Index

A Arnould, Claude-France, 183 Abbas, Mahmoud, 138 ASEAN. See Association of South-East Abe, Shinzo, 163 Asian Nations (ASEAN) Abkhazia, 34, 44, 97, 98, 108 Ashton, Catherine, 46, 57, 70, 74, Afghanistan, 10, 39, 87, 119, 129, 77, 136, 137, 151, 152, 158, 146, 147, 190, 255 159, 183, 184, 230 , 21, 51, 76, 173, 190, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 220, 226n2, 266 (AIIB), 86, 151, 165, 222, AIIB. See Asian Infrastructure 223, 268 Investment Bank (AIIB) -Pacific Economic Cooperation Alawites, 19 (APEC), 150 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 15 Association of South-East Asian Albania, 92, 126, 189 Nations (ASEAN), 21, 50, Alcidi, Cinzia, 142, 144, 162, 224, 149, 151–5, 160, 163, 266 265, 268 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), Algeria, 95, 112n4, 118, 129, 133n1 151, 152, 154, 155 Al-Qaeda, 19, 36n3, 51, 127, 128 Australia, 62n6, 68, 150, 154, 194 Al-Shabaab, 51 Azerbaijan, 95, 108, 112n4 Andresen Guimarães, Fernando, 220 Angola, 51 Arab-Israeli conflict, 9, 46, 119, B 124, 130 Baker, James III, 136 Arab spring, 9, 29, 34, 74, 81, Balfour, Rosemary, 243, 245 115–33, 255, 262 Baltic States, 33, 45, 97, 101, 108, Arctic Council, 91, 111n2 116, 146, 147, 180, 193, 197. Armenia, 93, 95, 108, 109, 112n4 See also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 275 S. Duke, Europe as a Stronger Global Actor, European Administrative Governance, DOI 10.1057/978-1-349-94945-8 276 INDEX

Barcelona Process, 117, 123 China Barnier, Michel, 177 alternative to western Barroso, José Manuel, 25, 205, liberalization, 161 230, 231 and Central Asia, 89, 90, 108, 111, Bàtora, Jozef, 28 150, 152, 161, 166 Belarus, 94, 95, 104, 108, 109, dumping dispute, 158 112n4, 131 as export market, 46 Ben Alis, Zine el Abidine, 115 ‘four bridges’, 159 Bickerton, Christopher, 47, 245 hukou reform, 161 Biscop, Sven, 47, 171, 186, 198, 263 international engagement, 8 Blair, Tony, 171 investment treaty, 157, 158, 162, 268 Blavoukos, Spyros, 216 One Belt, One Road, 90 Blockmans, Stephen, 120, 178, 188, relations with EU, 95 196, 231, 234 and 16+1, 150, 151 Boko Harem, 51 strategic agenda for cooperation, Bosnia Herzegovina, 133n4, 190 10, 172, 229 Bourantonis, Dmitris, 216 territorial disputes (South China Sea), Brazil, 22, 30, 48–50, 62n5, 68, 141, 148, 155, 173 142, 156, 257 Tiananmen Square, 157 Brazil Russia India China Chirac, Jacques, 171 (BRICS), 49, 86, 222, 223 CIVETS, 49 Budapest Memorandum, 96 Clinton, Hillary, 151, 152, 230 Bulgaria, 98, 146, 192 Codex Alimentarius Commission, Burma, 157, 163. See also Myanmar 211, 216 Bush, George W, 88, 137, 138, 191 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 41, 77, 177, 195, 221, 230, 238, 256 C Common Security and Defence Policy Canada, 40, 48, 50, 62n5, 68, 91, (CSDP) 92, 140, 143, 149, 152, 154, battlegroups, 186–8, 190 156, 194 Berlin Plus agreement, 174 CAR. See Central African Republic (see also (North Atlantic (CAR) Treaty Organization)) Caspian energy, 90 Horn of Africa, 57, 198, 246 Central African Republic (CAR), mutual defence clauses, 195 43, 146, 172, 187, 196, Operation Artemis, 213, 214 213, 214 Operation Atalanta, 191 Central Asia, 27, 81, 89, 90, 108, 111, Permanent Structured Cooperation 150, 152, 161, 166 (PESCO), 186–8, 207 CFSP. See Common Foreign and Policy Framework for Systematic Security Policy (CFSP) and Long-term Defence Chile, 140 Cooperation, 181 INDEX 277

