DOCSLIB.ORG

Diplomacy of Fungicides: the Boon Becoming Threat for Sustainable Agriculture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diplomacy of Fungicides: the Boon Becoming Threat for Sustainable Agriculture Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(8): 1607-1612 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 08 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.808.189 A Review - Diplomacy of Fungicides: The Boon Becoming Threat for Sustainable Agriculture Rajesh Kumari1*, Govind Kumar Bagri3, Rahul Kumar Sharma1, Mohammad Akram1, Arshad Husain2 and Irsad1 1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh-202002, India 2Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur-208002, India 3Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IAS, BHU, Varanasi-221005, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT In order to feed increasing population there is need of solution which can provide quick result which is possible with fungicides. Fungicides are necessary evils to kill unwanted K e yw or ds pest and disease causing organisms in the agro-ecosystem. These are indispensible tool for protecting the crops and increasing food production. Soil applications of fungicides have Fungicides, been frequently used to control soil borne fungal diseases. Fungicides are used for killing Sustainable or inhibiting the growth of fungus. They are extensively used in pharmaceutical industry, Agriculture , agriculture, in protection of seed during storage and in preventing the growth of fungi that Fungicides produce toxins. Hence, fungicides production is constantly increasing as a result of their great importance to agriculture. On the other hand some fungicides affect humans and Article Info beneficial microorganisms including insects, birds and fish thus public concern about their Accepted: effects is increasing day by day. Moreover, certain fungicides, usually systemic fungicides, 12 July 2019 are said to be 'at risk' to the development of resistance if they are used repeatedly. In order Available Online: to enrich the knowledge on beneficial and adverse effects of fungicides this article 10 August 2019 summarized impact of fungicide on photosynthesis, lipid steroid & membrane, nucleic acid, amino acid & protein synthesis, respiration, mitosis and cell division, and Multisite activity, as well as on their side effects on non target organisms Introduction important source of raw material for many agro based industries. India‘s geographical Agriculture is the backbone of Indian condition is unique for agriculture because it economy. In India, around 70% of the provides many favourable conditions. There population earns its livelihood from are plain areas, fertile soil, long growing agriculture. It still provides livelihood to the season and wide variation in climatic people in our country. It fulfils the basic need condition etc. According to the Census 2011, of human beings and animals. It is an India‘s population over the decade has 1607 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(8): 1607-1612 increased from 102.8 crore in 2001 to composition and characteristics thus 121.1crore in 2011. The increasing global disturbing the soil fertility and food population and higher demand of food leads to production. In view of the deterioration in soil sustainable increase in food production health and human health hazards, the through intensive agriculture concerning the Government, in 2008-09 launched a new public health. To solve the problem of food scheme, namely the National Project on crisis and to increase in food production in the Management of Soil Health and Fertility, to country the "Green revolution" began in 1960s promote soil test- based balanced and through the introduction of high-yield crop judicious use of chemicals in conjunction with varieties and application of modern organic manure. In addition, the National agricultural techniques. To improve Project on Organic Farming was started in agriculture in India, introduction of high- 2004-05 to promote the use of organic yielding varieties, increased use of chemicals fertilisers. and irrigation is done which led to the increase in production thus making the India self- Importance and uses of fungicides sufficient in food grains. In the last 60 years, the use of chemicals in agriculture has risen Worldwide, 20% yield reductions occur in astronomically in India to provide sufficient major food and cash crops due to the plant food to increasing population but its diseases (Gullino et al., 2000). Fungicides are indiscriminate use results in deterioration of a vital solution to control plant disease caused soil health in many parts of the country. In by pest and pathogen. In the past few years, 1951-52, chemicals usage has risen to 133 kg there has been increased controversy over per hectare in the country which was earlier whether fungicides should be applied to field averaged less than one kg per hectare. Soil crops in the absence of disease. microorganisms can have both positive and negative effects on plant growth (Table 1 and Fungicides