DOCSLIB.ORG

State of the Park Report, Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
State of the Park Report, Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior State of the Park Report 2015 Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve and Fort Caroline National Memorial Florida 2016 National Park Service. 2016. State of the Park Report for Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve and Fort Caroline National Memorial. State of the Park Series No. 39. National Park Service, Washington, DC. On the cover: Sunrise at Kingsley Plantation as seen from the banks of the Fort George River. Photo courtesy of T.K. Reynolds Disclaimer. This State of the Park report summarizes the current condition of park resources, visitor experience, and park infrastructure as assessed by a combination of available factual information and the expert opinion and professional judgment of park staff and subject matter experts. The internet version of this report provides the associated workshop summary report and additional details and sources of information about the findings summarized in the report, including references, accounts on the origin and quality of the data, and the methods and analytic approaches used in data collection and assessments of condition. This report provides evaluations of status and trends based on interpretation by NPS scientists and managers of both quantitative and non- quantitative assessments and observations. Future condition ratings may differ from findings in this report as new data and knowledge become available. The park superintendent approved the publication of this report. Executive Summary The mission of the National Park Service is to preserve unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of national parks for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. NPS Management Policies (2006) state that “The Service will also strive to ensure that park resources and values are passed on to future generations in a condition that is as good as, or better than, the conditions that exist today.” As part of the stewardship of national parks for the American people, the NPS has begun to develop State of the Park reports to assess the overall status and trends of each park’s resources. The NPS will use this information to improve park priority setting and to synthesize and communicate complex park condition information to the public in a clear and simple way. The purpose of this State of the Park report is to: • Provide to visitors and the American public a snapshot of the status and trend in the condition of a park’s priority resources and values; • Summarize and communicate complex scientific, scholarly, and park operations factual information and expert opinion using non-technical language and a visual format; • Highlight park stewardship activities and accomplishments to maintain or improve the State of the Park; • Identify key issues and challenges facing the park to help inform park management planning. The Purpose of Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve (TIMU, “the preserve”) is to protect the natural ecology of over 46,000 acres of lands and waters and over 6,000 years of human history along the St. Johns and Nassau rivers in northeast Florida. Significance statements express why the park unit’s resources and values are important enough to warrant national park unit designation. TIMU is significant because: • TIMU protects the areas where the St. Johns and Nassau rivers meet the Atlantic Ocean and form one of the largest remaining salt marsh estuaries on the Southeast Coast. • Fort Caroline memorializes the French colonists who came to North America during the 16th century seeking religious freedom, wealth, and territorial expansion. • TIMU is home to Kingsley Plantation, the oldest surviving example of an antebellum Spanish Colonial plantation. The associated cabins are the largest concentration of existing slave quarters constructed of tabby found in the United States. • TIMU contains over 200 archeological sites representing more than 6,000 years of continuous human history, including Archaic shell ring sites and the first site where investigations focused on the archeology of slavery and plantation life. • TIMU is named after the indigenous people who once lived in this area. The Timucua chieftainships were the geographically largest population of American Indians in the territory, now the state of Florida. They were a gateway community where ideas, customs, and commerce flowed between the cultures of the Southeast and Caribbean. However, the Timucua Indians could not sustain themselves against the epidemic diseases brought to them and were extinct as a people by 1752. • American Beach was the largest and most popular beach resort established by and for African Americans during the divisive Jim Crow era of racial segregation. • The strategic military importance of the St. Johns River is exemplified by the presence of numerous installations within the preserve for over 450 years, from Fort Caroline in 1564 to Naval Station Mayport today. Fort Caroline National Memorial (FOCA) is located at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve. Fort Caroline memorializes the short-lived French presence in sixteenth-century Florida. The summary table, below, and the supporting information that follows, provide an overall assessment of the condition of priority resources and values at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve based on scientific and scholarly studies and expert opinion. The internet version of this report, available at http://www.nps.gov/stateoftheparks/timu/, provides