrants in DOBBS: Exact– Mexico BRIMELOW: They know – they know what happens to illegal immigrants in Mexico. You know, they’re raped and beaten up and thrown back over the border, if they’re lucky. 228–38 BRIMELOW: – the American elite, the Bush administration has clearly decided They: Bush administration Casts Bush administration American and they’re going to have some kind of a hemispheric Common Market, and they’re international leadership as disconnected just going to put it through regardless of anything – unless, of course, people get from, indifferent to , and in collusion the message. against the interests of most Americans. common citizens. 370–82 She’s going to save the planet. You and I and our fellow citizens are just such You, we, our, us: radio She, her: Pelosi Casts Pelosi and other national leaders as idiots that we don’t merit her consideration or that of the Senate majority audience, Americans These, their: American disconnected elitists who have no regard leader, Harry Reid, or, of course, Barack Obama, the presumptive, presumptuous generally political leaders for the interests of most Americans. nominee of the Democratic Party for president. In other words, despite the fact I: Dobbs that, according to a CNN poll, that 79% of all Americans support offshore drilling for oil and natural gas as a bridge to alternate sources, these arrogant national leaders that we put in place to represent us have decided we are too big a fools, we are the great unwashed and unworthy of their concern. 472–87 SANDY: And, you know, when we’re losing jobs right and left, it just seems like We, our: Americans They, these, their: Casts Menendez and like-minded senators – I don’t know who they’re representing. But there was – generally legislators who support as disconnected from voters remiss in DOBBS: Well, you know who Robert Menendez is representing. I: Sandy (call-in immigrant rights their constitutional duties. SANDY: (laughs) speaker) He: Senator Menendez DOBBS: Senator Menendez has made it very clear. You: Sandy, radio SANDY: Yeah, he is. He can’t get past [this?] (inaudible). But he did, you know, audience swear to protect our constitution and America. DOBBS: Well, you know, we could put half of these senators in jail – SANDY: (laughs) DOBBS: – if we were to – you know, if we go under the basis of the fact that they are breaking their pledge to – and their oath of office. By gosh!

514–26 DOBBS: That was their approach to, you know, try to muzzle me – You: Sandy, radio That: criticism of Dobbs Casts Latino politicians as unreasonably SANDY: [I know?]. audience, Americans Their, they: Latino critical of Dobbs; promotes Dobbs as a DOBBS: – by describing rationality and – and facts as hate speech. Let me tell generally politicians critical of Dobbs champion of American values. you, we’re not going to be politically correct here. We: Dobbs, his That: open borders, SANDY: [OK?]. producers amnesty DOBBS: And the only way you can satisfy La Raza is to open borders and to I: Dobbs This: United States embrace amnesty. And I will not do that. I will not sell out citizenship in this country. I will not sell out this nation’s interest for any reason, to anyone, at any time, ever. And they can stick it.

34 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 3a. cont.