are the chemical compounds that 2). may be fungicidal or fungistatic which kill or inhibit respectively the growth of fungi or They can facilitate nutrient absorption by fungal spores (Gullino et al., 2000). Fungicide plants, promote plant growth or stimulate use play crucial role in controlling the plant seedling development by producing hormone- disease in the agriculture system. It control like substances suppress and control plant fungi and became the primary means due to its pathogens and diseases through various low cost, effectiveness and ease of use (Xia et antagonistic activities or adversely affect plant al., 2006). However, the new resistant strains growth through their pathogenic behaviour. of pathogen appear due to extensive use of The overuse of chemical deteriorating the soil these chemicals to the available commercial microbial community. Soil microbial products (Garcia et al., 2003). community plays an important role in various ecosystems. Thus the change in it affects the Fungicide toxicity has also been demonstrated ecosystem. Among the chemicals fungicides in mammals (Belpoggi et al., 2002) including significantly affect soil microbial humans (Mendes et al., 2005), not always characteristics. Fungicide affects restricted to the target pest organism. The microorganisms in agricultural soil specially indiscriminate fungicides use to control fungal involved in Nitrogen cycle. It deserve a great disease in plant protection generates long term deal of attention as it play crucial role in residues in food and in the environment environment. Application of fungicide to soil (EFSA, 2009; Petit et al., 2008). may affect the microbial communities 1608 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(8): 1607-1612 To assess the hazards in agriculture associated Chemicals exerts an influence on with use of fungicide, it is important to photosynthesis by clogging stomata understand the effect of fungicides on the mechanically also impeding CO2 diffusion, by beneficial activities of microorganisms. By changing optical property of leaves (change in controlling fungal pathogens and preserving reflectance, decrease of light intensity), beneficial organisms, crop production and altering the heat balance of leaves (cooling economics returns can be maximize. To effect or light coloured sprays, warming effect promote sustainable agriculture, fungicide of dark spray, metabolic interferences of modes of action and its possible side effects absorbed compound and stimulating changes on non-target microorganisms must be in anatomy. Bordeux mixture spray sometimes clarified. Fungicides mode of action and side causes slight decrease in photosynthesis. Lime effect has never been well understood. sulphur spray checked photosynthesis greatly. Therefore, fungicide use may have negative Lime sulphur also caused 20 percent reduction impacts that are difficult to predict. of photosynthesis in Mcintosh and Baldwin variety of apple trees (Kozlowski and keller, One side fungicide proves to be a boon for 2009). farmer by controlling many pathogens listed below in Table 3. On the other hand it Fungicides effects on Lipids, Sterol develops resistance in pathogen due to Synthesis and Other Membrane extensive use. Components Fungicidal resistance The cell membrane separates the cell content from the outside environment as it is a Fungicidal resistance is the inherited ability of selectively permeable. It perform many plant disease causing organism to survive biological functions in all living cells. It doses of a fungicide that would normally provide shape to the cell, maintain cell water, control it. Resistance usually develop after interrupt the passage of large molecules and frequent, or fungicides from the same activity are involved in signal transduction [Albert et group (Table 4). al., 2002]. Structure and function of soil microbial communities alter due to negative Effect of fungicides on photosynthesis impacts of fungicide on the membrane of microorganisms Application of fungicides alters the crop physiology, in terms of growth and Effects on Amino Acids and Protein development along with nitrogen, and or Synthesis carbon metabolism (Saladin and Clement 2005). Protein is made of amino acids. They are the important building blocks in living organisms. Several works on photosynthesis fluctuations It perform some important biological after fungicide application on various crops functions such as delivering signals among report modifications of both
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Finca+Slow+Permaculture.Pdf