additional detail and sources of information about the resources summarized in this report, including references, accounts on the origin and quality of the data, and the methods and analytical approaches used in the assessments. Reference conditions that represent “healthy” ecosystem parameters, and regulatory standards (such as those related to air or water quality) provide the rationale to describe current resource status. In coming years, rapidly evolving information regarding climate change and associated effects will inform our goals for managing park resources, and may alter how we measure the trend in condition of park resources. Thus, reference conditions, regulatory standards, and/or our judgment about resource status or trend may evolve as the rate of climate change accelerates and we respond to novel conditions. In this context, the status and trends documented here provide a useful point-in-time baseline to inform our understanding of emerging change, as well as a synthesis to share as we build broader climate change response strategies with partners. State of the Park Report iii Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve The Status and Trend symbols used in the summary table below and throughout this report are summarized in the following key. The background color represents the current condition status, the direction of the arrow summarizes the trend in condition, and the thickness of the outside line represents the degree of confidence in the assessment. In some cases, the arrow is omitted because data are not sufficient for calculating a trend (e.g., data from a one-time inventory or insufficient sample size). Confidence in Condition Status Trend in Condition Assessment Warrants Condition is Improving High Significant Concern Warrants Condition is Unchanging Medium Moderate Concern Resource is in Good Condition is Deteriorating Low Condition State of the Park Summary Table Condition Priority Resource or Value Rationale Status/Trend Natural Resources web For 2008–2012: ozone condition warrants moderate concern; sulfur wet deposition condition warrants significant concern; nitrogen wet deposition Air Quality condition warrants moderate concern; mercury/toxics deposition condition warrants moderate concern; and visibility condition warrants significant concern. Condition levels are based on NPS Air Resource Division benchmarks. Water levels in the Floridan Aquifer near TIMU have significantly increased from 1977 to 2011. The Fort George River experienced rapid shoaling progressing up-river from 1998 to 2004, which may be restricting the flow and exchange of salt water within the river and marsh. Shoreline erosion, already a Geologic Features concern at Fort Caroline and the Ribault Column along the St. Johns River, may and Processes increase in the future due to the planned deepening of the river channel, which may also impact sediment and water flows, salinity, and water quality in the adjacent tributaries and salt marsh. Overall, the condition warrants significant concern, but the trend is neutral because of both improving and deteriorating measures. Four out of six measures of water quality were rated as fair based on EPA’s National Coastal Assessment standards. Total phosphorus concentrations have Water Quality been decreasing at stations, denoting an improvement in conditions (no trends present for any other measures). Measures of estuarine sediment contaminants were either good or fair based on EPA’s National Coastal Assessment standards. Measures of plant and wildlife communities overall rated in good condition, but Plant and Wildlife measures of specific species of management interest such as gopher tortoises, Communities oysters, and invasive/ nuisance species warrant moderate to significant concern. State of the Park Report iv Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve Condition Priority Resource or Value Rationale Status/Trend The modeled Anthropogenic Light Ratio (ALR), a measure of light pollution calculated as the ratio of Average Anthropogenic Sky Glow to Average Natural Dark Night
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wilderness on the Edge: a History of Everglades National Park
    Wilderness on the Edge: A History of Everglades National Park Robert W Blythe Chicago, Illinois 2017 Prepared under the National Park Service/Organization of American Historians cooperative agreement Table of Contents List of Figures iii Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in Footnotes xv Chapter 1: The Everglades to the 1920s 1 Chapter 2: Early Conservation Efforts in the Everglades 40 Chapter 3: The Movement for a National Park in the Everglades 62 Chapter 4: The Long and Winding Road to Park Establishment 92 Chapter 5: First a Wildlife Refuge, Then a National Park 131 Chapter 6: Land Acquisition 150 Chapter 7: Developing the Park 176 Chapter 8: The Water Needs of a Wetland Park: From Establishment (1947) to Congress’s Water Guarantee (1970) 213 Chapter 9: Water Issues, 1970 to 1992: The Rise of Environmentalism and the Path to the Restudy of the C&SF Project 237 Chapter 10: Wilderness Values and Wilderness Designations 270 Chapter 11: Park Science 288 Chapter 12: Wildlife, Native Plants, and Endangered Species 309 Chapter 13: Marine Fisheries, Fisheries Management, and Florida Bay 353 Chapter 14: Control of Invasive Species and Native Pests 373 Chapter 15: Wildland Fire 398 Chapter 16: Hurricanes and Storms 416 Chapter 17: Archeological and Historic Resources 430 Chapter 18: Museum Collection and Library 449 Chapter 19: Relationships with Cultural Communities 466 Chapter 20: Interpretive and Educational Programs 492 Chapter 21: Resource and Visitor Protection 526 Chapter 22: Relationships with the Military
