DOCSLIB.ORG

Integrated Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Approach for Understanding and Treating Brain Disorders Master’S Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Integrated Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Approach for Understanding and Treating Brain Disorders Master’S Thesis LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES MEDICAL ACADEMY FACULTY OF MEDICINE NEUROSCIENCE INSTITUTE LABORATORY OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOINFORMATICS Laura Sakalauskaitė Integrated Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Approach for Understanding and Treating Brain Disorders Master’s Thesis Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Aušra Saudargienė KAUNAS 2021 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................3 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................5 3. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST ..............................................................................5 4. PERMISSION OF THE ETHICS COMMITTEE ...............................................5 5. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................6 6. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................8 7. AIM ......................................................................................................................9 8. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................9 9. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 10 9.1 FUNDAMENTAL METHODS OF NEUROINFORMATICS IN BRAIN RESEARCH ........... 10 9.1.1 Neuroscience Data Analysis........................................................................... 10 9.2 COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE ................................................................... 12 9.2.1 A Scientific Case for Brain Simulations ......................................................... 12 9.2.2 Levels of Analysis .......................................................................................... 13 9.3 TOWARDS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE ............................................................... 18 9.3.1 Parkinson’s Disease and Deep Brain Stimulation ......................................... 18 9.3.2 Epilepsy ......................................................................................................... 22 9.3.3 Alzheimer’s Disease ...................................................................................... 25 9.3.4 Stroke ............................................................................................................ 28 9.3.5 Computational Psychiatry ............................................................................. 29 9.3.6 Brain-machine Interfaces ............................................................................... 30 10. RESEARCH MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................. 32 11. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 36 12. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................... 43 13. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 44 14. REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 45 15. ANNEXES ............................................................................................................. 56 2 1. SUMMARY Author: Laura Sakalauskaitė Research Title: Integrated Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics approach for understanding and treating brain disorders. Aim: To review the neuroinformatic methods used in the clinical domain of brain sciences and investigate the impact of deep brain stimulation on pathological brain activity in Parkinson’s disease using a computational modeling approach. Objectives of Study: 1. To review the main concepts and methods in the field of neuroinformatics: aspects of neural data analysis and multiscale modeling in computational neuroscience. 2. To review the advances of the integrated neuroscience and neuroinformatics approach in understanding and treating complex neurological and psychiatric disorders. 3. To investigate the influence of different deep brain stimulation (DBS) targets and parameters on pathological brain oscillations in Parkinson’s disease by utilizing a computational modeling approach. Methodology: A literature review of machine learning methods and computational modeling approaches in the clinical domain of neuroscience was conducted. Furthermore, a computational modeling study was performed to investigate deep brain stimulation effects on pathological beta band oscillations of a simulated parkinsonian network using a neural mass model that represents basal ganglia and thalamocortical connections. Results: Machine learning and computational modeling applications in Parkinson ‘s disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer ‘s disease, stroke and psychiatric disorders were identified. A chosen computational model showed that connections to the thalamus and cortex were essential for driving pathological oscillations, increasing STN (subthalamic nucleus) and GPe (globus pallidus externus) connection strength led to higher frequency activity and applying DBS stimulation to selected targets with effective parameters drove parkinsonian oscillations to higher frequency bands. Conclusions: Computational and machine-learning approaches contribute to understanding the neuronal mechanisms and dynamical processes of brain diseases, offering individualized virtual brain models for early diagnosis, treatment selection and outcome prediction. The computational model of Parkinson’s disease revealed the principal network connections for driving pathological oscillatory activity. Modeling deep brain stimulation effects on the network allowed to investigate the effects of DBS parameters and multitarget stimulation. Recommendations: Multidisciplinary collaboration of neuroscience research fields, clinical medicine and neuroinformatics is needed for developing theoretical and computational models that integrate patient data and create individualized brain models that lead to novel clinical applications and hypothesis testing frameworks. 