DOCSLIB.ORG

Terracotta Art of Ancient Gujarat.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Terracotta Art of Ancient Gujarat.Pdf UGC Major Research Project TERRACOTTAS ART OF ANCIENT GUJARAT (2105-2018) Principal Investigator ShushmitaSen DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANCIENT HISTORY FACULT OF ARTS THE M.S. UNIVERSITY OF BARODA, BARODA 2018 Preface Creativity is an art which integrate mental and physical being. From the ancient time the best medium for man to create something was the clay and mud. The satisfaction of creating with your own hand is an articulation of the human being with combination of mind and his limbs. It gives immense contentment to glance at your own creation and feel happy. One of the very arts of ancient India which is continuing till the modern days is the art of making articles out of clay into beautiful terracotta objects. This works begins with a brief introduction of the area of approach and discussion of the problems. Chapter I deal with a brief introduction discussing the problems and how to approach them. The work proceeds to understand all the excavated terracotta material from the sites of Gujarat from Chalcolithic as well as Early Historic, understanding, analyzing them and looking into the continuity of the objects. Later on an ethno archaeology research was carried out to understand the method and technique of the terracotta toys were being made. Ingenious work is an art and it is impossible without cooperation of so many persons. Naturally to accomplish this dissertation so many persons provided direct or indirect contribution to give it a final shape. On the onset I would like to thank University Grant Commission, New Delhi, for funding this research project in the form of Major Research Project and all the staff for their promptness of any quarries requested to them. I am also very thankful to my University office staffs, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda office and their staffs of various departments who have helped me in every walk of administrative works. I am indebted and thankful to Sri Y.S. Rawat, former Director, State Archaeology Survey, for sharing his valuable time and extending his help to study terracotta material from the Vadnagar Excavation 2008-2012. My sincere regards to Sri JitendraNath, Director of excavation, Archaeology Survey of India, New Delhi who was always ready to help me and gave permission to see the materials of any excavated sites of Gujarat. I am also thankful to Sri AbhijitAmbedkar, Archaeology Survey of India, Vadodara, for showing me the excavated material from Vadnagar 2017-2018. My thanks are also due to JeevanKharakwal, Institute of Rajasthan Studies, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth,Udaipur. I am very thankful to the Head, Prof AjithParasad Department of Archaeology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda where I could avail any infrastructure I needed and of course the staff members who were an immense help to me. I thank each one of them. My deepest thanks go to the Dean, Prof K. Krishnan, Faculty of Arts, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda for his constant help and encouragement. I am very grateful to Prof KalpanaGavli and Prof. Sanjay Karandikar, Faculty of Arts, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda for their anytime help and constant inspiration and friendly suggestions. I would like to thank ShriPathak, Librarian, Department of Archaeologyand Ancient History, and Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda for helping me with the books. I record my appreciation for the valuable help from my former students Grace, Tintu, Siddha and some of my undergraduate students specially Rucha, Anvika, Ashka, Neha A, and Rasagnya M for their help wherever needed. In my endeavormy heartfelt gratitude goes to my family who took care and attention especially by my better half Ashok and sonDhritimanwho always remained a source of motivation to me. CONTENTS PAGE NO.S CHAPTER I : Introduction 1 CHAPTER II : Sites of – Harappan Period 8 CHAPTER III : Analysis and Discussion 101 CHAPTER IV Sites of Historic Period 109 CHAPTER V Analysis and Discussion 149 CHAPTER VI Ethno- Archaeological Study 153 CHAPTER VII : Discussion and Observation 180 REFERENCES 188 PHOTOGRAPHS List of Plates 195 CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION Introduction: "It has been suggested by anthropologists who deal with the interpretation of cultures, that artifacts reflect norms and conventions of a society". The formation of ideas of different aspects of human society and its contribution can be understood by us from the various forms of art and craft available to us in the archaeological record like rock paintings, ceramic traditions, terracotta figurines and other