    [Show full text]
  • Teacher Asks Board to Fight for Raises JULIA ROBERTS Er Raises
    DEFENDING OUR NATURAL BEAUTY. PROTECTING OUR QUALITY OF LIFE. PAID BY BRADLEY M. BEAN FOR CITY COMMISSION | GROUP 1 $1.00 WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2020 / 20 PAGES, 2 SECTIONS • fbnewsleader.com Teacher asks board to fight for raises JULIA ROBERTS er raises. He said current offers by the rate in order to bring more money to the decisions.” News-Leader Nassau County School District include district. In light of the financial hard- Glackin suggested the school dis- What do you think? a $5,000 increase for new teachers, but ships brought about by the coronavirus trict “propose a pay scale that makes The Nassau County School Board only $600 for more experienced teach- pandemic, though, board members did sense” even though, he said, the Florida What do you think about heard from a member of the Nassau ers. Glackin noted a “mass exodus of not pursue the matter. Glackin referred Department of Education would reject it. teacher pay in Nassau Teachers’ Association, the union that non-retiring teachers we have been see- to the referendum when he addressed “When they do (reject a pay scale County and Florida? Email represents teachers in Nassau schools, ing recently” and said current contract the board. offer), fight for us. Remind them that who asked the board to support teachers talks are not addressing the issue. “We are currently voting, and (we) you were elected to run Nassau County Letters to the Editor to in current contact negotiations. Last year, the school board con- could be voting on a small tax increase schools and not (the state),” Glackin [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Zephaniah Kingsley, Slavery, and the Politics of Race in the Atlantic World
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History 2-10-2009 The Atlantic Mind: Zephaniah Kingsley, Slavery, and the Politics of Race in the Atlantic World Mark J. Fleszar Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Fleszar, Mark J., "The Atlantic Mind: Zephaniah Kingsley, Slavery, and the Politics of Race in the Atlantic World." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2009. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/33 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ATLANTIC MIND: ZEPHANIAH KINGSLEY, SLAVERY, AND THE POLITICS OF RACE IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD by MARK J. FLESZAR Under the Direction of Dr. Jared Poley and Dr. H. Robert Baker ABSTRACT Enlightenment philosophers had long feared the effects of crisscrossing boundaries, both real and imagined. Such fears were based on what they considered a brutal ocean space frequented by protean shape-shifters with a dogma of ruthless exploitation and profit. This intellectual study outlines the formation and fragmentation of a fluctuating worldview as experienced through the circum-Atlantic life and travels of merchant, slaveowner, and slave trader Zephaniah Kingsley during the Era of Revolution. It argues that the process began from experiencing the costs of loyalty to the idea of the British Crown and was tempered by the pervasiveness of violence, mobility, anxiety, and adaptation found in the booming Atlantic markets of the Caribbean during the Haitian Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Jacksonville Civil Rights History Timelinetimeline 1St Revision 050118
    Jacksonville Civil Rights History TimelineTimeline 1st Revision 050118 Formatted: No underline REVISION CODES Formatted: Underline Formatted: Centered Strike through – delete information Yellow highlight - paragraph needs to be modified Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Centered Green highlight - additional research needed Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Highlight Grey highlight - combine paragraphs Formatted: Highlight Light blue highlight – add reference/footnote Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Highlight Grey highlight/Green underline - additional research and combine Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Highlight Red – keep as a reference or footnote only Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Thick underline, Underline color: Green, Highlight Formatted: Thick underline, Underline color: Green, Highlight Formatted: Highlight Formatted: No underline, Underline color: Auto Page 1 of 54 Jacksonville Civil Rights History TimelineTimeline 1st Revision 050118 Formatted: Font: Not Bold 1564 Fort Caroline was built by French Huguenots along St. Johns Bluff under the Formatted: Font: Not Bold, Strikethrough command of Rene Goulaine de Laudonniere. The greater majority of the settlers Formatted: Strikethrough were also Huguenots, but were accompanied by a small number of Catholics, Formatted: Font: Not Bold, Strikethrough agnostic and “infidels”. One historian identified the “infidels” as freemen from Formatted: Strikethrough Africa. Formatted: Font: Not Bold, Strikethrough Formatted: Strikethrough 1813 A naturalized American citizen of British ancestry, Zephaniah Kingsley moved to Formatted: Font: Not Bold, Strikethrough Fort George Island at the mouth of the St. Johns River. Pledging allegiance to Formatted: Strikethrough Spanish authority, Kingsley became wealthy as an importer of merchant goods, Formatted: Font: Not Bold, Strikethrough seafarer, and slave trader. He first acquired lands at what is now the City of Orange Formatted: Strikethrough Park. There he established a plantation called Laurel Grove.