    Farming and Smallholding © Johanna McTiernan Dan McTiernan describes how regenerative agriculture is transforming olive groves in Spain and introduces © Johanna McTiernan transnational cropshare Restoring Agriculture in the Mediterranean “It’s not just that traditional Mediter- Together with our friends, who own healthy, perennial Mediterranean crops heavy input, bare-earth paradigm ranean agriculture isn’t sustainable a similar piece of land, and working that can’t be grown in Britain easily. of agriculture that is having such a ... it isn’t even viable on any level in partnership with IPM, we have If managed holistically, olives, nut destructive impact on the environ- anymore!” That was one of the first started Terra CSA, a multi-farm com- bearing trees such as almonds, and ment and the climate. All other things Richard Wade of Instituto munity supported agriculture project vine products like red wine, are about non-cold-pressed seed oils require Permacultura Montsant (IPM) said using permaculture and regenerative as perennial and sustainable as crops high levels of processing involving to us during our six month intern- agriculture to build soil and deliver come. We want the UK to still be heat and solvents in the extraction ship with him here in the south of olive oil, almonds and wine direct to able to access these incredibly process that are energy and resource Catalunya, Spain. cropshare members in the UK. nutritious products alongside the heavy and questionable in terms of With his doom laden words still Having been involved in community need to relocalise as much of our health to people and the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungicides, Bactericides, and Nematicides Not All Chemicals Listed Are Recommended Or Currently Registered for Use
    FUNGICIDES, BACTERICIDES, AND NEMATICIDES Not all chemicals listed are recommended or currently registered for use. See listings for individual crops for recommended uses. Common or Trade or Fungicide Trade Name Common Name Action* Group #** Use Abound azoxystrobin B, F, Ls, P 11 Effective against a large number of fungi including powdery and downy mildews. Severe phytotoxicity on apples with a McIntosh heritage. Absolute tebuconazole + B, C, F, Ls, P 3 + 11 For rust and powdery mildew control in grasses trifloxystrobin grown for seed in the PNW. Academy fludioxonil + difenoconazole B-N, F, P 12 + 3 Postharvest fungicide. Accrue spiroxamine F, N, P 5 Discontinued. acibenzolar-S-methyl Actigard, Blockade A P1 Labeled for certain vegetable crops and fruit. (Heritage Action) Acquire metalaxyl Fs, N, P, S 4 For seed treatment to control ooymcetes in specified row crops and vegetables. Acrobat dimethomorph F, P 40 Discontinued. Acrobat MZ dimethomorph + F, P 40 + M3 Discontinued. mancozeb Acti-dione cycloheximide F Discontinued. Antibiotic and fungicide. Actigard acibenzolar-S-methyl A P1 Labeled for certain vegetable crops and fruit. Actinovate Streptomyces lydicus F NC Filamentous bacteria as a Biological control agent. Actino-Iron Streptomyces lydicus F, P NC For control of soilborne pathogens of indoor/outdoor ornamentals and vegetable crops. Adament tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin B, C, F, Ls, P 3 + 11 Discontinued. Adorn fluopicolide F, N, P 43 Ornamental label for control of oomycetes. Must be tank-mixed with another fungicide. Affirm Polyoxin D zinc salt F 19 Antibiotic active against certain fungi and bacteria. Aframe azoxystrobin B-N, C, F, Ls, P 11 Another generic fungicide for many diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sustainable Agricultural Future Relies on the Transition to Organic Agroecological Pest Management
    sustainability Review A Sustainable Agricultural Future Relies on the Transition to Organic Agroecological Pest Management Lauren Brzozowski 1 and Michael Mazourek 1,2,* ID 1 Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; [email protected] 2 David R. Atkinson Center for Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 April 2018; Accepted: 11 June 2018; Published: 15 June 2018 Abstract: The need to improve agricultural sustainability to secure yields, minimize environmental impacts and buffer environmental change is widely recognized. Investment in conventional agriculture has supported its present yield advantage. However, organic agriculture with agroecological management has nascent capacity for sustainable production and for increasing yields in the future. Conventional systems have leveraged reductionist approaches to address pests, primarily through pesticides that seek to eliminate biological factors that reduce yield, but come at a cost to human and ecosystem health, and leave production systems vulnerable to the development of pest resistance to these chemicals or traits. Alternatives are needed, and are found in organic production approaches. Although both organic and agroecology approaches encompass more than pest management, this aspect is a pivotal element of our agricultural future. Through increased investment and application of emerging analytical approaches to improve plant breeding for and management of these systems, yields and resilience will surpass approaches that address components alone. Keywords: organic agriculture; agroecology; pest management; plant breeding; biodiversity; sustainability; host plant resistance; pesticides 1. Achieving Needs for Agricultural Productivity and Pest Management Sustainably There is broad recognition among agricultural scientists that a growing world population will consume greater amounts of food and fiber with fewer resources available for production [1].