artefacts Therefore, artefacts are an important source material for revealing cultural traits of tradition and culture defining its place in the society. Terracotta is a very popular medium of artistic expression of people from very early times Apart from revealing the artistic traditions; the technical skills are also visible in the making of terracotta. Clay has been one of the most popular media of the art expression on the earth since a long time because of its elastic characters, which makes it easy to model and mould as well as it is must be one of the most inexpensive media available free of cost in desired quantities to every craftsman universally. The clay is the base of terracotta objects and makes the terracotta objects most satisfactory, wide-spread. It shows the man‘s imagination resulting in the creation of art and useful household articles. The study of Terracotta art in Gujarat from excavated sites will be a unique endeavor. Gujarat witnessed almost all cultures from hunter gatherer stage to major dynasties. The geographical situation of the state is such that from the early times it was a meeting place of several cultural units who exchanged thoughts and material across the Indian sub-continent. Gujarat acted as a connecting point between the east and the west. While the connectivity is accessible through the land and the sea route, the cross culture exchanges took a different turn and are reflected in artifacts. The type of presentation of terracotta has continuity from earlier traditions and manifest differently from time to time and place to place. 1 Terracotta art served as an important medium of expression for different cultures for ages, reflecting its contemporary social order. Therefore its study becomes important not only from the point of view of art, but also from the point of understanding the socio-religious cultural habitat and daily life of the people and also from the point of view of technology. With this, the aim is to highlight the contributions to archaeological inquiries that can be obtained from the study of a limited assemblage, followed by carefulness for detail study. While discussing the significance of the results, the work further strives to reflect upon the objects as that what they constitute by themselves. Different terracotta objects reflect the thought process of the ancient people, and in turn will help us to understand the religion and society. Thus besides bringing out the aesthetic art, this study will also bring the inner thought of the people of the bygone era. The object excavated by various department of Archaeology needs to be methodological studied. For this purpose the terracotta objects displayed in various museums by the State Archaeology, collection in the Archaeological Survey of India Baroda Circle and the M.S. University needs to be thoroughly analyzed. With the emergence of Chalcolithic culture in Gujarat, there dawned a new culture epoch which exhibited a considerable advance in the art of baked clay objects. These objects developed in new forms in later period and some of them retained their old self. A rich repertoire of terracotta objects is found from the excavations of every site of Harappan civilizations and Early Historic sites of Gujarat. It is an articulation of different cultural aspects reflecting the socio-economic, cultural and artistic traditions of urban and rural society. Interdisciplinary reach of the current research is limited to ethnographic surveys and experimental replication studies. The ethno archaeological studies will help to understand the technical and other aspects. The terracotta of other excavated sites of the Archaeological Survey Circle office, Baroda and displayed in different museums will be to be taken into consideration and studied there itself. Archaeological evidence of terracotta art exhibits a wide variety of craft in India associated with almost all periods, like the children‘s toys, household decoration and religious objects used in worship and rituals. In all the regions particularly clay has been used to create different art forms, which indicates certain stylistic variations. 