    [Show full text]
  • Black-Indian Interaction in Spanish Florida
    DOCUMEPT RESUME ED 320 845 SO 030 009 AUTHOR Landers, Jane TITLE Black/Indian Interaction in SpanishFlorida. PUB DATE 24 Mar 90 NOTE 25p.; Paper presented at the AnnualMeeting of the Organization of American Historians(Washington, DC, March 24, 1990). PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) --Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indian History; *Black History; *Colonial History (United States); Higher Education; *Indigenous Populations; Secondary Education; *Slavery; State History IDENTIFIERS *Florida ABSTRACT The history of the lives of non-white peoples in the United States largely has been neglected although the Spanish bureaucrats kept meticulous records of the Spanish Mission period in Florida. These records represent an important source for the cultural history of these groups and offer new perspectives on the tri-racial nature of frontier society. Africans as well as Indians played significant roles in Spain's settlement of the Americas. On arrival in Florida the Africans ran away from the," captors to Indian villages. The Spanish, perceiving an alliance of non-white groups, sought to separate them, and passed special legislation forbidding living or trading between the two groups. There were continuous episodes of violence by the Indians who resisted Spanish labor and tribute demands, efforts to convert them, and changes in their social practices. Villages were reduced to mission sites where they could more readily supply the Spaniards with food and labor. Indian and black surrogates were used to fight the English and helped build the massive stone fort at St. Augustine. The end of the Spanish Mission system came with the war of 1700, English forces from the Carolinas raided mission sites killing thousands of Indians and taking many into slavery.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating a Tabby Slave Cabin- Teacher Instructions
    Project Archaeology: Investigating Shelter Series # 12 Investigating a Tabby Slave Cabin Investigating a Tabby Slave Cabin Instructions for the Teacher Written by Pam James, NPS Teacher-Ranger-Teacher Mary Mott, NPS Teacher-Ranger-Teacher Dawn Baker, NPS Teacher-Ranger-Teacher With Contributions from National Park Service – Kingsley Plantation Amber Grafft-Weiss and Sarah Miller – Florida Public Archaeology Network Dr. James Davidson – University of Florida 1 | Page Investigating a Slave Cabin Background Information In order to understand the history of the United States of America it is important to understand the period of time when slavery existed. Slavery was filled with incidents of brutality, punctuated here and there by moments when individuals reached across the barriers of race, gender and class to be decent to each other. Kingsley Plantation offers the opportunity to encounter this doubled-faced reality in the complex lives of Anta Majigeen Ndiaye (Anna Kingsley) and Zephaniah Kingsley. During Florida’s colonial plantation period (1763-1865), Fort George Island was owned by many planters. The site name comes from one of those owners, Zephaniah Kingsley. In 1814, Kingsley moved to Fort George Island with his wife and three children (a fourth child would be born at this plantation). His wife, Anta Majigeen Ndiaye, was from Senegal, Africa and was purchased by Kingsley as a slave in 1806. She actively participated in plantation management, acquiring her own land and slaves when she was freed by Kingsley in 1811. This account reveals an often hidden fact that some slave owners married their slaves, and that some former slaves in America went on to own slaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Saturiwa Trail Virtual Ranger Program