Lines Excerpt In-group (Us) Out-group (Them) Social Function 542–52 SANDY: Yes. Their motto is, “For the race, everything. For others, nothing.” We: Dobbs, radio Their, they: Latino Casts Latino politicians as narrow-minded DOBBS: There you go. And when people talk like that and think like that, what audience politicians and implies they are un-American are they? You don’t have to answer that. Everybody listening to – You, your: Sandy, That: Latino views on and nonsensical; promotes Dobbs as a SANDY: [Right?]. radio audience, immigration champion of First Amendment rights. DOBBS: – your voice can answer that for themselves. It – it’s a shame. It is an Americans generally That: First Amendment absolute shame that we put up with that kind of nonsense. But that’s also part of rights being Americans. We have a right to say what we mean and what we want. 862–70 But let’s consider 11 million as our baseline. And what we found – Us [’s]: Camarota, Their, they: undocumented Casts staff of CIS as impartial researchers; DOBBS: All right. Dobbs, radio audience immigrants tends to dehumanize undocumented CAMAROTA: – is the ones in the census, at least, there’s been a very significant Our, we: CIS That: census shortfall immigrants by presenting them as drop-off in their numbers. You’re certainly right to ask me how many get missed. You: Dobbs subjects for study. Most researchers assume 10%. But let’s – let’s just put that aside for a second. But of the ones we can track, they’ve declined 11%. 882–98 CAMAROTA: Well, here’s the thing. Here’s what we found. We [tracked?] carefully We: CIS Their, them: undocumented Casts staff of CIS as impartial researchers; their unemployment rate over the last year, actually over a number of years. And immigrants tends to dehumanize undocumented what we found was that this drop-off began several months before there was This: decrease in number immigrants by presenting them as any noticeable increase in their unemployment rate, suggesting that something of Latinos subjects for study. other than the economy caused their – them – a large share of them, or at least That: higher unemployment a significant share – rate DOBBS: Right. CAMAROTA: – to go home. Now, their unemployment rate is up, so it’s very likely that increased enforcement, coupled with the economy, are now working in concert and – DOBBS: Yeah. CAMAROTA: – and reducing the number here, by discouraging people from coming, but also, apparently, increasing the number going home on their own. 954–64 One of the interesting things is there is evidence in the data that the number We: Americans That: increase in number of Tends to dehumanize undocumented of illegals in the country actually ticked up, from about April to July, and then generally undocumented immigrants immigrants by presenting them as after that – that was when we were debating the amnesty – when legalization This, they: undocumented subjects for study. seemed like a real possibility, it seems that many fewer people didn’t go home immigrants that would have otherwise gone. And so – because, remember, there’s a lot of churn in this population. They took a wait-and-see approach. And the numbers actually ticked up. 995–1000 DOBBS: Why don’t you and I – you’re the Center for Immigration Studies. You’re You: Camarota, CIS These: employers of Portrays Dobbs and Camarota as – you’re in this – this debate. Let’s make certain that we’re just as tough on I: Dobbs undocumented immigrants guardians of the law; casts employers these – these ignorant fools who are hiring illegal aliens as we are on the illegal We, us [’s], our: who hire immigrants as unknowledable aliens who are breaking our – our laws. Dobbs, Camarota, and unintelligent. Americans generally 1018–32 DOBBS: Well, let – let’s make it – I mean, let’s make it really, really im– an We, us [’s]: U.S. They, their, these, them: Portrays employers of undocumented important commitment, to must making certain these illegal employers are held government, employers of undocumented immigrants as people who misuse political up to the scorn to which they should. Because they – they’re not only exploiting Americans generally immigrants and economic power to break the law; illegal aliens. They’re not only depressing wages. But, I mean, they’re breaking They: undocumented casts Dobbs, Camarota, and the radio the law and they’re doing so with the full force and power of their political immigrants audience as guardians of the law. weight, their economic power. These are – these are scumbags. That’s all there is to it. CAMAROTA: Well, I mean, the bottom line is this. If we go after illegals, it shows that they start complying with the law and leave the country. If we went after employers more, th– many of them would stop doing what they’re doing or at least not start.

Note: Deictic words—demonstrative, collective, and other pronouns—are shown in bold.

35 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 3b. Divisive Language (Deixis), The Savage Nation, July 24, 2008