3 1. SANTRAUKA Autorė: Laura Sakalauskaitė Darbo pavadinimas: Integruotų neuromokslų ir neuroinformatikos metodų taikymas tiriant ir gydant nervų sistemos ligas. Tikslas: Apžvelgti neuroinformatikos metodų taikymą klinikinėje neuromokslų srityje ir panaudojant kompiuterinį modelį ištirti giliosios smegenų stimuliacijos efektus Parkinsono ligos sukeltai patologinei smegenų veiklai. Uždaviniai: 1. Apžvelgti pagrindinius neuroinformatikos aspektus: duomenų analizės metodus ir daugiaskalinius modeliavimo lygmenis kompiuterinių neuromokslų srityje. 2. Apžvelgti integruotų neuromokslų ir neuroinformatikos metodų panaudojimo galimybes tiriant ir gydant nervų sistemos ligas ir psichikos sutrikimus. 3. Ištirti skirtingų giliosios smegenų stimuliacijos taikinių ir parametrų įtaką Parkinsono ligai būdingiems patologiniams smegenų signalams taikant kompiuterinio modeliavimo metodus. Metodologija: Apžvelgta literatūra apie kompiuterinio modeliavimo ir mašininio mokymo metodus klinikinėje neuromokslų srityje. Kompiuterinis modelis, aprašantis smegenų pamato branduolių, gumburo ir smegenų žievės neuroninius tinklus, buvo naudojamas tiriant giliosios smegenų stimuliacijos poveikį beta bangų dažnio pokyčiams Parkinsono ligos atveju. Rezultatai: Mašininio mokymo ir kompiuterinio modeliavimo metodai yra plačiai taikomi Parkinsono ligos, epilepsijos, Alzheimerio ligos, insulto ir psichikos sutrikimų tyrimuose. Pasirinktas Parkinsono ligos kompiuterinis modelis parodė, kad jungtys į gumburą ir smegenų žievę buvo pagrindiniai komponentai, skatinantys patologinius smegenų signalus, didėjantis STN (subtalaminio branduolio) ir GPe (išorinio globus pallidus) ryšio stiprumas lėmė didesnio dažnio bangų aktyvumą ir taikant GSS su efektyviais parametrais į pasirinktas zonas buvo panaikinti patologinio dažnio smegenų signalai. Išvados: Kompiuteriniai modeliai padeda suprasti sudėtingus ligų mechanizmus ir skatina naujų terapinių galimybių ir personalizuoto gydymo atsiradimą neurologijos, neurochirurgijos ir psichiatrijos srityse. Pasirinktas Parkinsono ligos neuroninio tinklo kompiuterinis modelis parodė, kurie neuroninio tinklo ryšiai skatino patologinę smegenų veiklą. Giliosios smegenų stimuliacijos modeliavimas leido ištirti optimalius stimuliacijos parametrus ir skirtingų smegenų branduolių stimuliacijos poveikį. Rekomendacijos: Norint sukurti teorinius ir kompiuterinius smegenų modelius, kurie integruoja individualius pacientų duomenis, ir pritaikyti šiuos modelius klinikinėje praktikoje paciento gydymo plano parinkimui bei hipotezių tikrinimui, būtinas tarpdisciplininis neuromokslinių tyrimų sričių, klinikinės medicinos ir neuroinformatikos specialistų bendradarbiavimas. 4 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and expertise of my thesis supervisor Dr. Aušra Saudargienė. 3. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST There are no conflicts of interest. 4. PERMISSION OF THE ETHICS COMMITTEE No clearance issued by the Ethics Committee was needed in this study. 5 5. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AD - Alzheimer’s Disease AEDs - anti-epileptic drugs APP - amyloid precursor protein Aβ - amyloid beta CNN - convolutional neural network CR - coordinated reset CSF - cerebrospinal fluid Cx - cortex DCN - deep cerebellar nuclei DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ECoG - electrocorticography FDA - Food and Drug Administration GPe - globus pallidus externus GPi - globus pallidus internus GSK3 - Glycogen synthase kinase 3 HC - healthy
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Novel Methods for Assessing Electrophysiological Function of Cardiac and Neural 3D Cell Cultures with MEA Technology
    . Novel methods for assessing electrophysiological function of cardiac and neural 3D cell cultures with MEA technology Anthony Nicolini, Denise Sullivan, Heather Hayes, Andrew Wilsie, Rob Grier, Daniel Millard Axion BioSystems, Atlanta, GA Multiwell MEA Technology MEA Assay with Cardiomyocytes MEA Assay with Neurons Microelectrode array technology Functional Cardiac Phenotypes Functional Neuronal Phenotypes The flexibility and accessibility of neuronal and The need for simple, reliable, and predictive pre-clinical assays for drug discovery (e.g. “disease-in-a-dish” AxIS Navigator analysis software provides straightforward reporting of multiple measures of cell culture maturity. cardiac in vitro models, particularly induced models) and safety have motivated the development of 2D and 3D in vitro models with human stem cell- pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, has allowed (a) (c) Action derived cardiomyocytes. The Maestro MEA platform enables assessment of functional in vitro cardiomyocyte complex human biology to be reproduced in vitro at Potential activity with an easy-to-use benchtop system. The Maestro detects and records signals from cells cultured unimaginable scales. Accurate characterization of directly onto an array of planar electrodes in each well of the MEA plate, with each of the following four modes Field neurons and cardiomyocytes requires an assay that providing critical information for in vitro assessment: Potential provides a functional phenotype. Measurements of electrophysiological activity across a networked • Field Potential – “gold standard” measurement for multiwell cardiac electrophysiology. population offer a comprehensive characterization Clinical • Action Potential – first scalable technique for acquiring action potential signals from intact cardiac models. beyond standard genomic and biochemical ECG • Propagation – detect speed and direction of action potential propagation.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuro Informatics 2020