Community of Latin American and de France, Olivier, 45, 47, 180, 183 Caribbean States, 21 De Gucht, Karel, 231 Comprehensive Approach, 55–9, 61, Delreux, Tom, 53 70, 72, 174–6, 178, 197, 198, Democratic Republic of the Congo 233, 236, 246, 247, 258 (DRC), 51, 146, 187, 191, Consensus on Development, 75, 79, 213, 214. See also Common 173, 236 Security and Defence Policy, Convention on the Future of Europe, Operation Artemis 60, 230, 247 Diaoyu/Senkaku, 162. Cooper, Robert, 30, 31, 46, 241 See also China, territorial disputes Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard, 101 (South China Sea) Council Diego Garcia, 119 Guidelines on the Freedom Djibouti, 23, 191 of Religion or Belief, 76 Domisiewicz, Rafal, 193 maritime security strategy, 181, 183 Donetsk, 99, 108, 112n6, 192 , 76, 77, 79, Dublin III Regulation, 23 211, 225n2 Council of the EU, 44, 56, 73–5, 78, 118, 152, 175, 181, 189, 213, E 221, 241, 261. See also Council East Asia Summit, 152, 154 Crimea, 4, 33, 35, 39, 86, 93, 96, EDA. See European Defence Agency 99, 103, 106, 109, 110, 129, (EDA) 146, 193. See also Russia, EDTIB. See European Defence annexation Technological and Croatia, 42, 81n1, 92, 180 Industrial Base (EDTIB) CSDP. See Common Security EEU. See and Defence Policy (CSDP) (EEU) cyber security, 47, 71, 156, 157 , 36n2, 95, 112n4, 116, 118, Cyprus, 119, 172, 188–90, 194, 215 123, 133n1 Czech Republic, 45, 130, 138 ENP. See European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 125–7 D Eritrea, 23, 39 Da’esh, 15, 129. See also Islamic ESPAS. See European Strategy and State (IS) Policy Analysis System (ESPAS) Darfur, 173, 190 Estonia, 50, 98, 104, 182, 192 Davutoğlu, Ahmet, 125, 127 Ethiopia, 23 Dawisha, Karen, 99 Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade 94, 101–4, 107–9, 111, 265 Agreements (DCFTAS), 94, 117, European Aeronautic Defence 122–4. See also European and Space Company, 182 Commission, Free Trade European Agenda on Security, 70, 71. Agreements See also European Commission 278 INDEX

European Bank for Reconstruction and European Commission, Free Trade Development (EBRD), 151, 216 Agreements, 51, 117, 140, 142, European Central Bank, 212, 218, 149, 237, 267 226n1, 266 European Council European Coal and Steel Community December 2013, 10, 145, (ECSC), 208 183, 197 European Commission June 2016, 70 Barroso Commission, 231 European Defence Agency Communication and Visibility (EDA), 180, 182, 183, Manual, 248 186–8, 190, 232 Communication on Conflict European Defence Technological Prevention, 58 and Industrial Base (EDTIB), competition between directorates- 183–6, 199 general, 16, 56, 89, 92, 98, European Economic Community 102, 109, 111, 143, 144, 150, (EEC), 208 153, 176, 191, 209, 235, 247, European Endowment 250, 256, 268 for Democracy, 105 comprehensive approach, 55–9, 70, European External Action Service 174, 176, 233, 247 (EEAS) Directorate-General Trade, 237 Asia-Pacific strategy, 152 Disarmament, Demobilization and comprehensive approach, 55, 56, Reintegration (DDR), 178, 198 58, 59, 70, 72, 174–6, 178, Emergency Coordination Response 198, 233, 246, 247 Centre, 175 Conflict Early Warning System, European Agenda on Security, 70, 71 174, 241 European army, 177, 178 Cyber Defence Policy, 181 European Consensus on delegations, 174, 175, 178, 231, Development, 79, 173 241, 243, 244, 247 Europe in the World, 47 East Stratcom Task Force, free trade agreements (FTA), 105, 128 117, 140, 149, 267, 268 EU Military Committee Juncker Commission, 233, 235 (EUMC), 178 A New Deal for European EU Military Staff (EUMS), 178 Defence, 183 Intelligence and Analysis Centre, Prodi Commission, 33 174, 241, 256 Programme for the Prevention review of (2013), 44, 70, 71, 81, of Violent Conflicts, 174 151, 232, 242, 256 project teams, 1, 230, 233, 235 Situation Room, 175 Regional Strategy for Iraq Social Media Strategy, 248 and Syria, 129 European Instrument Security Sector Reform, 121, 178 for Democracy and Trade for All, 71, 257, 267 Human Rights, 122–3 vice-presidents of, 2, 232, 233, 235 European Investment Bank, White Paper on Governance, 21 122, 186, 188 INDEX 279

