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Indiana State Report on Human Trafficking 1 | P a G E Indiana State Report on Human Trafficking 1 | P a g e December 1, 2016 Dear Colleagues, Human trafficking, a scourge against humanity, has far reaching impacts nationally, internationally, and in Indiana. I am pleased to provide the first comprehensive report in the State of Indiana on human trafficking. This is a project prepared over the past 18 months by many individuals and organizations who contributed to the work of the Indiana Protection for Abused and Trafficked Humans Task Force (IPATH), the state-wide human trafficking task force, and others who serve victims and who contribute daily, such as members of law enforcement, victim advocates and legislators. In 2009, when I first became co-chair of the task force with the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Indiana, little was known about this horrific crime, its victims, the perpetrators, or the trauma inflicted on those who fall prey to it. Through my service as the Chair of the National Association of Attorneys General Special Committee on Human Trafficking, I further realized the scope of this scourge and its impact on victims nationally and across the globe. Today we know far more than we did then, or even as far back as 2005 when the taskforce was first created. While we have made tremendous progress in policy, legislation, and research, we still have a long way to go. I am proud to present a summary and overview of the work done by many people in our state, from victim service providers to law enforcement, to lawmakers and researchers. This report represents a cumulative picture of those efforts, and outlines, most importantly, a path forward with ideas, recommendations and thoughts for the future. The goals of the taskforce include prosecution, protection and prevention. Indiana legislators have worked hard to strengthen state law and our prosecutors have brought traffickers to justice. Another area of focus is protection -- services for victims, who often are not easily identified, and who are usually not only fearful, but reluctant to come forward after many years of early childhood sexual abuse, no support, and intimidation by those traffickers who profit from the sale of victims. Finally, our work must continue to address prevention -- means to protect and educate victims before they are trafficked as well as reduce demand. I hope that you find this report to be valuable, and I encourage you to use this as a resource. Thank you for your dedication, selflessness, efforts, ideas, and contributions in this area. Sincerely, Gregory F. Zoeller Indiana Attorney General Indiana State Report on Human Trafficking 2 | P a g e Contents I. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 4 II. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 4 National and International Scope and Overview of Human Trafficking ................................................ 4 Scope of Human Trafficking in Indiana ...................................................................................................7 III. IPATH—Indiana Protection for Abused and Trafficked Persons Task Force .....................................10 IV The Law—Federal and State Legislation ............................................................................................... 13 Indiana Law ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Indiana Legislation ................................................................................................................................ 14 Federal Law ............................................................................................................................................ 16 V. Statewide Trafficking Response: Prosecution, Protection, Prevention ................................................ 18 A. Prosecution: Indiana Cases ............................................................................................................... 18 B. Protection: Identification, Recovery, and Service Provision ............................................................. 21 1) Identification of Victims: Training First Responders and Service Providers ............................. 21 2) General Risk Factors and Red Flags for Trafficked Persons ...................................................... 22 3) Impact of Trauma: Complex PTSD ............................................................................................ 23 4) Labor Trafficking ........................................................................................................................ 26 5) Sex Trafficking and the Dangers of Internet .............................................................................. 28 6) Recovery and Service Provision in Indiana ............................................................................... 35 C. Prevention ......................................................................................................................................... 36 1) Youth Focused Prevention Programs......................................................................................... 37 2) Prevention and Outreach to Immigrant, Migrant, and Refugee Communities ......................... 39 3) Sex Trafficking Prevention: Reducing the Demand for Commercial Sex .................................. 40 4) Event-Based Outreach and Prevention ...................................................................................... 42 VI. Next Steps and Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 47 Recommendations for IPATH members ............................................................................................... 47 Legislative Recommendations for Indiana ........................................................................................... 50 Indiana State Report on Human Trafficking 3 | P a g e I. Executive Summary Human Trafficking is a violent, multi-billion dollar international, national and local criminal enterprise in Indiana and the Midwest; 178 trafficked youth were identified and served by one Indiana service provider in 2016 alone, with victims first trafficked as young as age 7. The Indiana Protection for Abused and Trafficked Humans (IPATH) task force began its work in 2005 and is now a thriving statewide coalition of state agencies, law enforcement, service providers, faith based and community groups collaboratively working to prosecute traffickers, protect and serve victims and prevent future trafficking. This State Report on Human Trafficking outlines the scope of human trafficking in Indiana and beyond, state and federal human trafficking law, and provides a resource for stakeholders and the general public on the task force efforts to date with respect to prosecution, services provided to trafficked victims, and prevention efforts around the state. The report also outlines next steps and recommendations for future efforts to combat human trafficking in Indiana. II. Introduction National and International Scope and Overview of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is the fastest growing and tied as the second largest criminal industry worldwide, generating 150.2 billion dollars each year.1 Throughout the world, some 27 million people are exploited through human trafficking.2 One of the many myths about human trafficking is that it does not occur in the United States and does not affect U.S. citizens. In reality, this exploitive violent, criminal industry places an estimated minimum of 300,000 American youths at risk of becoming victims of commercial sexual exploitation. Moreover, a U.S. Justice Department study of its human trafficking task forces nationwide, found that 83% of sex trafficking victims identified in the U.S. were American citizens.3 1 Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour, (International Labor Organization Report) (2014). http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_243201/lang--en/index.htm. 2 U.S. Dept. of State Trafficking in Persons Report. https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/ (2016). 3 This statistic is based on one study of confirmed sex trafficking crimes opened by federally funded U.S. task forces. Human Trafficking/Trafficking In Persons, U.S. Dept. of Justice. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=40. Indiana State Report on Human Trafficking 4 | P a g e Worldwide, 1 million children fall victim to the commercial sex trade each year.4 It is estimated that between 14,500-17,500 human beings are trafficked into the U.S. annually.5 In fact, the United States is among the highest destination countries for human trafficking. 6 The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) defines sex trafficking as, “a commercial sex act that is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age”7 (Youth less than 18 years of age are treated as victims under the law without proving the elements of force, fraud or coercion). Labor trafficking is defined as, “the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.”8 Human trafficking victims
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