Line Excerpt In-group (Us) Out-group (Them) Social Function 12–22 At least now we know why Obama picked Germany to give his first speech I, my: Savage His: Obama Suggests that Obama’s German in Europe. It is certainly because of Germany’s deeply entrenched socialist- We, you, our: Savage, That, this: Obama supporters are mostly socialist- communist establishment. It is also due to the massive number of Turkish radio audience, supporters communists or terrorists. Muslims who live there who made up a majority of the crowd. When I say Americans generally majority of the crowd, you mark my words, the majority of that crowd were the communist-socialist bloc in Germany. Now you say, how do you know that? This is the same group of anti-Americans in Germany that torched McDonalds during G8 meetings; that burns effigies of our presidents over the last number of administrations. 25–28 if you actually look at Obama’s mentors, all of them – each and every one of I: Savage Them: Obama supporters Casts Obama’s supporters and Media them, and I can name them, and I will name them, and I’m not going to be You: radio audience These: Media Matters Matters as immoral; portrays Savage as a intimidated out of the political arena because of these degenerates in media courageous whistle-blower. matters. 28–31 I will expose them for who they are and at the end of the day, I’ll be here and I, me: Savage Them, they: Media Matters Casts Media Matters as dishonest; they won’t be here and I’ve said that before about others who’ve come after me portrays Savage as a persistent whistle- on false charges. blower. 31–33 I will be standing long after they’re gone because I am right and they are wrong. I: Savage They: Media Matters Casts Media Matters as immoral; portrays I’m on the right side; they’re on the wrong side. Savage as a moral champion. 33–36 I’ve devoted over 40 years of my life to defending defenseless children and I, my, me: Savage They, these: Media Matters Casts Media Matters as dishonest; these rats – dedicated to hating families, they’re dedicating (inaudible) – and You: radio audience, portrays Savage as a protector of how you people can be taken in by these...villains is not of course a mystery to Americans generally children. me. 61–64 They’re going to go after every conservative who is going to expose the This: the United States They: Democrats, Portrays Democrats and Democratic communist-socialist roots of Obama in order to make sure that they finally have Democratic leaders leaders as communists and traitors. the communist revolution that they’ve wanted in this country for so many years. 108–11 – the lifeboat is full; we cannot simply permit anyone to waltz across the I: Savage Anyone: undocumented Suggests that undocumented immigrants border and cash in on our welfare system and I said I believe in immigration We, our: Savage, radio immigrants exploit U.S. resources that should be because I’m the son of an immigrant – I, Michael Savage, am a first-generation audience, Americans reserved for citizens. American; generally 119–21 Tomorrow they will come for the liberals; anybody who has the nerve to stand up They, these: Media Matters Presents Media Matters as persecutors of to these rats – these left-wing rats – is going to be targeted. Anybody: any commentator anyone who challenges its point of view. 508–13 They never really put out a story that supports borders, language and culture; I: any American They, that: The New York Casts The New York Times and San they’re always on the side of the illegal alien or on the murderer or on the generally Times and San Francisco Francisco Chronicle—and, by extension, side of the rapist or the pornographer – so the demographic –the natural Chronical, liberal media the liberal media—as biased and demographic for the newspapers says you know what, I’m not buying that rag generally supporters of criminals. anymore. 592–98 The communist movement is very powerful in Germany and as you well know You: radio audience, That: terrorism Suggests that Obama’s German Germany is a socialist nation; it was the home of the Beider Manhoff terrorists Americans generally These, this: German radicals supporters are communist-socialists and and that mentality still exists in Germany; these are the same rabble – this terrorists. is the same rabble that built McDonalds down; that trashed the streets during previous G8 meetings. 689–92 CNN report on being gay in Iraq; please leave me alone with that already, I’m Me, I: Savage They, their: gay Iraqis Suggests that homosexuality, and not interested – again if the first thing they did with their freedom – that’s what That: homosexuality its acceptance, is not in accord with American men have died for so they can be gay in Iraq? American values. 719–23 MICHAEL SAVAGE: Uh-oh. Uh-oh, we don’t like “citizen of the world” We, these: Savage, They: Obama, candidates Implies that Obama lacks patriotism and around these parts. We prefer “citizen of the United States of America” if they’re radio audience, with global perspectives is therefore unfit for the presidency. going to run for the presidency. We really don’t want a world president; we Americans generally generally don’t trust the world court very much.

Note: Deictic words—demonstrative, collective, and other pronouns—are shown in bold.

36 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 3c: Divisive Language (Deixis), The John & Ken Show, July 30, 2008