    Neuro Informatics 2019 September 1-2 Warsaw, Poland PROGRAM BOOK What is INCF? About INCF INCF is an international organization launched in 2005, following a proposal from the Global Science Forum of the OECD to establish international coordination and collaborative informatics infrastructure for neuroscience. INCF is hosted by Karolinska Institutet and the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. INCF currently has Governing and Associate Nodes spanning 4 continents, with an extended network comprising organizations, individual researchers, industry, and publishers. INCF promotes the implementation of neuroinformatics and aims to advance data reuse and reproducibility in global brain research by: • developing and endorsing community standards and best practices • leading the development and provision of training and educational resources in neuroinformatics • promoting open science and the sharing of data and other resources • partnering with international stakeholders to promote neuroinformatics at global, national and local levels • engaging scientific, clinical, technical, industry, and funding partners in colla- borative, community-driven projects INCF supports the FAIR (Findable Accessible Interoperable Reusable) principles, and strives to implement them across all deliverables and activities. Learn more: incf.org neuroinformatics2019.org 2 Welcome Welcome to the 12th INCF Congress in Warsaw! It makes me very happy that a decade after the 2nd INCF Congress in Plzen, Czech Republic took place, for the second time in Central Europe, the meeting comes to Warsaw. The global neuroinformatics scenery has changed dramatically over these years. With the European Human Brain Project, the US BRAIN Initiative, Japanese Brain/ MINDS initiative, and many others world-wide, neuroinformatics is alive more than ever, responding to the demands set forth by the modern brain studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Computational Neuroscience Meets Optogenetics: Unlocking the Brain’S Secrets
    Health & Medicine ︱ Prof Simon Schultz and Dr Konstantin Nikolic Computational neuroscience meets optogenetics: Unlocking the brain’s secrets Working at the interface omposed of billions of specialised responsible for perception, action Simplified models allow researchers to study how the geometry of a neuron’s “dendritic tree” affects its ability to process information. between engineering and nerve cells (called neurons) wired and memory. But this is changing. neuroscience, Professor Simon C together in complex, intricate Schultz and Dr Konstantin webs, the brain is inherently challenging LET THERE BE LIGHT Nikolic at Imperial College to study. Neurons communicate with A powerful new tool (invented by Boyden of Neurotechnology and Director of SHEDDING LIGHT ON THE BRAIN AN INSIGHT INTO NEURONAL GAIN London are developing tools each other by transmitting electrical and and Deisseroth just a little over a decade the Imperial Centre of Excellence in Their innovative approach uses Using two biophysical models of to help us understand the chemical signals along neural circuits: ago) allows researchers to map the brain’s Neurotechnology, Dr Konstantin Nikolic, sophisticated two-photon microscopy, neurons, genetically-modified to include intricate workings of the brain. signals that vary both in space and time. connections, giving unprecedented Associate Professor in the Department optogenetics and electrophysiology two distinct light-sensitive proteins Combining a revolutionary Until now, technical limitations in the access to the workings of the brain. Its of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, to measure (and disturb) patterns of (called opsins): channelrhodopsin-2 technology – optogenetics available research methods to study the impressive resolution enables precise and Dr Sarah Jarvis are taking a unique neuronal activity in vivo (in living tissue).
    [Show full text]
  • Implantable Microelectrodes on Soft Substrate with Nanostructured Active Surface for Stimulation and Recording of Brain Activities Valentina Castagnola
    Implantable microelectrodes on soft substrate with nanostructured active surface for stimulation and recording of brain activities Valentina Castagnola To cite this version: Valentina Castagnola. Implantable microelectrodes on soft substrate with nanostructured active sur- face for stimulation and recording of brain activities. Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics. Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 2014. English. tel-01137352 HAL Id: tel-01137352 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01137352 Submitted on 31 Mar 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSETHÈSE En vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : l’Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Présentée et soutenue le 18/12/2014 par : Valentina CASTAGNOLA Implantable Microelectrodes on Soft Substrate with Nanostructured Active Surface for Stimulation and Recording of Brain Activities JURY M. Frédéric MORANCHO Professeur d’Université Président de jury M. Blaise YVERT Directeur de recherche Rapporteur Mme Yael HANEIN Professeur d’Université Rapporteur M. Pascal MAILLEY Directeur de recherche Examinateur M. Christian BERGAUD Directeur de recherche Directeur de thèse Mme Emeline DESCAMPS Chargée de Recherche Directeur de thèse École doctorale et spécialité : GEET : Micro et Nanosystèmes Unité de Recherche : Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes (UPR 8001) Directeur(s) de Thèse : M.
