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California and the American West During THE GILDED COAST: CALIFORNIA AND THE AMERICAN WEST DURING THE CIVIL WAR A University Thesis Presented to the Gradate Faculty of California State University, East Bay In Partial Fulfillment Ofthe Requirements for the Degree Master ofArts in History By Heidi C. Schave December 17, 2007 Heidi C. Schave © 2007 11 THE GILDED COAST: CALIFORNIA AND THE AMEMERICAN WEST DURING THE CIVIL WAR by Heidi C. Schave Approved: Date: -----,-J_-~-</ ~-~/--A..::-/-- pro~e~rR.. obert....PhelPs :'" _. ~ ( / _ . CI~-~-{ 1- 7 \.. Professor Bridget-I Ford ' 111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the History Department for all oftheir continual support during this endeavor. Also I would like dedicate this project to my personal mentor. Mathew Modine. The words ofLeonard Cohen can only express my appreciation for all of your help. The reason I write is to make something as beautiful as you When I'm with you I want to be the kind ofhero I wanted to be when I was seven years old a perfect man who kills ~ Leonard Cohen IV TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I. FOR I COME FROM ALABAMA 5 CHAPTER II. FOR LINCOLN AND LIBERTY, TOO 19 CHAPTER III. JOHNNY HAS GONE FOR A SOLIDIER 41 CHAPTER IV. SOUNDING THE BATTLE CRY OF FREEDOM 67 CONCLUSION MY EYES HATH SEEN THE COMING 84 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 89 v LIST OF ILLUSTRAnONS 1. Photograph, Nevada City Mine 16 2. Photograph, California Miners 17 3. Drawing, California Miners 18 4. Drawing, Albert Johnson 37 5. Drawing, Map ofSea Routes 38 6. Photograph, San Francisco 1865 39 7. Photograph, Union Loyalty Oath 40 8. Photograph, Alcatraz Guns 60 9. Photograph, Alcatraz Guards 61 10. Photograph, The Camanche, Post-Launch 62 11. Photograph, Daily Alta California 63 12. Photograph, California Union Soldier 64 13. Photograph, Drum Barracks Officers 65 14. Photograph, Fort Point 66 15. Drawing, Colorado Mining Town 84 VI 1 INTRODUCTION On April 9, 1861, the newly formed Confederate States ofAmerica fired their infamous cannons on Fort Swnter and launched the United States into the bloodiest period in American history. The attack on Fort Sumter marked the first strike ofthe American Civil War, which pitted the industrial North against the agrarian South. The rift between the North and South was felt throughout the country as brothers and comrades quickly became enemies. Although the major campaigns ofthe war were fought on the Eastern front, a patriotic call to arms quickly moved west and the Western states eagerly prepared their defense against the rebel army. California, the legendary "land ofwealth," instantly felt threatened by Confederate forces. This abrupt shift from California's "wild frontier" mentality to extensive wartime preparation is an intriguing phenomenon that accelerated throughout the war. For the duration ofthe conflict, the Western states methodically shed their frontier past and began to exhibit the characteristics of powerful democratic ones. This was in part due to the fact that unlike the Eastern states, many ofwhich were eventually scarred on the front lines, California and its neighboring states had to prove their worth to the Union. Between 1860 and 1865, the rugged Western frontier mentality was progressively exchanged for a more nationalistic attitude as a result ofthe heightened patriotism created by the war. Indeed, the desire ofthe Western states to defend the Pacific Coast from hostile enemies was so transformative that it forces us to look anew at the very notion ofthe American frontier, and more specifically, how, when and why it was finally "closed." 2 Introduced in 1893, Fredrick Jackson Turner's The Frontier Thesis has been the primary influence on the historical study ofthe American West. 1 For Turner, the American expansion into the West represented the inevitable progress ofAmerican democracy and growth. Turner's frontier was the land ofthe rugged individual who rejected government interference, but would eventually assimilate into "civilized society" as the frontier reached its closure and urbanization came to settle the land. Yet in some ways, the Union Army's Pacific Coast Campaign is not only a tale of lavish military preparation by the West, but also a direct and early transformative influence on the eternal spirit ofTurner's noble frontiersman. The Frontier Thesis is based on the idea that the West was an isolated occurrence that could have only evolved in America due to its unique qualities. Turner viewed the population ofthe East as much more refined than the West, while the individuals migrating to the West were much more adventurous in nature. The pioneers challenged governmental authority and they made the West a place ofunique spirit and expression. Turner views the closure ofthe frontier with the arrival of industrialization and urbanization, and actually sets a "closing date" at 1890. Turner saw the settlement ofthe West as a model to glorify American progress. He himselfnoted how this process evolved, writing that "The exploitation of the beasts took hunter and trader to the west, and the exploitation ofthe virgin soil of the rivers and prairies attracted the farmer. Good soils have been the most continuous attraction to the farmer's frontier.,,2 Ultimately, Turner's thesis follows the I Fredrick Jackson Turner, Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner. with a commentary by John Mack Faragher (New York: Holt and CO 1994), 31. 