    [Show full text]
  • MP467 Arkansas Small Fruit Management Schedule 2021
    DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION MP467 University of Arkansas System Arkansas Small Fruit Management Schedule 2021 University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating Table of Contents Page Authors ......................................................................................................... 3 Disclaimer....................................................................................................... 4 Poison Control Center and Pesticide Spill Phone Numbers ................................................................ 4 Grapes – Commercial Growers ...................................................................................... 5 Grapes – Commercial Growers – Weed Control ......................................................................... 12 Blueberries – Commercial Growers ................................................................................... 15 Blueberries – Commercial Growers – Weed Control...................................................................... 18 Strawberries – Plasticulture – Commercial Growers ...................................................................... 21 Strawberries – Commercial Growers – Weed Control..................................................................... 24 Blackberries/Raspberries – Commercial Growers ........................................................................ 26 Blackberries/Raspberries – Commercial Growers – Weed Control..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Specimen Label • Long-Sleeved Shirt and Long Pants • Shoes Plus Socks
    Handlers who may be exposed to the diluted product through application or other tasks must wear: Specimen Label • Long-sleeved shirt and long pants • Shoes plus socks. Handlers who may be exposed to the concentrate through mixing, loading, application, or other tasks must wear: • Coveralls over short-sleeved shirt and short pants • Chemical-resistant gloves such as butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber or PVC • Chemical-resistant footwear plus socks • Protective eyewear • Chemical-resistant headgear for overhead exposure • Chemical-resistant apron when cleaning equipment, mixing or loading Discard clothing and other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product’s concentrate. Do not reuse them. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. User Safety Recommendations Users should: • Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or For Commercial Use using the toilet. • Remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then Active Ingredient wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. Potassium salts of fatty acids.............................................. 049% Inert Ingredients.......................................................................... 051% Total............................................................................................ 100% First Aid If swallowed: Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. Have person sip a glass of water if able to swallow. Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by the poison control center or doctor. Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) for use in organic If on skin or clothing: Take off contaminated clothing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Value of Fungicides in U.S. Crop Production
    Crop Protection Research Institute The Value of Fungicides In U.S. Crop Production September 2005 Leonard P. Gianessi Nathan Reigner CropLife Foundation 1156 15th Street, NW #400 Washington, DC 20005 Phone 202-296-1585 www.croplifefoundation.org Fax 202-463-0474 This study was funded by CropLife America. The following organizations have reviewed the report’s case studies and have indicated their support for the findings. Almond Board of California American Sugarbeet Growers Association Artichoke Research Association California Asparagus Commission California Citrus Mutual California Citrus Quality Council California Dried Plum Board California Fresh Carrot Advisory Board California Grape and Tree Fruit League California Kiwifruit Commission California Minor Crops Council California Pepper Commission California Pistachio Commission California Strawberry Commission California Tree Fruit Agreement Cranberry Institute Cherry Marketing Institute Florida Farm Bureau Federation Georgia Fruit and Vegetable Association Georgia Pecan Growers Association Michigan Asparagus Advisory Board Michigan Onion Committee Michigan Potato Industry Commission Minnesota Cultivated Wild Rice Council Mint Industry Research Council National Association of Wheat Growers National Cotton Council National Onion Association National Potato Council North American Blueberry Council Oregon Hazelnut Commission Texas Citrus Mutual Texas Vegetable Association U.S. Apple Association U.S. Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee United Soybean Board Washington Red Raspberry Commission Washington Asparagus Commission Cover Photograph Credits Top Left: Fungicide crystal : Charles Krause, USDA, ARS Top Center & Right: Living, untreated and dead, treated spores: Dow AgroSciences Bottom Left: Fungicide protected potatoes: DuPont Crop Protection Bottom Right: Untreated, late blight infected potatoes: DuPont Crop Protection Table of Contents 1.0 Overview 2.0 Introduction A. Plant Diseases B.
