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A Mixed Methods Analysis of Corpus Data from Reddit Discussions of Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 12-16-2019 A Mixed Methods Analysis of Corpus Data from Reddit Discussions of "Gay Voice" Sara Elizabeth Mulliner Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons, Discourse and Text Linguistics Commons, and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Mulliner, Sara Elizabeth, "A Mixed Methods Analysis of Corpus Data from Reddit Discussions of "Gay Voice"" (2019). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 5443. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.7316 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. A Mixed Methods Analysis of Corpus Data from Reddit Discussions of "Gay Voice" by Sara Elizabeth Mulliner A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages Thesis Committee: John Hellermann, Chair Lynn Santelmann Steven L.Thorne Portland State University 2019 © 2019 Sara Elizabeth Mulliner Abstract In the last decade, there have been a number of public discussions about “gay voice” and “sounding gay.” These two phrases often serve as a shorthand for the belief that a listener can determine the sexuality of a speaker based on phonetic qualities found in a speaker’s vocal output. However, these expressions are more accurately described as “catch-all” terms for speech that may contain features associated with non-gender conforming stances and personae (Zimman, 2013). Notions about gender and sexuality could be intertwined in complicated ways in this language ideology. Investigating popular discussions of gay-sounding voices could provide information on what people are trying to convey when they use this phrase and the relationship between social categorization and language-based stereotypes. This study examines discourses surrounding the phrases “gay voice” and “sound/sounds/sounded/sounding gay” (i.e. “sound* gay”) in conversations found on the popular U.S.-based online forum Reddit. A statistical technique known as topic modeling is used to identify salient topics from a corpus of text to meaningfully sample a subset of online discussions for discourse analysis. I perform this research to understand the ways in which discourses about gender and sexuality constitute what it means to sound gay. The study found that there are two main reasons that Reddit users discuss “sounding gay”: (1) to gain insights about its origin and cross-linguistic occurrence, and (2) to discuss the sociosexual capital of having a “gay voice” and ways to change one’s own voice to conform more closely with normative ideals. Conversations revolving around the first theme are found in subforums for a general audience, while dialogues about the i second theme occur in LGBTQ+-related subforums (i.e. askgaybros, ftm). Discussions across both topics tend to rely on a gender inversion theory of non-normative sexualities, even as some users seek to denaturalize the idea that a person can have a “gay voice.” These findings suggest that essentialist ideas about gender and sexuality inform what it means to “sound gay.” ii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ i List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................. 4 2.1 Linguistic Investigations of Gay-Sounding Voices .................................................. 4 2.2 Public Discussions of Sounding Gay ...................................................................... 11 2.3 Definition of Persona .............................................................................................. 14 2.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Review of Analytic Methods .................................................................................. 17 3.1.1 Topic Modeling ................................................................................................ 19 3.1.2 Transitivity Analysis ........................................................................................ 21 3.1.2.1 Process Types............................................................................................ 22 3.1.2.2 Circumstances ........................................................................................... 25 3.1.3 Tactics of Intersubjectivity .............................................................................. 26 3.1.3.1 Concept: Markedness ................................................................................ 28 3.1.3.2 Concept: Essentialism ............................................................................... 29 3.1.3.3 Concept: Institutional Power..................................................................... 30 3.2 Data ......................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Source of the Data ............................................................................................ 31 3.2.2 Data Collection ................................................................................................ 34 3.2.3 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 37 3.3 Overview ................................................................................................................. 41 Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................................. 45 4.1 Main Themes in Corpus .......................................................................................... 45 4.2 Context for the Discourse Analysis ........................................................................ 53 4.2.1 What acoustic features do Reddit users in these excerpts associate with a “gay- sounding” voice? ....................................................................................................... 53 4.2.2 Which subreddits are these excerpts found on? ............................................... 54 4.3 Transitivity Analysis Findings ................................................................................ 57 iii 4.4 Tactics of Intersubjectivity Analysis Findings ....................................................... 62 4.4.1 Findings from Topic 2 Excerpts ...................................................................... 64 4.4.2 Findings from Topic 6 Excerpts ...................................................................... 70 Chapter 5: Discussion ....................................................................................................... 76 5.1 Summary ................................................................................................................. 76 5.2 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 79 5.3 Limitations and Future Directions .......................................................................... 83 5.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 84 Endnotes............................................................................................................................ 85 References ......................................................................................................................... 86 Appendix A: Participants in Transitivity Analysis ........................................................... 97 Appendix B: Topics List with Top Posts .......................................................................... 98 Appendix C: Excerpts from Topic 2 and Topic 6 Posts ................................................. 101 Appendix D: Subreddits Represented in Corpus ............................................................ 115 iv List of Tables Table 3.1: Circumstances in Transitivity Analysis .......................................................... 26 Table 3.2: Bucholtz and Hall’s Tactics of Intersubjectivity .............................................. 28 Table 3.3: Topics List for ‘gay voice’ and ‘sound* gay’ across 76 Reddit Posts ............. 39 Table 4.1: Topics List Arranged by Main Themes in Corpus ........................................... 46 Table 4.2: Process Type Totals by Topic .......................................................................... 58 v List of Figures Figure 3.1: The semantic field of process types in transitivity
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