Study of Genetic Factors Involved in Pain Perception and Morphine Analgesia in Cancer-Related Pain

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Study of Genetic Factors Involved in Pain Perception and Morphine Analgesia in Cancer-Related Pain STUDY OF GENETIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN PAIN PERCEPTION AND MORPHINE ANALGESIA IN CANCER-RELATED PAIN Ana Elisabete Pereira Correia de Oliveira TESE APRESENTADA PARA ADMISSÃO A PROVAS DE DOUTORAMENTO À FACULDADE DE FARMÁCIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO The candidate performed the experimental work supported by a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/62775/2009) of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia. The Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Portugal, the Portuguese Institute of Oncology – Porto and the Advanced Institute of Health Sciences – North, CESPU provided the facilities and logistical support for the experimental work. iii Ana Elisabete Pereira Correia de Oliveira STUDY OF GENETIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN PAIN PERCEPTION AND MORPHINE ANALGESIA IN CANCER-RELATED PAIN Tese do 3º Ciclo de Estudos Conducente ao Grau de Doutor em Ciências Farmacêuticas – Especialidade: Toxicologia Orientador: Professor Doutor Rui Manuel de Medeiros Melo Silva (Professor Associado com Agregação do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar) Coorientador: Professor Doutor Félix Carvalho (Professor Catedrático da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto) Coorientador: Professor Doutor Ricardo Jorge Dinis Oliveira (Professor Auxiliar com Agregação do Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Norte e da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto) Porto dezembro, 2013 v DE ACORDO COM A LEGISLAÇÃO EM VIGOR, NÃO É PERMITIDA A REPRODUÇÃO DE QUALQUER PARTE DESTA TESE. vii “Não sou nada. Nunca serei nada. Não posso querer ser nada. À parte isso, tenho em mim todos os sonhos do mundo.“ (Álvaro de Campos) ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / AGRADECIMENTOS Neste momento final do doutoramento chega o momento de me aperceber o quanto tenho a agradecer. Durante treze anos, a Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto foi uma segunda casa, o que me faz sentir parte de uma grande família, que tão bons momentos me proporcionou. Foram vários anos de trabalho, esforço, altos e baixos, que não seriam iguais sem as pessoas que me rodearam. E, felizmente são tantas, que só posso esperar não me esquecer de ninguém. Antes de individualizar, gostaria de dirigir um agradecimento global aos meus três orientadores, salientando o enorme prazer que foi trabalhar e ser orientada por excelentes investigadores / professores, que tanto me ensinaram. Poderia mudar muita coisa se recuasse quatro anos, mas não esta parte, que considero ter sido perfeita. Ao Professor Doutor Rui Medeiros, meu orientador, gostaria de agradecer todo o apoio nestes últimos cinco anos. Conhecemo-nos em 2008 e, apesar de um total desconhecimento, aceitou prontamente orientar a minha tese de mestrado e mais tarde de doutoramento, iniciando-se o projeto que resultou nesta tese. Como todos os começos, as dificuldades foram algumas, mas encontrei sempre uma palavra de apoio e motivação a cada entrave. O seu trabalho, humildade e capacidade humana sempre me inspiraram e sinto-me grata por todos os ensinamentos, conversas, motivação e, poderei dizer, amizade ao longo destes anos. Obrigada! Ao meu coorientador, Professor Doutor Félix Carvalho, quero agradecer toda a fundamental supervisão durante estes quatro anos. Relembro em 2009 quando recebi um telefonema em que me disseram “Ana, saiu-te o euromilhões”. De facto, assim o foi. O Professor consegue que vejamos o melhor lado de qualquer resultado, de qualquer dia de trabalho, e isso foi imprescindível ao longo destes anos. Às variadíssimas memórias positivas que tenho como meu professor durante a licenciatura, junto agora todo este ensinamento, rigor científico e capacidade de trabalho, que me ajudaram a crescer, juntamente com o excelente convívio, conversas e uma motivação sem fim, que tanto agradeço. Ao meu coorientador, Professor Doutor Ricardo Dinis…não tenho palavras suficientes (ou espaço) para conseguir expressar todo o meu agradecimento. Com uma relação orientador-aluna longe da formalidade, estes anos foram marcados pela imensa amizade, constante presença e prontidão do Prof. Ricardo, lado a lado com uma capacidade de trabalho e rigor científico que tanto admiro e que sempre me tentou transmitir. Agradeço-lhe os inúmeros emails, conselhos, conversas, desabafos, horas de animada discussão científica (entre variadíssimas gargalhadas à parte), ensinamentos, oportunidades (que muito agradeço e tanto me fizeram crescer), as horas que “perdeu” durante o fim-de-semana, as palavras certas na hora certa e, terei de me repetir, a sincera amizade. Foi um verdadeiro super-(co)orientador, com um apoio e uma motivação sem igual. Estas palavras são realmente poucas para fazer justiça, mas por tudo e de coração, muito obrigada! xi Agradeço à “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” pela bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/62775/2009) e o suporte financeiro para esta dissertação. Agradeço ao “REQUIMTE” pelo suporte financeiro para o