    [Show full text]
  • Bekah's Permaculture Assignment #7
    1 1. In your own words what is “IPM”? IPM stands for integrated pest management. This is a term used to describe an approach that deals with pests (in gardens, fields, on plants, etc.). It is called integrative because it utilizes multiple approaches and techniques to deal with pest populations. This helps to make this approach more sustainable that traditional pesticides that the vast majority of people use. 2. Give 5 specific examples of IPM. There are several types of IPM. Here are just a few of them: 1) Increasing predator populations (such as attracting birds, bats, praying mantis, and other predatory creatures that help to control and reduce pest population) 2) Polyculture/crop combining (this means to plant a wide variety of things because certain pests tend to like certain plants and so the more variety there is, the more likely you will be able to control and limit pests) 3) Delaying (this means that you delay planting your crops/plants so that you avoid the peak season of the particular pest you are trying to avoid) 4) Planting flowers (this helps to attract predatory things such as bees and wasps and it can cause confusion amongst pests due to the color and smell of flowers) 5) Natural pesticides (this refers to making natural sprays, such as from crushed up pests, to spray on the plants to repel the pests) 3. Why don’t most people practice IPM? Most people don’t practice IPM because it takes more effort than simply spraying on pesticides. Also, many people don’t know about IPM and so they can’t practice what they don’t know.
    [Show full text]
  • Antifungal Agents in Agriculture: Friends and Foes of Public Health
    biomolecules Review Antifungal Agents in Agriculture: Friends and Foes of Public Health Veronica Soares Brauer 1, Caroline Patini Rezende 1, Andre Moreira Pessoni 1, Renato Graciano De Paula 2 , Kanchugarakoppal S. Rangappa 3, Siddaiah Chandra Nayaka 4, Vijai Kumar Gupta 5,* and Fausto Almeida 1,* 1 Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; [email protected] (V.S.B.); [email protected] (C.P.R.); [email protected] (A.M.P.) 2 Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES 29047-105, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; [email protected] 4 Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; [email protected] 5 Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia * Correspondence: [email protected] (V.K.G.); [email protected] (F.A.) Received: 7 July 2019; Accepted: 19 September 2019; Published: 23 September 2019 Abstract: Fungal diseases have been underestimated worldwide but constitute a substantial threat to several plant and animal species as well as to public health. The increase in the global population has entailed an increase in the demand for agriculture in recent decades. Accordingly, there has been worldwide pressure to find means to improve the quality and productivity of agricultural crops. Antifungal agents have been widely used as an alternative for managing fungal diseases affecting several crops. However, the unregulated use of antifungals can jeopardize public health.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.5 Gallons Net Contents FIRST AID If on Skin Or • Take Off Contaminated Clothing
    GROUP 1 4 HERBICIDES PULL HERE TO OPEN Postemergence herbicide for control of annual grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat and barley. Active Ingredient: Pinoxaden*: . 4.9% Fluroxypyr 1-methylheptyl ester**: . 12.4% Other Ingredients: 82.7% Total: 100.0% *CAS No. 243973-20-8 **CAS No. 81406-37-3 Contains 0.42 pounds of pinoxaden and 0.73 pounds of fluroxypyr acid equivalent per gallon. Contains petroleum distillates. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. CAUTION See additional precautionary statements and directions for use inside booklet. EPA Reg. No. 100-1389 EPA Est. 100-NE-001 Product of United Kingdom Formulated in USA SCP 1389A-L1A 0112 4011309 2.5 gallons Net Contents FIRST AID If on skin or • Take off contaminated clothing. clothing • Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15-20 minutes. • Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice. If in eyes • Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes. • Remove contact lenses, if present after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye. • Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice. If swallowed • Immediately call a poison control center or doctor. • Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by a poison control center or doctor. • Do not give any liquid to the person. • Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If inhaled • Move person to fresh air. • If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration, prefer- ably by mouth-to-mouth, if possible. • Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice.
