Azalea Lace Bug Stephanitis Pyrioides

Azalea lace bug Stephanitis pyrioides

Robin Rosetta Department of Horticulture , Oregon State University, NWREC Rhododendron lace bug Azalea lace bug Steph aniti s rh od od end ri Stephanitis pyrioides Azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyriidioides • Azalea lace bug , Stephanitis pyrioides, was confirmed in 2009 in Oregon and confirmed in 2008 in the state of Washington • multiple generations reported for azalea lacebug

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Life cycle

• Adults can layygg 300 eggs, at the rate of five to seven e ggs per day. • Complete development from egg to adult varies with temperature: 22 days at 30°C(86C (86°F); 97 days at 15°C (59°F) • Development is not successful at 33°C (91.4°F). Adverse effects on eggs seen in slowed development above 24°C (75.2°F) • Threshold temperature for egg development is 10. 2°C (50.4°F) • five instars or stages of the immature bug • two to four generations are completed in a year (Neal & Douglass, 1998; Braman et al. 1992) ©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University ©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Eggs

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University ©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Nymphs

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Azalea lace bug adult

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Azalea lace bug damage

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University ©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Lace bug damage on older leaves ofhddf rhododen dron

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Severe damage on rhododendron

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Nymphs, exuviae, and fecal spots

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Nymphs on leaf underside

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Monitoring and Thresholds

• Degree days, a measure of heat unit accumulation, can be used to predict key events in the life cycle of azalea lace bugs • Egg hatch is predicted to occur at 213 degree days above 10.2°C (50.4°F) • Complete development is predicted to occur at 394 degree days above 11.2°C (52.2°F)

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University http://uspest.org/cgi-bin/ddmodel.us

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University

2015 prediction 2015 1st report by 4-16 Degree Day Predictions

Predicted First report • 5-31-2010 • 6-8-2010 • 5-17-2012 • 5-21-2012 • 5-5-2013 • 5-3-2013 • 5-12-2014 and 5-13-2014 • 4-22-2014 • 5-4-2015 • 4-16-2015

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Azalea Lace Bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott): a New Pest for the Pacific Northwest James R. LaBonte [email protected] Thomas E. Valente [email protected] Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem, OR Introduction AlAzalea lace bug (AZLB), ShiiStephanitis pyriidioides (Sco tt) (Hemi pt era: Tingid ae) , was fdfound in New Jersey in 1915. PiPrior to 2008, the North American range of this Asian insect extended west to Missouri and Texas. In the East and Midwest, AZLB has been at most a AZLB cranberry damage sporadic pest of stressed azaleas and rhododendrons. AZLB was first detected in Washington state in 2008 and Oregon in 2009. However, the extent and magnitude of damage already caused in the West is much greater, including plant mortality and novel hosts. 2008 Prior to These new hosts raise the possibility of increased damage to private and commercial horticultural plants but also the daunting prospect of significant damage to natural ecosystems. 2009 2008 Azalea lace bug adult Host Plant Trials: Results F: feeding damage observed R: reproduction observed on plant New Host Records N: no feeding or reproduction observed Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant species Evidence public garden and nursery inspection Arbutus unedo 'Compacta' N observations: Arctostaphylos glandulosa N F: feeding damage observed Arctostaphylos hispidula N I : immature bugs and/or exuviae observed Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 'Massachusetts’ N Plant species (Ericaceae) Evidence Chamaedaphne calycutata F, Agapetes smithiana var. major FIF, I R Gaultheria shallon F, I Daboecia cantabrica 'Atropurpurea’ F, Gaultheria mucronata F, I R Gaultheria nummularioides F, I Epigaea repens F Gaultheria x Wisleyensis F, I Kalmia latifolia 'Red Bud'* F Kalmiopsis leachiana F, I Kalmiopsis fragrans 'Umpqua form’ F, Pieris japonica F R Rhododendron (Hymenanthes) arboreum F, I Kalmiopsis leachiana 'Le Piniec’ F, Rhododendron (Pentanthera) occidentale F, I R Rhododendron (Rhododendron) hybrids F, I x Phylliopsis hillieri 'Pinocchio’ F, Vaccinium arboreum F, I R ViiVaccinium ovat um FIF, I Vaccinium corymbosum 'Chandler’ F, (Other plant families) R Vaccinium macrocarpon F, Corylus species (Betulaceae) F, I R Viburnum plicatum (Caprifoliaceae) F, I Vaccinium ovatum F, Cotoneaster 'Red Currant' (Rosaceae) F R Crataegus laevigata (Rosaceae) F Vaccinium uliginosum F, Prunus x Yedoensis 'Akebono' (Rosaceae) F, I R AZLB blueberry damage * previously reported host Kalmiopsis leachiana Discussion Since dtdetec tion in Oregon only 5 years ago, AZLB has become a serious Gaultheria shallon new pest in private and public gardens, as well as in nurseries, Oregon’s images by Thomas A. Shahan, #1 agricultural commodity. Some major retail nurseries are Oegon Department of Agriculture recommending against planting vulnerable species and varieties and carry only minimal stock thereof. Two novel hosts are important Oregon crops, highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum) and cranberry (V. macrocarpon). Other novel hosts may provide reservoirs for AZLB, complicating horticulural control efforts. These novel host data also suggest that AZLB could have deleterious Vaccinium ovatum effects on natural ecosystems in the PNW. Salal (G. shallon) and evergreen huckleberry (V. ovatum) are major understory components in Host Plant Trials coastal and southern Oregon and are important food sources for wildlife. Salal is also cut for seasonal greenery. Western azalea (R. Cultivars of evergreen azaleas favored by AZLB were caged with occidentale) in ornamental plantings has experienced severe damage potted specimens of potential hosts. 50-75 adult AZLB were introduced from AZLB. Both species of kalmiopsis, vulnerable endemics, were into each cage. Cages were monitored weekly for leaf chlorosis due to quickly killed by AZLB in the host trials and have shown severe damage feeding, feces, and nymphs on plants. Nymphs have limited dispersal Azalea lace bug in ornamental plantings. Widespread forest shrub damage by AZLB capabilities so their presence on a plant indicated AZLB reproduction. nymphs may also increase fire frequency and intensity and degrade watersheds. ©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Augmentative biological control