2 With the emergence of Chalcolithic culture in Gujarat, there dawned a new culture epoch which exhibited a considerable advance in the art of baked clay objects. These objects developed in new forms in later period and some of them retained their old self. A rich repertoire of terracotta objects is found from the excavations of every site of Harappan civilizations and Early Historic sites of Gujarat. It is an articulation of different cultural aspects reflecting the socio-economic, cultural and artistic traditions of urban and rural society. One of the important cultural phases of Gujarat is the Early Historic period. The excavations carried out of the early historic settlement except for a few were more than two decades ago. Hence in terms of the questions they sought to answer, the manner of reporting and the recording and analysis of the artifacts presents several limitations. A large number of terracotta objects have been recovered from these excavations but a systematic account of the material evidences is yet to be attempted. New archaeological concerns have also led to new questions being asked and more exact methods are being adopted for the recovery, recording and analysis of the data. Thus in view of the inadequacy of the earlier studies, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive re-look at the early historic material with a new and wider perspective.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Annexure-V State/Circle Wise List of Post Offices Modernised/Upgraded
    State/Circle wise list of Post Offices modernised/upgraded for Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) Annexure-V Sl No. State/UT Circle Office Regional Office Divisional Office Name of Operational Post Office ATMs Pin 1 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VIJAYAWADA PRAKASAM Addanki SO 523201 2 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL KURNOOL Adoni H.O 518301 3 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VISAKHAPATNAM AMALAPURAM Amalapuram H.O 533201 4 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL ANANTAPUR Anantapur H.O 515001 5 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada Machilipatnam Avanigadda H.O 521121 6 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VIJAYAWADA TENALI Bapatla H.O 522101 7 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada Bhimavaram Bhimavaram H.O 534201 8 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VIJAYAWADA VIJAYAWADA Buckinghampet H.O 520002 9 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL TIRUPATI Chandragiri H.O 517101 10 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada Prakasam Chirala H.O 523155 11 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL CHITTOOR Chittoor H.O 517001 12 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL CUDDAPAH Cuddapah H.O 516001 13 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VISAKHAPATNAM VISAKHAPATNAM Dabagardens S.O 530020 14 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL HINDUPUR Dharmavaram H.O 515671 15 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VIJAYAWADA ELURU Eluru H.O 534001 16 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada Gudivada Gudivada H.O 521301 17 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH Vijayawada Gudur Gudur H.O 524101 18 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH KURNOOL ANANTAPUR Guntakal H.O 515801 19 Andhra Pradesh ANDHRA PRADESH VIJAYAWADA
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Stone Age Technology in India
    Stone AEe Technologv in India K,PADDAYYA ABSTRACT This paper presents a review of various aspects of Stone Age (Palaeolithic and Mesolithic) general technology in lndia. After initial remarks about the history of Prehistoric studies and culture Sequence, detailed observations are made about how changes in raw material of utilization, experienced from time to time, and consequent improvements in techniques tool-manufacture and tooltypes themselves led to changes in subsistence and settlement patterns of Stone Age hunter-gatherer groups. The review concludes with remarks highlighting the need for identification of regional settlement systems, functional interpretation of lithic of non- assemblages, study of present-day use of stone for various purposes, and recognition utilitarian dimensions of Stone Age technology. CONTENTS l.lNTRODUCT10N 2.HISttORY OF PREHISttORiC RESEARCH 3 FIRST PARADIGM 4.PARADIGM SHIFT 5.FRESH FIELD RESEARCH 6.GENERAL CULttURE SEQUENCE 7.USE OF ORCANIC MAttERIALS 8.LITHIC ttECHNOLOGY A.lmprovements in raw mateHal ulllza10n 9.SttUDIES iN TECHNOLOGY A.Lower PalaeolithlC B.Mlddle and Upper Palaeolithic C.Mesolnhic 10 GENERALTRENDS ロ ロ 暉 r‐ ‐ ロ ロ 口 ‐ 甲 甲 ― ― ― ― ― ■ ■ 口 ‐ 口 ‐ 口 甲 暉 "― ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 甲 ・ |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||■ ANCIENT INDiA,NEW SERIES,NO.1 11. TASKS AHEAD A" Regional adaPtive sYstems B. Functional interPretations C. Rspects of non-utilitarian behaviour learning D. Ethnography as a source of 「 IIIiDIDNOTPROGRESSUNIFORMLYORSTEADILYBUTHEDIDPROGRESSONTHE1/VHOLE MAKING AND T00L― USiNG CREATURE WHO FROM A FAIRLY INEFFICIENT AN!MAL TO A T00L― DOMINATED THE VVHOLE PLANET BY HIS NUMBERS AND B漱 ::[:η晏[li:Fギ ∫」][担 ACTIVITY,AND HAS NOⅥ′ONLY TO LEARN TO CONTROL Hい I. INTRODUCTION upon certain aspects a review of the evidence bearing paper I propose to present by H' D' 7futhis This topic was first dealt with ur,d Mesolithic t"tft*togy in lndia' Llof Palaeolithi.