2Ibid., 44. 3 transformation ofthe American frontier from an agrarian society to one ofurban and industrial growth, and that is clearly the path upon which he focused. However, it is clear that The Civil War itselfalso greatly impacted the West by accelerating the transformation ofTurner's "free land" into powerful nationalistic states that would spare no expense in defending its territory from the threat of succession. In fact, the protection ofNorthern California became imperative to the Union as it meant control ofSan Francisco's gold reserves, which dated back to the original gold rush of 1849, and the state's subsequent explosion in growth. The Union feared that ifthe Confederacy gained California's allegiance, and thus access to her vast mineral and agricultural wealth, the rebel forces would forge an alliance with foreign powers that could supply them with military aid. Clearly the stakes were high, which explains why the extensive military organization ofthe West was a critical factor in the closing ofthe American frontier. The outbreak ofthe War, and California's determination to play an honorable role in it, created a patriotic fever which transformed the frontier into a vital and integrated part ofthe expanding American nation. While California's infantry involvement in the War was relatively insignificant, the San Francisco Bay Area and the rest ofthe Pacific Coast region were classified by the Union as being "vulnerable" to foreign and Confederate attack. California's role in the Civil War was to protect the West coast from the Confederacy as well as a possible Mexican alliance with the South. The Pacific Campaign was an expensive project that was financed through the War Department and the California State Treasury. 4 The campaign called for manning and arming forts around the Bay Area and raising troops to help protect the coast. Thanks in part to the enormous military preparations ofthe Union and California to quell any Confederate threat, the golden shores ofthe Pacific were never stained with blood. Still, and contrary to The Frontier Thesis as expounded by Turner, the history ofCalifornia and the West during the American Civil War played a definitive role in the closing ofthe American frontier. Ofcourse, without the initiative ofthe adventurous American pioneer, the Western states may not have reacted so diligently to the threat ofsuccession. Looked at another way, ifthe American West signified the last frontier ofindividualistic freedom, then it is not surprising that the very men who chose to migrate towards freedom would also be eager to defend it. Turner's "rugged individuals," whose colorful personalities are cemented in Western folklore, both accelerated the growth of the American nation and the closure ofthe Western frontier. The Civil War accelerated the course ofWestern development, by reconnecting the isolated frontier to the omnipotent federal government. They did so by eagerly taking up arms to help defend and preserve the growing and ever more integrated dynamic American union. 5 CHAPTER I FOR I COME FROM ALABAMA WITH A BANJO ON MY KNEE Until 1861, California was a land ofgreat individualistic expression and adventure. The 1815 Encyclopedia noted that "California produces one ofthe most beautiful lawns, as well as many ofthe most inhospitable deserts in America.,,1 The state's admission into the Union was as unique as its involvement in the Civil War itself. As noted earlier, Turner proposed that the close ofthe frontier is most directly lined to the emergence ofindustry and democracy. While these were certainly huge factors, it can also be forcefully argued that the social and economic conditions surrounding California in the 18505 not only foreshadow the end ofthe American frontier, but also illustrate how the reality ofa Confederate invasion altered the "Wild West" mentality forever. The aftennath ofthe 1849 Gold Rush shaped the demographics and personality of California in its first years as a full-fledged American state. For its first decade, it was a state in name, but also dramatically independent and Western in outlook. The arrival ofthe Civil War, however, awakened a sense of patriotic obligation that strengthened local and state governments. In addition, the organization ofmilitary units rallied the frontiersmen together, producing dedicated American citizens, loyal to the growing transcontinental Union. 1 Encyclopedia Britannica 1815, California History to 1850, Box P243 Loose Collections, Bancroft Library, University ofCalifomia, Berkeley California. 6 The Western reaches ofthat union had deep roots; The discovery ofCalifornia is credited to Spanish explorer Heman Cortez, who reached Lower California in 1533 while searching for the Aztec Indian's "seven cities ofgold.,,2 From the start, California held the promise ofparadise and reinvention for the men who sought her shores.
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