European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) need for meta-narrative, 4–7, 9, 12, Eastern Partnership, 31, 116 31, 46, 47, 55, 59, 60, 72–7, ENP review, 5, 117, 121, 132, 80, 129, 172, 195, 197, 198, 257, 258 250, 251, 262, 267 southern neighbourhood, Nobel Peace Prize, 24, 120, 249 9, 120, 130 as normative power, 7, 25–32, 34, European Parliament, 70, 74, 171, 173, 81, 86 236–8, 249, 251, 256, 272n1 as norm exporter, 104, 162 Declaration on Political perceptions of Russia, 104 Accountability, 238 process-led diplomacy, 8, 52–5, 60, European Political Cooperation 61, 74, 76, 229 (EPC), 41 public support for, 127 European Security Strategy (ESS), rule of law, 2, 9, 26, 30, 33, 53, 69, 26, 32, 35, 46, 47, 58, 59, 69–71, 73, 74, 77–80, 94, 99, 124, 77, 115, 173, 191, 205, 209, 259 131, 139, 149, 154, 159, 161, Report on the Implementation of 165, 166, 224, 261, 266, 268 the ESS, 46 strategic partnerships, 48–50, 52, European Strategy and Policy Analysis 53, 137, 152, 156 System (ESPAS), 17, 78, 256, strategic unconsciousness of, 35 263, 265, 272 structural diplomacy, 54, 55 (EU) European Union Institute for Security Copenhagen criteria, 92, 127 Studies (EU-ISS), 72, 180, and effective multilateralism, 9, 10, 232, 256 22, 46, 52, 73, 77–80, 161, European Union Military Committee, 205, 214, 221, 224, 225, 157, 178. See also European 261, 267 External Action Service enlargement of, 35, 85, 102 European Union Military Staff, financial crisis and, 20, 34, 35, 43, 178, 241. See also European 44, 137, 145, 181 External Action Service future of, 28, 60, 100, 110, 139, 145, 164, 183, 230, 247 geoeconomics and, 51, 267, 269 F and, 85, 89 Finland, 45, 91, 189, 226n3 human rights, 9, 26, 28, 29, 68, 71, Fiott, Daniel, 180, 183 73–6, 79, 80, 115, 123, 124, Former Yugoslav Republic 131, 139, 149, 151, 152, of Macedonia, 42, 92, 190 155–9, 161, 165, 175, 216, Fortune, 140 245, 261, 266 France as international actor, 81, 157, Anglo-French Defence Agreement, 47 219, 262 Charlie Hebdo, 138 migration crisis, 17, 35, 121, 261 Defence White Paper, 48 multilateralism and the rule of law, Front National, 106 73, 77–80, 139, 261 Paris attacks, 196 280 INDEX