    [Show full text]
  • And Its Control
    DESERT~FICATION AND ITS CONTROL Released on the occasion oi THE UN CONFERENCE ON DESERTIFICATION, NAIROBI 29 August -9 September, 1977 !CAR INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH NEW DELHI PRINTED AUGUST 1977 Chief Editor: P. L. JAISWAL Associates: RAJINDER SINGH N. N. CHHABRA KRISHNA SUNDARARAMAN Chief ofProduction: KRISHAN KUMAR Production Assistant: J. B. MEHRA Dy. Chief Artist: M. K. BARDHAN Senior Artist: RAJENDRA MOHAN Printed in India by Megh Raj at Model Press (P) Ltd., 6-E, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi-llOOS5, and published by S. S. Grewal, Under-Secretary, for the Indian Council of Agricultural Researcb New Delhi-l10001. FOREWORD I am happy that the Indian Council of Research Institute was established at Agricultural Research is bringing out a Jodhpur in 1959 to conduct basic and publication on "Desertification and Its applied researches on the problems of arid Control" on the occasion of the United areas. As a result of the intensive work Nations Conference on Desertification. I carried out at this Institute, considerable would like to congratulate the United experience has been gained on different Nations and its specialized agencies for aspects of the problem. The scientific and focusing attention on this important technical basis for dryland agriculture and problem. horticulture, grassland management, live­ About one-third of the world's land stock farming, afforestation and water surface today is in the grip of deserts. The harvesting have been explored with a fair man-made deserts alone, total about 9.1 degree of success. Operational research million sq km in area. In India, the projects have also been initiated in the arid zone occupies nearly 12 per cent of arid areas of Rajasthan to expedite effec­ the total area sustaining a human popula­ tive transfer of technology.
    [Show full text]
  • DELHI New Delhi Gpo 110001 DELHI
    Brand Name Location Local Area Pin Code Wellcon Led TV DELHI New delhi gpo 110001 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Indraprastha hpo 110002 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Lodi road 110003 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Rashtrapati bhawan 110004 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Karol bagh 110005 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Delhi gpo 110006 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Malka ganj 110007 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Patel nagar (Central Delhi) 110008 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Dr.mukerjee nagar 110009 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Delhi cantt 110010 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Nirman bhawan 110011 Wellcon Led TV DELHI I.a.r.i. 110012 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Hazrat nizamuddin 110013 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Jungpura 110014 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Ramesh nagar 110015 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Hauz khas 110016 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Malviya nagar (South Delhi) 110017 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Tilak nagar (West Delhi) 110018 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Kalkaji 110019 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Okhla industrial estate 110020 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Chanakya puri 110021 Wellcon Led TV DELHI R k puram sect-5 110022 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Sarojini nagar 110023 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Lajpat nagar (South Delhi) 110024 Wellcon Led TV DELHI New friends colony 110025 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Punjabi bagh 110026 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Tagore garden 110027 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Naraina industrial estate 110028 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Sj enclave 110029 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Mehrauli 110030 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Gandhi nagar (East Delhi) 110031 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Shahdara 110032 Wellcon Led TV DELHI N.s.mandi 110033 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Saraswati vihar 110034 Wellcon Led TV DELHI Onkar nagar 110035
    [Show full text]
  • 19333 STD Code of INDIA