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Brain Project of Visual Motion
    In this issue: • Editorial: Feeding the senses • Supervised learning in spiking neural networks V o l u m e 3 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 0 7 • Dealing with unexpected words • Embedded vision system for real-time applications • Can spike-based speech Brain-inspired auditory recognition systems outperform conventional approaches? processor and the • Book review: Analog VLSI circuits for the perception Artificial Brain project of visual motion The Korean Brain Neuroinformatics Re- search Program has two goals: to under- stand information processing mechanisms in biological brains and to develop intel- ligent machines with human-like functions based on these mechanisms. We are now developing an integrated hardware and software platform for brain-like intelligent systems called the Artificial Brain. It has two microphones, two cameras, and one speaker, looks like a human head, and has the functions of vision, audition, inference, and behavior (see Figure 1). The sensory modules receive audio and video signals from the environment, and perform source localization, signal enhancement, feature extraction, and user recognition in the forward ‘path’. In the backward path, top-down attention is per- formed, greatly improving the recognition performance of real-world noisy speech and occluded patterns. The fusion of audio and visual signals for lip-reading is also influenced by this path. The inference module has a recurrent architecture with internal states to imple- ment human-like emotion and self-esteem. Also, we would like the Artificial Brain to eventually have the abilities to perform user modeling and active learning, as well as to be able to ask the right questions both to the right people and to other Artificial Brains.
    [Show full text]
  • ECE 5070: Neuroengineering and Neuroprosthetics
    ECE 5070: Neuroengineering and Neuroprosthetics Course Description An overview of the broad field of Neuroengineering for graduate and senior undergraduate students with engineering or neuroscience backgrounds. Focusing on neural interfaces and prostheses, this course covers from basic neurophysiology and computational neuronal models to advanced neural interfaces and prostheses currently being actively developed in the field. Transcript Abbreviation: Neur Eng & Prosth Grading Plan: Letter Grade Course Deliveries: Classroom Course Levels: Undergrad, Graduate Student Ranks: Junior, Senior, Masters, Doctoral Course Offerings: Autumn Flex Scheduled Course: Never Course Frequency: Even Years Course Length: 14 Week Credits: 3.0 Repeatable: No Time Distribution: 3.0 hr Lec Expected out-of-class hours per week: 6.0 Graded Component: Lecture Credit by Examination: No Admission Condition: No Off Campus: Never Campus Locations: Columbus Prerequisites and Co-requisites: Prereq: 3050 or BME 3703; or Neurosc 3010; or Grad standing in Engineering or Neurosc. Exclusions: Not open to students with credit for 5194.03 or Neurosc 5070. Cross-Listings: Cross-listed in Neurosc. Course Rationale: Introduce students a vibrant, interdisciplinary field which integrates engineering and neuroscience principles for treating neurological disorders. The course is required for this unit's degrees, majors, and/or minors: No The course is a GEC: No The course is an elective (for this or other units) or is a service course for other units: Yes Subject/CIP Code: 14.1001 Subsidy Level: Doctoral Course Programs Abbreviation Description CpE Computer Engineering EE Electrical Engineering Course Goals Master principles of neural interfaces. Be competent with computational neural models. Be competent with design of common neuroprostheses.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifiable Neuro Ethics Challenges to the Banking of Neuro Data
    ILLES J, LOMBERA S. IDENTIFIABLE NEURO ETHICS CHALLENGES TO THE BANKING OF NEURO DATA. MINN. J.L. SCI. & TECH. 2009;10(1):71-94. Identifiable Neuro Ethics Challenges to the Banking of Neuro Data Judy Illes ∗ & Sofia Lombera** Laboratory and clinical investigations about the brain and behavioral sciences, broadly defined as “neuroscience,” have advanced the understanding of how people think, move, feel, plan and more, both in good health and when suffering from a neurologic or psychiatric disease. Shared databases built on information obtained from neuroscience discoveries hold true promise for advancing the knowledge of brain function by leveraging new possibilities for combining complex and diverse data.1 Accompanying these opportunities are ethics challenges that, in other domains like the sharing of genetic information, have an impact on all parties involved in the research enterprise. The ethics and policy challenges include regulating the content of, access to, and use of databases; ensuring that data remains confidential and that informed consent © 2009 Judy Illes and Sofia Lombera. ∗ Judy Illes, Ph.D., Corresponding author, National Core for Neuroethics, The University of British Columbia. The authors are grateful to Dr. Jack Van Horn, Dr. Peter Reiner, Patricia Lau, and Daniel Buchman for valuable discussions on the future of neuro data banks. Parts of this paper were presented at the conference “Emerging Problems in Neurogenomics: Ethical, Legal & Policy Issues at the Intersection of Genomics & Neuroscience,” February 29, 2008, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota by Judy Illes. Full video of that conference is available at http://www.lifesci.consortium.umn.edu/conference/neuro.php. Supported by CIHR/INMHA CNE-85117, CFI, BCKDF, and NIH/NIMH # 9R01MH84282- 04A1.