Freedom House, 29, 125, 160, 166n2 Haugevik, Kristin, 192 Free Trade Agreements, 51, 117, 140, High Representative of the Union 142, 149, 237, 267. See also for Foreign Affairs and Security European Commission Policy/Vice-President of the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific European Commission, 2. (FTAAP), 150, 151 See also High Representative/ Fukuyama, Francis, 255 Vice-President High Representative/Vice-President coordination role, 242 G Group of External Relations G-3, 141, 142, 225, 269, 270 Commissioners, 232 G-7, 77, 146, 218, 266 Group on External Action, G-20, 49, 50, 77, 155, 207, 218, 232, 235, 236 222, 224, 266 strategic review, 5–7, 44, 45, 70, 72, G-77, 224 89, 120, 229, 247, 264, 270 Gadhaffi, Muamaar, 115 as Vice-President, 231 Gates, Robert, 145 Hill, Christopher, 179, 186 Gebhard, Carmen, 192 Hoffmeister, Frank, 212, 237 Georgia Georgieva, Kristalina, 233 Hollande, François, 104, 195, 249 Germany Holy See, 219 Weimar group, 206 , 160, 161 Westbindung, 46 Hooghe, Liesbet, 20, 43 Global Approach to Migration and Hungary Mobility (GAMM), 121, 125 as illiberal state, 21, 76 Global Strategy on Foreign and Security Jobbik, 106 Policy, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 44, 47–8, 69, 71, 72, 74, 80, 88, 121, 172, 197, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 271 I Gorbachev, Mikhail, 85, 102 Iceland, 48, 91, 93, 189 Gowan, Richard, 154 Ikenberry, John, 86, 88 Graeger, Nina, 192 IMF. See International Monetary Greece, 17, 23, 45, 61n3, 126, 162, 182 Fund (IMF) Grevi, Giovanni, 43 India, 21, 30, 40, 43, 49, 50, 52, Gros, Daniel, 224 62n5, 68, 87, 141, 142, 150, Gross, Eva, 193 152, 162, 163, 209, 268 , 21, 120 and BRICS, 49, 86, 222, 223 Indian Ocean, 90, 112n5, 150 , 49, 50, 149, 157, 163, H 165, 264 Hague Conference on Private Intelligence, Surveillance, Target International Law, 216 Acquisition and Reconnaissance Hahn, Johannes, 235, 251n2 (ISTAR), 187 Hamas, 16, 130 International Bank for Reconstruction Hauck, Volker, 58 and Development (IBRD), 213 INDEX 281

International Civil Aviation Jordan, 17, 95, 112n4, 118, 123, Organization, 213 129, 133n1 International Criminal Court, 77, 139, Juncker, Jean-Claude, 1, 2, 21, 39, 152, 207 143, 174, 232–4 International Labour Organization (ILO), 210 International Maritime Organization K (IMO), 213 Kagan, Robert, 28 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Kahn, Robert, 40 20, 206, 209, 211–15, 222, 224, Kaplan, Robert, 116 266, 269 Kazakhstan, 94, 108, 109, 111, 125 International Telegraph Union Kelemen, Daniel, 4, 21 (ITU), 210 Kenya, 51 Iran Keohane, Robert, 206 EU sanctions against, 4, 91 Keukeleire, Stephan, 53 and 3+1 group, 206 Khadzhimba, Raul, 34, 44, 98, 107 Islamic State and, 15 Khariv, 99 Nuclear agreement, 24 Kievan Rus, 94 Iraq Kosovo, 24, 92, 96, 110, 230 Fallujah, 18 Kundnani, Hans, 22, 43, 46, 154, 162 Ramadi, 18 Kupchan, Charles, 40, 67 Islamic State (IS), 15, 19 Kurds, 126 Paris bombings, 18 Kuus, Merje, 52 Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham, 13. Kyoto Protocol, 139, 210 See also Islamic State Kyrgyzstan, 90, 108, 111 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, 13. See also Islamic State Islam, Shada, 91 L Israel, 16, 19, 95, 112n4, 116, Latvia, 98, 104, 192 130, 133n1 Lebanon, 17, 95, 112n4, 118, 129, Israel Defence Force, 16 133n1, 196 Italy, 16, 45, 47, 61n3, 97, 101, 130, Lehne, Stefan, 120, 245 139, 180, 182, 191, 216, 226n3 Libya, 16, 17, 19, 43, 95, 112n4, 116, 118, 121, 124, 129, 133n1, 136, 138, 146, 148, J 173, 187 Jabhat al Nusra, 19 Lidington, David, 221 Japan, 40, 50, 68, 90, 92, 136, 140–2, Lisbon Treaty, 26, 41, 47, 53, 56, 61, 148–54, 156, 162, 163, 165, 69, 73, 93, 137, 186, 195, 205, 223, 257, 260 217–19, 226n1, 230, 237, 246. Self-defence forces, 163 See also Treaty on European Jinping, Xi, 90, 155, 159, 160, 222 Union; Treaty on the Functioning Jokela, Juha, 222 of the European Union 282 INDEX