    STD Code of INDIA Home Page Place State STDCode A B Palem Andhra Pradesh 08594 A Chettipalli Tamil Nadu 04344 A Khurd Maharashtra 02342 A Koduru Andhra Pradesh 08924 A Kondapuram Andhra Pradesh 08558 A Laddivadi Tamil Nadu 04282 A Long NE 037832 A Mallavaram Andhra Pradesh 08869 A Nalroad Tamil Nadu 04552 A Pudur Tamil Nadu 0428356 A S Peta Andhra Pradesh 08627 A V Nagaram Andhra Pradesh 08854 A Vellalapatti Tamil Nadu 0452 A.r.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on General and Social Sector for the Year Ended March 2015
    Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on General and Social Sector for the year ended March 2015 Government of Gujarat Report No. 2 of the year 2016 REPORT OF THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA ON GENERAL AND SOCIAL SECTOR FOR THE YEAR ENDED MARCH 2015 GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT REPORT NO. 2 OF 2016 http://www.cag.gov.in TABLE OF CONTENTS Particulars Paragraph Page number number Preface v CHAPTER-I – INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER-II – PERFORMANCE AUDITS HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT Delivery of Healthcare Services in Government 2.1 13 Hospitals at District Level LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT DEPARTMENT Skill Development in Gujarat 2.2 52 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN HOUSING DEPARTMENT Functioning of Vadodara Urban Development 2.3 89 Authority CHAPTER-III – COMPLIANCE AUDITS EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Undue benefit worth ` 6.69 crore bestowed on an 3.1 109 agency HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT Irregular payment of subsistence allowance and 3.2 111 salary HOME DEPARTMENT Follow-up Audit on Modernisation of Police Force 3.3 113 in Gujarat URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN HOUSING DEPARTMENT Unfruitful expenditure of `1.12 crore 3.4 127 iii APPENDICES Paragraph Page Appendix Subject reference number I Statement showing the details of year- wise outstanding IRs/Paragraphs as on 31 1.7.1 133 December 2015 II Details of Detailed Explanations pending as of 31 October 2015 1.7.3 134 III Paragraphs to be discussed by Public Accounts Committee as of 31 December 1.7.4 135 2015 IV Availability of Doctors and Para-Medical Staff as on 31 March
    [Show full text]
  • Mobility and Variation in Chalcolithic North Gujarat, India (Ca 3600 – 1800 Bc)
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations Summer 2011 Mobility and Variation in Chalcolithic North Gujarat, India (Ca 3600 – 1800 Bc) Suzanne Harris University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Harris, Suzanne, "Mobility and Variation in Chalcolithic North Gujarat, India (Ca 3600 – 1800 Bc)" (2011). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 359. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/359 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/359 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mobility and Variation in Chalcolithic North Gujarat, India (Ca 3600 – 1800 Bc) Abstract Nine relatively obscure sites in the northern plain of Gujarat, India: Loteshwar, Santhli, Datrana, Nagwada, Langhnaj, Zekhada, Ratanpura and Kanewal; demonstrate a broad range of material culture traditions present in this region throughout the fourth through second millennia BC. This diversity results from the numerous economic strategies employed by the inhabitants of this region, the most important of which is mobility. Most of the sites reviewed in this work are the remains of temporary occupations, which are usually ascribed to pastoral nomads. Although pastoralism was an important subsistence strategy, a closer examination of the material culture and features at these sites shows there was a spectrum of approaches to mobility, which were related to different economic strategies. This work will show that despite many similarities, these sites do not represent a homogenous set of pastoralist camps. Instead, they document manifold activities, reflected through the uses of material culture and space.
    [Show full text]
  • MAN-002 Archaeological Anthropology Indira Gandhi National Open University School of Social Sciences