    SATURIWA TRAIL Talbot Islands State Parks 12157 Heckscher Dr. Discover the Saturiwa Trail by car Jacksonville, FL 32226 Saturiwa Trail with a Park Ranger on your stereo or Telephone: phone! Have a virtual Park Ranger (904) 251-2320 Virtual Ranger alongside you (on CD or stream) while you drive the 4.4 mile Saturiwa Program Trail at your own pace. Discover the endless history of this exciting island while you hear about the natural, cul- tural, and historic environment that surrounds you. To stream, simply scan the QR Code below with your smartphone’s QR reader app and you’ll be taken directly to the virtual ranger webpage. Then click on the MP3 link at each tour stop. Driving time with stops: 2 hours Florida’s state parks are committed to providing equal access to all facilities and programs. Should you need assistance to enable your participation, please contact the ranger station. Large Alternate format Print available upon Talbot Islands State Parks Virtual Ranger Series, Volume 1 - Saturiwa Trail Note to participants: The term “Saturiwa” is pronounced as [sa-chur-EE-wa]. Welcome to Talbot Islands State Parks and the Virtual Ranger Series. This is a driving tour of the 4.4 mile Saturiwa Trail on Fort George Island, Florida. Each stop is marked on the edge of Fort George Road and Palmetto Avenue with a brown sign. If you are using the audio CD, you will hear the music in between each tour stop, which will signal you to stop your CD player and proceed to the next stop.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Anthropological Society NEWSLETTER
    Florida Anthropological Society NEWSLETTER Number 197 David B. Burns, Editor February 2010 Next Board Meeting view the newly completed walk-in shell mound exhibit. Bus transportation to and from the reception is included in your The FAS board will meet on Saturday February 27, conference registration and will depart from the Harborside 2010 at 10 AM at the SEARCH office in Newberry. Chapter Event Center. Representatives are reminded to email their Chapter reports to Saturday, May 8: Papers and posters will be the Board before the meeting. presented morning and afternoon at Harborside Event Center. The deadline for abstracts and poster proposals is February 2010 FAS Annual Meeting 12, 2010. Vendors with books and other wares will be available at the event center. Lunch is on your own on Saturday and many small restaurants are nearby, or pick up a The 62nd annual FAS meeting will be held May 7-9 at the sandwich and stroll by the river. Harborside Event Center in Fort Myers hosted by The The FAS Annual Business Meeting and FAS New Southwest Florida Archaeological Society (SWFAS). Board Meeting will follow the paper sessions on Saturday. Accommodations Saturday night’s banquet features speaker Dr. Jerald Accommodations for FAS 2010 will be at the new Hotel T. Milanich, Curator Emeritus in Archaeology at the Florida Indigo, just a block from the Harborside Event Center and a Museum of Natural History. Please sign up for the banquet short walk to the Caloosahatchee River. The Hotel Indigo is a when you register by April 7, 2010. Dr. Milanich will speak 67-room boutique hotel that opened in 2009, with a bar, on Adventures in the Everglades, A.W.
    [Show full text]
  • MOU Between Florida Forest Service, USFWS &
    NPS Agreement No. H5023-02- 0515 Memorandum of Understanding /IBetween the United States Department of Interior (National Park Se~ice,I Southeast Region and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Southeast Region) I and the Florida Department Iof Agriculture and Consumer Services (Di'fision of Forestry) I ARTICLE I - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This Memorandum ofunderstandinJ is hereby entered into this October 30,2002 by and between the Florida Division of Forestry, a state agency (the ST ATE), and the National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, agencies of the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOl), (the SERVICE), tovering a reciprocal fire protection agreement . I The SERVICE is mandated to protect and perpetuate natural and cultura.l resources found within national parks and wildlife refuges, and is responsible for conducting fire management activities in federal patks and wildlife refuges in Florida which are adjacent I to areas protected by the STATE; and The STATE is responsible for conducting fire management activities on state owned and privately owned lands in Florida which are adjacent to and interspersed with National Park and National Wildlife Refuge llands; and It is to the mutual advantage ofbO~h the STATE and the SERVICE to coordinate their efforts in the prevention, detectiori, suppression,' and investigation of wildfires in and adjacent to their areas of responsibility. I Each agency shall render mutual I assistance in law enforcement activities and the gathering of evidence and in actual court prosecutions to the fullest extent allowable by o law and policy. I , , ARTICLE II -AUTHORITY -t"O.