Lithuania, 104, 192 Morocco, 94, 95, 112n4, 116, 118, Luhansk, 99, 192 122, 123, 133n1, 133n2 Lusthaus, Charles, 210 Morsi, Mohammed, 123 Mubarak, Hosni, 118 Myanmar, 153, 157 M Maastricht Treaty, 41, 189 Macedonia, 42, 92, 190. See also N Former Yugoslav Republic Naru, of Macedonia Netanyahu, Benjamin, 138 Mackinder, Halford, 90 Netherlands, 42, 56, 61n3, 130, Malaysia, 15, 149 215, 226n3 Malaysia Airlines 17 crash, 15 New Zealand, 149, 150, 194 Mali, 19, 43, 119, 129, 146, 148, Nice Treaty, 189 187, 213, 243, 264 Niger, 146 Malmström, Celia, Nigeria, 49–51, 129, 219, 264 143, 166n1, 251n2 Nobel Peace Prize, 24, 120, 249. Malta, 46, 162, 189, 226n3 See also European Union Manners, Ian, 25, 68, 73 Normandy Format, 104 Marks, Gary, 20 normative power Europe, 6, 25–30. Marshall Plan, 208 See also European Union Matthijs, Matthias, 4, 21 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Mayotte, 119 (NATO) Mead, Walter Russel, 85, 86 AFRICOM, 191 Mearsheimer, John, 33, 102 Berlin Plus Agreement, 190 Medvedev, Dmitry, 105 Bucharest summit, 102 Menon, Anand, 102, 184, 185 comprehensive approach, Mérand, Frédéric, 171 56, 197, 198 , 21 enlargement of, 35, 102 Merkel, Angela, 21, 102, 104, 249 ‘global NATO’, 144 Mexico, 49, 50, 62n5, 156, 264 Libya intervention, 138, 173 Middelaar, Luuk van, 40 membership of, 33, 88, 100–2, 127, Middle East Peace Process, 16 145, 172, 191 Millennium Development Goals, missile defence, 92, 110, 140, 194 158, 236 Ocean Shield, 191 Mimica, Neven, 176, 234, 251n2 Operation Allied Force, 136 MINT countries, 162 rapid reaction force (RRF), 147, 187 Mogherini, Federica, 6, 15, 55, 69, relations with EU, 95, 188 233, 258. See also relations with Russia, 97, 100, 106, High Representative 148, 164 Moldova, 31, 93–5, 98, 100, 102, 103, Strategic Concept, 191, 259 107–9, 111, 112n4, 122, 124 Very-High Readiness Joint Task Mongolia, 163 Force (VHRJTF), 188 Montenegro, 32, 92, 133n4, 189 Wales summit, 182 INDEX 283