Line Excerpt In-group (Us) Out-group (Them) Social Function 77–82 San Francisco – seriously, San Francisco is essentially a conservative-leaning city They: San Franciscans These: gang members, Portrays San Franciscan residents as that wants a civilized community to be preserved – undocumented immigrants uniformly conservative; implies that KEN: This is – generally all undocumented immigrants are JIM: They don’t want these killers up here. criminals. 131–37 We have on the link on our website a link to the San Francisco Chronicle story We, our: John and Ken, Them, they: immigrant Tends to discredit position of immigrant with pictures of them holding signs like, “Who’s the illegal alien? Pilgrim?” their producers rights advocates rights advocates. Question mark. “Full rights for all immigrants.” And they came prepared, calling You: Minutemen you guys “border thugs.” 147–60 KEN: Well, were they really an illegal alien advocacy group, or were they just Our, we: Gilchrist and They, them: immigrant Identifies and immigrants rights anarchists who signed up for the mayhem that day? Minutemen, radio rights advocates, ANSWER advocates and members of ANSWER JIM: I think anarchists from the International Socialist Organization, the Answer audience, Americans Coalition Coalition as anarchists and terrorists Network, typical First Amendment suppressors – I call them domestic terrorists. generally That: protest against who do not acknowledge constitutional Certainly I have nothing complimentary to say about them, because they do Minutemen rights. nothing to complement the vision of our Founding Fathers, which is free speech, and bring the grievance forward so that we can settle these disputes that we’re having in our communities and in our country. 213–22 San Francisco is the first city that we’re going to conquer, and we’re going to We, our: Gilchrist and These, this, them: politicians Portrays elected leaders who support either drive these politicians out of office who have done this to this country, Minutemen, radio and public officials who immigrant rights as injurous to society brought this calamity forward, and we’re going to replace them with people who audience, Americans support immigrant rights and unresponsive to most American truly reflect the concerns of our citizens, including San Francisco citizens and Los generally citizens; encourages the radio audience Angeles citizens. I think L.A. will be our second target. We’re getting ready for I: Jim to vote them out of office. Los Angeles. 250–63 But it’s not too late to start replacing these political governors, and every public I: Jim These, them, they, their: Portrays elected leaders who support office will have brought this calamity forth upon the United States. And he’ll public officials who support immigrant rights as injurous to society keep endorsing and supporting these ridiculous special-order 40s and these immigrant rights and unresponsive to American voters; ridiculous sanctuary city preference programs, because it’s just simply convenient This: murder attributed to encourages radio audience to vote them to pass on enforcing these laws. And I guess they’re carrying out their own Ramos out of office. personal agendas for whatever reason. They’re certainly not reflecting the These: statutes that protect interests of the people who put them in office. immigrant rights 534–39 We know we should be prepared. We know there should be a limit to how much We, you: radio They, their: South L.A. Implies that South L.A. residents are fast food you ingest. But people know about it, and they don’t care. And they’re audience, Americans residents negligent, putting themselves and their making that choice themselves for themselves and their children. generally That: eating high-calorie children at risk. food 605–6 JOHN: Yeah, they’re lucky anything opens. I: Ken They: South L.A. residents Implies that South L.A. is so dangerous KEN: I’m – they should be happy that they’ve got fast food available. that only fast food restaurants will risk doing business there. 672–74 Here’s the sad truth. Two things are true about poor people. They tend to have They: poor people, South Portrays poor people—and, by more kids and they tend to be fatter. L.A. residents (implied) extension, South L.A. residents and undocumented immigrants—as having little self-discipline. 687–99 Because their life is successful, they want to make sure they look good so I: John Their, they: residents of Presents members of well-to-do other people are impressed by their physical appearance. So they take care of well-to-do neighborhoods communities as image concious and, themselves and they look over their diets and their children’s diets. This: child-rearing practices therefore, careful about their diet. KEN: And they want their children to look good so that other families are of residents of well-to-do impressed by their slenderness of their children. neighborhoods JOHN: Yeah. I’m not saying that all of this is a wonderful attribute. I’m just saying that’s the way it is. They become more obsessed with their image. 700–11 Whereas South L.A., poor people – They, their, that: South L.A. Presents residents of South L.A. and KEN: They don’t care what they look like. residents, poor people other low-income communities— JOHN: So what? Yeah. That: eating high-calorie and, by extension, undocumented KEN: Because everybody’s fat. Everybody’s wandering around fat, and nobody food immigrants—as having low regard gets compliments for being thin. for self-image; portrays them as fat. JOHN: You know, and that is their choice that they have made – the culture has Suggests they are negligent because made. The collective wisdom of that tribe has made a choice that it’s OK to be fat they and their children eat fast food. and to eat fast food and to feed their kids such as that.

37 UCLA CSRC QUANTIFYING HATE SPEECH ON COMMERCIAL TALK RADIO: A PILOT STUDY

Chart 3c. cont.