    MAN-002 Archaeological Anthropology Indira Gandhi National Open University School of Social Sciences Block 6 MESOLITHIC CULTURES UNIT 1 Mesolithic Features 5 UNIT 2 Indian Mesolithic Cultures 18 UNIT 3 Mesolithic Art 33 Expert Committee Professor I. J. S. Bansal Professor S.Channa Retired, Department of Human Biology Department of Anthropology Punjabi University, Patiala University of Delhi, Delhi Professor K. K. Misra Professor P. Vijay Prakash Director Department of Anthropology Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Andhra University, Visakhapatnam Sangrahalaya, Bhopal Dr. Nita Mathur Professor Ranjana Ray Associate Professor Retired, Department of Anthropology Faculty of Sociology Calcutta University, Kolkata SOSS, IGNOU, New Delhi Professor P. Chengal Reddy Dr. S. M. Patnaik Retired, Department of Anthropology Associate Professor S V University, Tirupati Department of Anthropology University of Delhi, Delhi Professor R. K. Pathak Department of Anthropology Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh Panjab University, Chandigarh Assistant Professor Department of Anthropology Professor A. K. Kapoor University of Delhi, Delhi Department of Anthropology University of Delhi, Delhi Faculty of Anthropology SOSS, IGNOU Professor V.K.Srivastava Dr. Rashmi Sinha, Reader Principal, Hindu College University of Delhi, Delhi Dr. Mitoo Das, Assistant Professor Dr. Rukshana Zaman, Assistant Professor Professor Sudhakar Rao Department of Anthropology Dr. P Venkatramana, Assistant Professor University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad Dr. K. Anil Kumar, Assistant Professor Programme Coordinator: Dr. Rashmi Sinha, SOSS, IGNOU, New Delhi Course Coordinator: Dr. P. Venkatramana, SOSS, IGNOU, New Delhi Content Editor Language Editor Professor Falguni Chakrabarthy Dr. Mukesh Ranjan Dept. of Anthropology Associate Professor Vidyasagar University, West Bengal Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi Blocks Preparation Team Unit Writers Prof. Ranjana Ray (Retd.) (Unit 1) Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • " "I 1 Sankalia
    Hasmukh DhlraJ" "I a1 Sankalia IN MEMORIAM Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia 1908-1989 THE PASSING AWAY of Professor H. D. Sankalia on 28 January 1989 marks the end of a long and glorious era in Indian archaeology. It is unlikely that we will ever again see another archaeologist of his achievement, dedication, and versatility. Sankalia was born 10 December 1908 into a middle-class Gujarati family in Bombay. Right from his birth he had a weak constitution, and he remained thin and frail through­ out his life. But he overcame this handicap by sheer willpower and strict discipline in his daily routine. Until his retirement in 1973, he spent several months of every year conducting field work in some part of the country, and set an example to his col­ leagues and students by his hard work in the field. He would walk for many kilo­ meters during explorations, setting a pace that younger and healthier people found difficult to maintain. Quite a few young men and women who were unsure of their capacity to pursue an archaeological career drew inspiration from Sankalia's exam­ ple. Sankalia was a blessed man in that he found his vocation very early in life, and he set out to fulfill it with a missionary zeal. Sankalia developed an interest in history during his childhood from hearing the stories of the Puranas and the epics as told to him by his parents. Around the age of sixteen he happened to read Lokmanya Tilak's Arctic Home in the Vedas. This book made such as impression on him that he decided to pursue a career in ancient history.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Mesolithic Cultures
    Mesolithic Cultures UNIT 2 INDIAN MESOLITHIC CULTURES Contents 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Meaning and Significance of Mesolithic 2.3 Discovery of Mesolithic Tools 2.4 Nature of Archaeological Sites 2.5 Brief Description of Major Mesolithic Sites of India 2.6 Summary Suggested Reading Sample Questions Learning Objectives & Once you have studied this unit, you should be able to: Ø describe the newly adapted culture and environment; Ø write about Mesolithic tools and Archaeological sites; and Ø discuss about the different sites of Indian Mesolithic. 