Northern Caucasus, 129 Programme for the Prevention Norway, 48, 91, 140, 141, 145, 162, of Violent Conflicts, 166. 189, 257, 268 See also European Commission Nouri al-Maliki, 18 project teams, 1, 230, 233, 235, Nuttall, Simon, 41 239, 246. See also European Nye, Joseph, 39 Commission Putin, Vladimir at Munich Security Conference, 102 O at Valdai International Discussion Obama, Barack, 135, 137, 138, 150, Club, 95, 103 164, 191, 193 OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and R Development (OECD) Raik, Kristi, 243 O’Neill, Jim, 49 RAND Corporation, 147 Open Repository Base on International Red Sea, 23 Strategic Studies (ORBIS), 256 Regional Economic Integration Orbán, Victor, 21 Organization (REIO), 217 Organization for Economic Renard, Thomas, 50 Cooperation and Development Responsibility to Protect, 173, 175. (OECD), 56, 141, 142, 173, See also 174, 208, 211 Réunion, 119 Organization for Security and Rhine River Commission, 213 Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Romania, 98, 146, 180, 192 87, 101 Ruggie, John, 206 Orwell, George, 206 Russia Abkhazia and, 98, 108 annexation of Crimea, 4, 33, 35, P 39, 86, 93, 96, 103, 109, Packer, George, 20 146, 193 Paet, Urmat, 50 as BRICS member, 49, 86 Pakistan, 149, 152, 188 Georgia and, 9, 32, 34, 97, 98, Palestine, 130, 219 101, 102, 124 Persian Gulf, 90, 119, 150, 166 as a , 105, 106 Peters, Joel, 115 Iskander missiles, 147 Philippines, 150, 155, 163 Normandy Group and, 206, 207 Piebalgs, Andris, 57 oil and gas, 18, 108 Piris, Jean-Claude, 73 Partnership and Cooperation Poland Agreement with EU (PCA), Law and Justice Party, 21 75, 95, 100, 149, 152 Weimar Group, 206 relations with Central Asia, 27 Power, Samantha, 214 relations with China, 54, 148, 153 Prodi, Romano, 33. See also relations with EU, 95 European Commission relations with NATO, 188 284 INDEX

Russia (cont.) South Korea, 62n5, 68, 90, 119, sanctions against, 4, 91, 97, 99, 136, 140, 148–51, 153, 104, 107 156, 163 South Ossetia and, 34, 44, 97 South Ossetia, 34, 44, 97, 108. state propaganda, 16, 98, 105, See also Russia 106, 129 Soviet Union, 31, 32, 34, 35, 85, 96, Syria and, 9, 18, 119, 129 101, 102, 116, 255 trade with EU, 94, 141, 142, 267 Spain, 42, 47, 61n3, 130, 182, 216, Ukraine and, 95 226n3, 243 Ryukyu Island chain, 163 Spence, David, 28 Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 240 Saint St Malo, 171. See also Blair, S Tony; Chirac, Jacques Sakwa, Richard, 28, 34, 101, 103 strategic partnerships, 48–50, 52, 53, Salafism, 128, 129 137, 152, 156, 189. See also Sarkozy, Nicolas, 44 European Union Saudi Arabia, 119, 120, 127, 129, strategic review, 6, 7, 44, 70, 72, 132, 133n3, 264 89, 120, 229, 247, 264, 270. Schetyna, Grzegorz, 240 See also High Representative/ Schimmelfennig, Frank, 20 Vice-President SCO. See Shanghai Cooperation Stylianides, Christos, 236, 251n2 Organization (SCO) sub-Saharan Africa, 10, 50, 248, Serbia, 24, 92, 230 265, 269 Serrano, Pedro, 221 Sudan, 23, 157, 166n2, 187, 220 Sevastopol, 96, 112n5 Sweden, 45, 47, 56, 61n3, 91, 125, Shanghai Cooperation Organization 147, 179, 182, 189, 226n3 (SCO), 86, 152, 265 Gotland group, 147 Sherriff, Andrew, 58 Switzerland, 140, 141, 162, 268 Shi’a Islam, 19 Syria, 10, 15, 18, 19, 39, 51, 80, Siberia, 107 87, 95, 112n4, 116, 118, 119, Simón, Luis, 119 124, 126, 129, 131, 133n1, Singapore, 140, 143, 149, 152 147, 172, 207, 233, 239 Single European Act, 41 refugees from, 17, 126, 127 Slovenia, 92 Smith, Michael, 25 Smith, Simon, 77, 192 T Snowden affair, 88 Taiwan, 155, 163 Somalia, 23, 146, 149, 264 Tajikistan, 90, 108 South Africa, 49–51, 62n5, 68, 156, 264 Techau, Jan, 8 South American Free trade and customs TEU. See Treaty on European Union union, 21. See also MERCOSUR (TEU) South China Sea, 149, 150, 155, TFEU. See Treaty on the Functioning 157, 165. See also China, of the European Union (TFEU) territorial disputes Thailand, 149, 150, 163 INDEX 285