Line Excerpt In-group (Us) Out-group (Them) Social Function 740–50 You know, you could offer them a veggie panini sandwich, and they’re going to You: radio audience They, them: South L.A. Suggests that residents of South L.A. look at you like you dropped from Mars. They don’t care. You know, what are I: John residents, Mexicans and Mexicans—and, by extension, they eating? There’s a lot of chicken joints down there, there’s a lot of burger These: poor communities undocumented immigrants—are joints, there’s a lot of taco joints. I mean, especially – I don’t know how much indifferent to their health. of these areas are now taken over by the Mexicans, but, you know, good luck changing the Mexican diet. 752–56 The Mexican diet is what’s shot up the obesity rates in Los Angeles. And that’s Their, they: Mexicans, Suggests that residents of Mexican their culture. Mexican residents of South heritage—and, by extension, L.A. undocumented immigrants—are the That: eating high-calorie reason for high obesity rates in Los food Angeles.

Note: Deictic words—demonstrative, collective, and other pronouns—are shown in bold.

Chart 4a. Selected Indexical Terms, The Lou Dobbs Show, July 31, 2008

Word or Phrase Lines Frequency by Speaker Total illegal alien or illegal aliens Dobbs: 146, 150, 159–60, 287–88, 830, 832, 834, 851, 901–2, 904, 951, 999 (2), 1022, 1045 Lou Dobbs: 31 44 Brimelow: 168 Peter Brimelow: 7 Camarota: 843, 914, 924, 1037 Steven Camarota: 6

Dobbs: 101, 217, 255, 320–21, 761–62, 828, 833, 900–1, 984–85, 989 Brimelow: 194, 209, 211–12

Brimelow: 167, 189, 199 illegal immigration or illegal immigrants Camarota: 956, 1029

Dobbs: 287, 982 (2), 985–86, 1020, 1045

illegal or illegals

illegal employers or illegal employees

community or communities none 0

free speech, or freedom of speech none 0

free press, or freedom of the press

none anarchist none 0

Note: This chart tablulates the occurrence of code words indicating nativism on the part of the speaker; occurences outside this context are not included.

38 CSRC WORKING PAPER NOVEMBER 2011

Chart 4b. Selected Indexical Terms, The Savage Nation, July 24, 2008

Word or Phrase Lines Frequency by Speaker Total illegal alien or illegal aliens Savage: 107, 161, 163, 166, 510, 844, 848, 854, 859, 1803, 1857, 1859, 1862, 2206 Michael Savage: 16 16

Savage: 112, 1809

illegal immigration or illegal immigrants

community or communities Savage: 715, 852 Michael Savage: 2 2

free speech or freedom of speech Savage: 67, 126, 675, 676, 939, 1678–79, 1683, 1761, 1823 Michael Savage: 12 12

Savage: 218, 940, 1914 free press or freedom of the press

anarchist Savage: 91, 589, 796 (2), 1156, 1788 Michael Savage: 6 6

Note: This chart tablulates the occurrence of code words indicating nativism on the part of the speaker; occurences outside this context are not included.

Chart 4c. Selected Indexical Terms, The John & Ken Show, July 30, 2008

Word or Phrase Lines Frequency by Speaker Total illegal alien or illegal aliens Ken: 68, 86, 134, 139, 147, 830, 925 Ken Chiampou: 8 9 John: 398 John Kobylt: 1

illegal immigration or illegal immigrants Ken: 52

community or communities Jim: 79, 159, 190, 210, 241 Jim Gilcrest: 5 5

free speech or freedom of speech Jim: 99, 122, 157, 124–25 Jim Gilcrest: 4 4

free press, or freedom of the press none anarchist Jim: 97, 150 Jim Gilcrest: 2 3 Ken: 148 Ken Chiampou: 1

Note: This chart tablulates the occurrence of code words indicating nativism on the part of the speaker; occurences outside this context are not included.

39 UCLA CHICANO STUDIES RESEARCH CENTER 193 Haines Hall Los Angeles, CA 90095-1544

Copyright 2011 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.

Phone: 310-825-2642 • Fax: 310-206-1784 • E-Mail: [email protected]

Director: Chon A. Noriega • Senior Editor: Rebecca Frazier • Designer: William Morosi

Mission Statement: The UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center supports interdisciplinary, collaborative, and policy- oriented research on issues critical to the Chicano community. The center’s press produces books, reports, briefs, media, newsletters, and the leading journal in its field, Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies.

WWW.CHICANO.UCLA.EDU