trabalho laboratorial decorrido durante esta tese. À Professora Doutora Maria de Lourdes Bastos, por me ter facultado a realização de parte desta tese no Laboratório de Toxicologia e por toda a inspiração e amor pela ciência que consegue transmitir a todos que por ali passam. À Doutora Paula Guedes, por tudo o que me ensinou, pela paciência (que também me transmitiu) naqueles dois primeiros anos de tentativas falhadas no GC (quem sabe um dia?) e pela amizade sincera. De facto, devo à Dra. Paula o meu gosto e iniciais conhecimentos sobre cromatografia. Ainda hoje, em conversas “cromatográficas”, apercebo-me muitas vezes que inicio a frase com “Lembro-me que a minha professora na FFUP me ensinou / disse…”. Obrigada. Ao Professor Doutor Fernando Remião, sem dúvida, e com todo o respeito e positivismo, o “eterno jovem” do laboratório de Toxicologia e que muito me continuou a ensinar no mundo da cromatografia. Agradeço-lhe toda a colaboração no trabalho (até à exaustão), mas quero salientar a amizade que realmente ficou, as palavras amigas, a preocupação constante com os alunos, o apoio e, sem qualquer dúvida, a partilha de chocolate preto, que nem sempre é uma tarefa fácil, mas essencial para o desenvolvimento do trabalho! Obrigada por tudo. À Sra. Engenheira Maria Elisa Soares, pelo seu imenso carinho, amizade, por nos fazer sentir que temos uma “segunda mãe” que vai connosco para o local de trabalho e, não poderia deixar de referir, pelos deliciosos rebuçados com que nos presenteia. Quero agradecer a todos os professores, estudantes de doutoramento, mestrado e colaboradores do laboratório de Toxicologia da FFUP pela ajuda, simpatia e companhia diária. Quero agradecer em especial à Renata (Re, com a sua alegria e o seu riso contagiantes), Luciana (Lu e não poderia deixar de mencionar o Artur), Daniel (Danielinho), Vânia (minha gémea), Marcelo (Marcelão), Juliana (Ju), Márcia (Marcinha) e Diana (Dianinha), pois o trabalho corre sempre melhor quando o fazemos entre pessoas que consideramos verdadeiros amigos. Obrigada por todo o apoio e toda a amizade e carinho. Obrigada Re e Danielinho pelas horas perdidas e toda a ajuda nesta reta final! Ao Instituto Português de Oncologia, onde foi realizada uma parte da tese, por me ter facultado instalações, equipamentos e todas as facilidades para a realização do trabalho. Agradeço a todos os seus colaboradores, destacando o Prof. Doutor Ferraz Gonçalves, Dra Paula Silva e Dra Cláudia Vieira. Agradeço também a todos os meus colegas do laboratório do grupo de Oncologia Molecular, em especial ao Hugo, Augusto (muito obrigada!), Andreia, Joana Assis, Joana Ribeiro e Alexandre (o que era de mim sem as nossas conversas). À Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), nomeadamente ao Professor Doutor Jorge Proença pela disponibilidade de espaço e equipamentos, e à Professora Doutora Roxana Moreira (e novamente ao Professor Doutor Ricardo Dinis) pela oportunidade de lecionar nesta instituição, permitindo-me confirmar o meu gosto pelo ensino. Um agradecimento xii para os meus alunos, por me ajudarem também a crescer com as suas questões, em especial ao Leandro e José pela ajuda no trabalho durante a realização da disciplina de Projecto. Quero também agradecer a todos os colaboradores da CESPU que me apoiaram ao longo dos anos, nomeadamente Dr. Rui Sousa, Prof. Veloso, Eng. Rui, Filipe e D. Fernanda. Um agradecimento especial à Cláudia Escórcio, que apesar de no presente momento já não pertencer a esta instituição, foi uma grande ajuda a nível técnico mas também a nível pessoal, já que a considero uma grande amiga. À Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, em especial ao Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, por me ter permitido a realização de uma parte do trabalho nas suas instalações. Agradeço a todos os colaboradores deste Departamento e do biotério, pela simpatia e prontidão com que me receberam e ajudaram em todo o trabalho. Quero agradecer em especial ao Professor Doutor António Albino-Teixeira e à Professora Doutora Dora Pinho, que com toda a simpatia, carinho, mas rigor, me guiaram naquela que foi a última experiência desta tese. Aos meus amigos da Faculdade, que desde sempre acompanharam a minha vontade de chegar a este momento, e cuja ajuda, apoio e motivação foi mais importante do que se consegue demonstrar no dia-a-dia. Quero agradecer em especial à Patrícia, Joana Gonçalves, Pedro, Diogo, André, Diana, Lara, João Guilherme e Marta Ferreira por simplesmente estarem no sítio certo à hora certa, quando por vezes eu menos esperava ou mais precisava. Aos meus amigos “mais velhos”, ou seja, aqueles que me acompanharam desde pequenos, do tempo do Colégio, e que ainda hoje tenho o orgulho de ter no meu grupo de amigos. Sinto-me realmente feliz e com sorte por ter amigos que me acompanham desde os 3 anos, é algo realmente indescritível e insubstituível. Não querendo esquecer ninguém (mas com a grande probabilidade de acontecer), quero agradecer em especial à Maria Carlos, Ana Francisca (Chiquinha), Maria Manuel (Mané), Joaninha, João Pedro Pinto, Pedro Resende, Alexandra, Tó, Nuninho e Paulinho (é como se fosses do CLF). Um agradecimento especial aos “meus emigrantes” Daniel (Dani), Francisco (Xiquinho) e João Leal, que apesar de longe estiveram sempre tão perto.
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