Timmermans, Frank, 166n1, 235 United Kingdom (UK), 27, 42, 56, Tocci, Nathalie, 71, 259 88, 96, 130, 153, 162, 173, 179, TPP. See Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 180, 182, 184, 185, 191, 207, Transatlantic Trade and Investment 216, 217, 221, 226n3, 245, 259 Partnership (TTIP), 88, 137, Anglo-French Defence Agreement, 47 139, 142–4, 151, 153, 159, United Nations 162, 164, 224, 239, 268, 269 Charter, 26, 205, 217 transgovernmentalism, 245, 246 Convention on the Law of the Sea, Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 139, 154 149–51, 153, 164, 165, 224, 269 European Union and, 16, 26, 36n3, Treaty establishing a Constitution 73, 89, 181, 205, 217, 219, for Europe, 60 220, 226n2 Treaty of Amsterdam, 189 Food and Agricultural Organization, Treaty on European Union (TEU), 211, 216 26, 32, 196 General Assembly, 77, 78, 211, 219, Treaty on the Functioning of the 220, 222 European Union (TFEU), responsibility to protect, 173, 175 196, 217, 237 Security Council, 73, 77, 155, TTIP. See Transatlantic Trade and 193, 207, 209–11, 215, Investment Partnership (TTIP) 217, 240, 266 Tunisia, 94, 95, 112n4, 116, 118, United Nations Convention on the Law 120, 123, 129, 133n1 of the Sea (UNCLOS), 139, 154. , 16, 17, 21, 32, 36n2, 42, See also United Nations 49, 50, 62n6, 68, 92, 112n3, United States (US) 122, 125–7, 129, 132, 133n4, Asia pivot, 135–66 140, 141, 189, 199, 235, 264 CIA renditions, 138 migration agreement with EU, defence expenditure, 19, 147, 127, 234, 251n1 179–83, 198, 271 Turkmenistan, 125 and EU, 55, 94, 138, 149, 157 Tusk, Donald, 21, 176, 239, 240, 249 foreign direct investment (FDI), 140, 144, 149, 162, 164, 268 international law and, 98, 109 U National Security Agency (NSA), 138 Ukraine National Security Strategy, 46, 62n8, Association Agreement with EU, 87, 136, 259 33, 95 sanctions against Russia, 4 Donetsk, 99, 108, 192 Syria and, 18, 119, 129 Eurasian Economic Union and, 94 Uzbekistan, 108 Lugansk, 108, 112n6 Maidan demonstrations, 103 Minsk II, 96, 207 V Union for the Mediterranean, 31, 117 Vaïsse, Justin, 22 United Arab Emirates, 36n2, 81n1, van Ham, Peter, 110, 112n5 119, 120 Van Rompuy, Herman, 48, 51, 239 286 INDEX

Vietnam, 143, 149, 155 Wouters, Jan, 78, 220, 222 Vimont, Pierre, 8, 88, 243 WTO. See World Trade Organization (WTO)

W Weimar triangle, 191 X Western European Union (WEU), 189 Xinjiang, 161 Weston, Alison, 171 Witney, Nick, 45, 47 , 173, 210–15, 223, Y 225, 266 Yanukovych, Viktor, World Customs Union, 216 33, 94, 103 World Health Organization (WHO), Yeltsin, Boris, 105 210, 211 Yemen, 19, 23, 86, 129 World Trade Organization (WTO), 81, Youngs, Richard, 89, 92, 87, 109, 137, 155, 158, 164, 207, 208, 225, 260, 210, 211, 216, 218, 224, 226n2 262, 263 Bali package, 158 Yugoslavia, 19, 35, 41, 136