    [Show full text]
  • TO DOWNLOAD the MAP and LIST of Go365 BEACON LOCATIONS
    Seaton Creek U A Q R DE P J K S I X W O M V G H B L C F Y T N 904.374.1107 Humana Go365® Beacon Locations (25) – Jacksonville [email protected] Alphabetical order by park name. See attached list. 9953 Heckscher Dr, Jacksonville FL 32226 Park Name Street Address "Check In" Location Picture "Check in" at the trail map kiosk at the trailhead across the street Fort George Island 11241 Fort George Rd E, J from the Ribault Club (near the Cultural State Park Jacksonville, FL 32226 Segway Rental overflow parking area) Huguenot Memorial 10980 Heckscher Drive, K "Check in" at the Nature Center Park Jacksonville, FL 32226 "Check in" at the Jacksonville- Jacksonville-Baldwin Baldwin Station, 850 Center Baldwin Rail-Trail kiosk to the L Rail Trail (Baldwin Street North, Jacksonville, FL east of the train station end) 32234 restrooms "Check in" at the Jacksonville- Jacksonville-Baldwin 1800 Imeson Rd, Jacksonville, Baldwin Rail Trail map in the Timucuan Parks Foundation - BEACON LOCATIONS as of 09/2018 M Rail Trail (Imeson Road FL 32220 kiosk on the paved trail west of end) the parking lot Park Name Street Address "Check In" Location Picture "Check in" at the Julington- Betz-Tiger Point 13990 Pumpkin Hill Road, "Check in" at the large pavilion at Julington-Durbin 13130 Bartram Park Blvd A N Durbin Creek Preserve trail sign in Preserve Jacksonville, FL 32226 the main parking area Creek Preserve Jacksonville, FL the kiosk west of the parking lot "Check in" at the Kathryn Abbey "Check in" at the Jacksonville Camp Milton Historic 1175 Halsema Road
    [Show full text]
  • Jacksonville and Surrounding Area Guide to Venues and Activities
    Jacksonville and Surrounding Area Guide to Venues and Activities Southern Sociological Society 2020 Annual Meeting Hyatt Regency Riverfront --- Jacksonville, FL April 1 - 4, 2020 Jacksonville, Florida has moved along the same path sociologists are familiar with: flight from a once vibrant downtown and now a revitalization of downtown. And the revitalization is going strong. The SSS conference is in downtown Jacksonville, right on the St. Johns River and close to many great venues and activities. This guide offers a sampling of what you can do if you stay downtown, walk or rideshare to bordering neighborhoods, or drive to the surrounding towns. Downtown and the Urban Core Downtown is part of what locals call the Urban Core-- downtown plus the surrounding neighborhoods of Historic Springfield, San Marco, Riverside/Avondale, and Brooklyn. There is so much to do in the Urban Core that you really don’t even need a car. This diverse area has walkable access to many eateries, cultural outlets and activities. Informational Sites -- https://downtownjacksonville.org -- https://www.thejaxsonmag.com -- http://www.visitjacksonville.com -- http://www.sparcouncil.org -- https://onjacksonville.com -- https://thecoastal.com Local Transportation In addition to taxi cabs and Uber and Lyft providing ride sharing service, the City has several mass transit services. Super Shuttle -- Airport transportation Jacksonville Transportation Authority (JTA) -- Operates the extensive city bus system (MyJTA mobile phone app provides routes and ticketing) JTA Paratransit -- Provides destination-to-destination rides for people with disabilities Parking -- For those who plan to park around downtown Jacksonville, park garages and street parking are available. It’s worth noting that some street parking spots only take quarters, so be prepared.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancestral Landscapes: a Study of Historically Black Cemeteries
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2018 Ancestral Landscapes: a Study of Historical Black Cemeteries and Contemporary Practices of Commemoration Among African Americans in Duval County, Jacksonville, Fl. Brittany Brown College of William and Mary - Arts & Sciences, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Brown, Brittany, "Ancestral Landscapes: a Study of Historical Black Cemeteries and Contemporary Practices of Commemoration Among African Americans in Duval County, Jacksonville, Fl." (2018). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1550154005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21220/s2-hnxh-6968 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ancestral Landscapes: A Study of Historical Black Cemeteries and Contemporary Practices of Commemoration among African Americans in Duval County, Jacksonville, FL Brittany Leigh Brown Jacksonville, Florida Master of Arts, College of William & Mary, 2013 Bachelor of Arts, University of Florida, 2011 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of The College of William & Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology College of William & Mary January, 2019 © Copyright by Brittany L. Brown 2019 COMPLIANCE PAGE Research approved by Protection of Human Subjects Committee (PHSC) Protocol number(s): PHSC-2013-09-24-8955-fhsmit PHSC-2015-04-07-9886-mlblak Date(s) of approval: December 13, 2013 April 10, 2015 ABSTRACT The end of slavery in North America presented an opportunity for African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida to reinvent themselves.
    [Show full text]