• naturally infested Linwood azaleas in one gallon containers • pre-treatment counts averaged 56 per branch • RCB design,10 blocks of 6 plants/replicate • The average release ratio of GLW:ALB per plant was calculated to be 1:37 (5/plant) and 1:20 (10/plant)

• Shrewsbury and Smith-Fiona, 1997. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF AZALEA LACEBUG IN A PRODUCTION NURSERY GLW larvae at both release rates ppqrovided control equal to that of acephate. The GLW release rates of 5/plant and 10/plant reduced ALB densities by 79% and 88%, respectively relative to the water control. Acephate reduced ALB counts by 100% (see table)

Shrewsbury & Smith-Fiona, 1997 Cultural Control

• Resistant azaleas and rhododendronss • Add structural complexity to landscape • AiddAvoid droug httht stress • Directed sprays of water

©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University ©Robin Rosetta, Oregon State University Botanical azadiractin Amazin, Azatrol (OMRI), Bioneem

limonene Orange Guard

pyrethrins Pyganic Crop Production

Biological Beauvaria bassiana Botanigard, Mycotrol, Chromobacteriaum Grandevo Carbamate carbaryl Sevin

Neonicotinoid dinotefuran Safari

clthiidilothianidin Arena imidacloprid Mallet, Marathon

thiamethoxam Flagship Chemical Oil mineral Many oil/petroleum distillate Control Organophosphate acephate Acephate 90 WDG, Orthene chlorpyrifos Dursban

dimethoate Dimethoate

Nursery malathion Malathion 5EC, Fyfanon, Prentox

Pyrethroid bifenthrin Menace, Talstar, Wisdom

cyfluthrin Decathalon, Discus Based on PICOL (combo) search 1/5/16 esfenvalerate Fenva Star Eco Cap Nursery lambda cyhalothrin Scimitar GC

permethrin Perm-Up, Permethrin, Pounce,

pyrethrins Pyganic Crop Protection, Tersus Biological Beauvaria bassiana Botanigard, Mycotrol, Neonicotinoid dinotefuran Safari imidacloprid Mallet, Marathon

Oil mineral Many oil/petroleum Chemical distillate Organophosphate acephate Pres Trmt 1300 Orthene Control chlorpyrifos Vulcan, Qual Pro chlorpyrifos Greenhouse malathion Malathion 5EC Pyrethroid bifenthrin Talstar,

Cyfluthrin + Discus imidacloprid lambda cyhalothrin Lamda Select, Qual-Pro Based on PICOL lamda search Soap potassium laurate Garden Safe Insecticidal Soap 1/5/156Nursery (greenhouse)

Hollingsworth, C.S., editor. 2015. Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook [online]. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. http://pnwhandbooks.org/insect (accessed 1 Jan 2016). Oak lace bug Corythucha arcuata

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