2.1 INTRODUCTION Human Past or History is divided into three main periods, namely, 1) Stone Age, 2) Bonze Age, and 3) Iron Age. These are not simply technological stages implying that tools and weapons were made of stone during the Stone Age, of bronze during the Bronze Age, and of iron during the Iron Age. These Ages imply much more than technology. They imply subsistence economy or ways of acquiring food, social organisation, including caring for the weak, sick and old, mode of disposing of the dead, art, and other aspects of life. Stone Age is divided into three periods, namely, 1) Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age, 2) Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age, and 3) Neolithic or New Stone Age. The word lithic is derived from the Greek lithos, meaning stone. Palaeolithic means Old Stone Age, Mesolithic means Middle Stone Age, and Neolithic means New Stone Age. 2.2 MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MESOLITHIC Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a much shorter period than Palaeolithic, having lasted from over thirty thousand years in Sri Lanka and parts of Africa to only about ten thousand years in India and West Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Circle Name Post Office Name Pincode DELHI New Delhi Gpo
    Circle Name Post Office Name PinCode DELHI New delhi gpo 110001 DELHI Indraprastha hpo 110002 DELHI Lodi road 110003 DELHI Rashtrapati bhawan 110004 DELHI Karol bagh 110005 DELHI Delhi gpo 110006 DELHI Malka ganj 110007 DELHI Patel nagar (Central Delhi) 110008 DELHI Dr.mukerjee nagar 110009 DELHI Delhi cantt 110010 DELHI Nirman bhawan 110011 DELHI I.a.r.i. 110012 DELHI Hazrat nizamuddin 110013 DELHI Jungpura 110014 DELHI Ramesh nagar 110015 DELHI Hauz khas 110016 DELHI Malviya nagar (South Delhi) 110017 DELHI Tilak nagar (West Delhi) 110018 DELHI Kalkaji 110019 DELHI Okhla industrial estate 110020 DELHI Chanakya puri 110021 DELHI R k puram sect-5 110022 DELHI Sarojini nagar 110023 DELHI Lajpat nagar (South Delhi) 110024 DELHI New friends colony 110025 DELHI Punjabi bagh 110026 DELHI Tagore garden 110027 DELHI Naraina industrial estate 110028 DELHI S j enclave 110029 DELHI Mehrauli 110030 DELHI Gandhi nagar (East Delhi) 110031 DELHI Shahdara 110032 DELHI N.s.mandi 110033 DELHI Saraswati vihar 110034 DELHI Onkar nagar 110035 DELHI Alipur 110036 DELHI Gurgaon road 110037 DELHI A f rajokari 110038 DELHI Bawana 110039 DELHI Narela 110040 DELHI Nangloi 110041 DELHI Samai pur 110042 DELHI Najafgarh 110043 DELHI Badarpur 110044 DELHI Palam village 110045 DELHI Nangal raya 110046 DELHI Arjungarh 110047 DELHI Greater kailash 110048 DELHI Andrewsganj 110049 DELHI Krishna nagar 110051 DELHI Ashok vihar ho 110052 DELHI Seelampur 110053 DELHI Civil lines (North Delhi) 110054 DELHI Swami ram tirth nagar 110055 DELHI Shakur basti depot 110056 DELHI Vasant vihar-1 110057 DELHI B-1 janak puri 110058 DELHI D. k. mohan garden po 110059 DELHI Rajender nagar 110060 DELHI Bijwasan 110061 DELHI Pushpa bhawan 110062 DELHI Paschim vihar 110063 DELHI Maya puri 110064 DELHI Sriniwaspuri 110065 DELHI R k puram (main) 110066 DELHI J.n.u.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Origin of Agricultural Lifestyle in North-Western India
    Sarkar, A and Kulkarni, S 2017 Theory of Adaptive Change (TAC): Ancient Asia Understanding Origin of Agricultural Lifestyle in North-Western India. Ancient Asia, 8: 5, pp. 1–6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aa.129 RESEARCH PAPER Theory of Adaptive Change (TAC): Understanding Origin of Agricultural Lifestyle in North-Western India Amrita Sarkar and Sonika Kulkarni North-western India is now emerging as one of those places where the transition(s) from hunting gathering to farming occurred indigenously, so it is feasible to observe the processual change within the region as a whole. This transformation which represents a profound social change is generally attributed to traditional climate forcing model leading to a collapse of foraging economies. This paper discusses that the origin of agricultural lifestyle in north-western India did not happen only because of the collapse of the foraging economies due to climatic factor but also because of the resilient cultural system they had. Keywords: TAC; transition; hunting-gathering; Mesolithic; Chalcolithic; resilience; climate; western India Introduction examined thoroughly, might play a very substantial role in Many times it is not enough to just look at facts and the sociocultural resilience within communities. artifactual evidences but also to realize the thought As of yet TAC probably has never been used in Indian process behind it, the choices made by people involved Archaeology to address appearance or disappearance of and also to try and analyze the progression of society. A any culture or subsistence strategy. Takamune Kawashima lot of importance has been placed on Climate as being has also applied it to study Social change at the end of the one of the major driving forces behind appearance and Middle Jomon (Kawashima: 2013).
    [Show full text]