    [Show full text]
  • News Release
    News Release BASF introduces Encartis, a new dual-active fungicide for the golf course market RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC, July 14, 2021 – BASF has introduced Encartis™ fungicide, a powerful dual-active fairway solution that provides preventative and curative activity against dollar spot and 10 other key foliar diseases. Encartis fungicide is offered in a new, easy-to-use, pre-mix formulation, combining the strength of both boscalid and chlorothalonil for strong preventive defense and fast curative action. The dual-active solution provides long lasting protection for up to 28 days to help maintain healthy, disease-free playing conditions all season long. “Encartis is an outstanding fungicide pre-mix and always performed very well in trials at Clemson,” said Dr. Bruce Martin, Turfgrass Pathology Professor Emeritus, Clemson University. “The combination extends the spectrum of diseases controlled while providing defense against selection of resistant fungal strains. I am glad to see this product added to turf managers’ tools for disease control.” While perfect for fairways, Encartis fungicide can be used anywhere on the golf course, including tees and greens, at any time of the year to control key diseases. Superintendents can learn more about Encartis fungicide by contacting their local BASF representative. Media Relations contact BASF Corporation Nicole Sanders 26 Davis Drive Phone: 704-560-5912 Research Triangle Park, NC [email protected] 27709 www.basf.com Always read and follow label directions. Encartis is a trademark of BASF. ®2021 BASF. All rights reserved. About BASF’s Agricultural Solutions division With a rapidly growing population, the world is increasingly dependent on our ability to develop and maintain sustainable agriculture and healthy environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Organic Fungicides for the Control of Powdery Mildew on Chrysanthemum X Morifolium
    Potential Organic Fungicides for the Control of Powdery Mildew on Chrysanthemum x morifolium A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Michael Bradshaw University of Washington 2015 School of Environmental and Forest Science Thesis Committee Members Dr. Sarah Reichard (Committee Chair) Orin and Althea Soest Chair for Urban Horticulture Director, University of Washington Botanic Gardens Dr. Linda Chalker-Scott Associate Professor and Extension Urban Horticulturist Washington State University, PREC Dr. Marianne Elliott Research Associate, Plant Pathology Washington State University, PREC ©Copyright Michael Bradshaw Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 4 Salts of Fatty Acids ............................................................................................................. 4 Organic Acids ..................................................................................................................... 6 Sesame Oil......................................................................................................................... 7 Inoculation Methods ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Guide for Weed Management in Nebraska
    EXTENSION Know how. Know now. EC130 2012 Guide for Weed Management in Nebraska with Insecticide and Fungicide Information ® Introduction The 2012 Guide for Weed Management in Nebraska with Insecticide and Fungicide Information is a valuable tool for anyone with responsibility for pest management in crop, pasture, range, turf, or aquatic environ- ments in Nebraska. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive publication that will enable the user to make sound weed control decisions based on unbiased, research-based information, and to carry out weed control activities in a safe and responsible manner. The second half of the title, with Insecticide and Fungicide Information, highlights of fungicide and insecticide tables for corn, soybean, and wheat. Each section has been enhanced with the addition of a fungicide or insecticide dictionary and a table listing approximate retail prices of insecticide and fungicide products. We seek to make improvements in the Guide for Weed Management each year. In addition to the enhance- ments to the insecticide and fungicide sections, we have included color pest identification keys and photos in each discipline. All sections have been revised to include new products, label updates, and recent research results. If you have other suggestions, please submit them to Lowell Sandell (see address on the Weed Management divider page). Information in the 2012 Guide is organized into broad topical categories, highlighted in the Table of Contents on page 1. The Index, beginning on page 2, will help you quickly locate the information you need. Inside the back cover are Web addresses for other resources that will help you make informed weed management decisions.
    [Show full text]