    [Show full text]
  • New Technologies for Human Robot Interaction and Neuroprosthetics
    University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics 2017-07-01 Human-Robot Interaction and Neuroprosthetics: A review of new technologies Cangelosi, A http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9872 10.1109/MCE.2016.2614423 IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. CEMAG-OA-0004-Mar-2016.R3 1 New Technologies for Human Robot Interaction and Neuroprosthetics Angelo Cangelosi, Sara Invitto Abstract—New technologies in the field of neuroprosthetics and These developments in neuroprosthetics are closely linked to robotics are leading to the development of innovative commercial the recent significant investment and progress in research on products based on user-centered, functional processes of cognitive neural networks and deep learning approaches to robotics and neuroscience and perceptron studies. The aim of this review is to autonomous systems [2][3]. Specifically, one key area of analyze this innovative path through the description of some of the development has been that of cognitive robots for human-robot latest neuroprosthetics and human-robot interaction applications, in particular the Brain Computer Interface linked to haptic interaction and assistive robotics. This concerns the design of systems, interactive robotics and autonomous systems. These robot companions for the elderly, social robots for children with issues will be addressed by analyzing developmental robotics and disabilities such as Autism Spectrum Disorders, and robot examples of neurorobotics research.
    [Show full text]
  • Brain-Machine Interface: from Neurophysiology to Clinical
    Neurophysiology of Brain-Machine Interface Rehabilitation Matija Milosevic, Osaka University - Graduate School of Engineering Science - Japan. Abstract— Long-lasting cortical re-organization or II. METHODS neuroplasticity depends on the ability to synchronize the descending (voluntary) commands and the successful execution Stimulation of muscles with FES was delivered using a of the task using a neuroprosthetic. This talk will discuss the constant current biphasic waveform with a 300μs pulse width neurophysiological mechanisms of brain-machine interface at 50 Hz frequency via surface electrodes. First, repetitive (BMI) controlled neuroprosthetics with the aim to provide transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) intermittent theta implications for development of technologies for rehabilitation. burst protocol (iTBS) was used to induce cortical facilitation. iTBS protocol consists of pulses delivered intermittently at a I. INTRODUCTION frequency of 50 Hz and 5 Hz for a total of 200 seconds. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) neuroprosthetics Moreover, motor imagery protocol was used to display a can be used to applying short electric impulses over the virtual reality hand opening and closing sequence of muscles or the nerves to generate hand muscle contractions movements (hand flexion/extension) while subject’s hands and functional movements such as reaching and grasping. remained at rest and out of the visual field. Our work has shown that recruitment of muscles using FES goes beyond simple contractions, with evidence suggesting III. RESULTS re-organization of the spinal reflex networks and cortical- Our first results showed that motor imagery can affect level changes after the stimulating period [1,2]. However, a major challenge remains in achieving precise temporal corticospinal facilitation in a phase-dependent manner, i.e., synchronization of voluntary commands and activation of the hand flexor muscles during hand closing and extensor muscles [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Practical and Ethical Issues at the Intersection of Brain Science and Society
    Emerging Neurotechnologies: Practical and Ethical Issues at the Intersection of Brain Science and Society James Giordano PhD Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA and EU-Human Brain Project SP-12 Uppsala University, Sweden Neuroscience… • Huge leaps using technology to study and understand how nervous systems and brains are structured and function. Allowed understanding at certain levels of causality: – Formal: Overall “workings” of biological systems – Material: Structure and functional roles of neurons, glia But not at others… – Efficient: How “grey stuff” actually makes “great stuff” – Final: For what? To what “ends”? Core Questions... What do we do with the information and capability we have? What do we do about the information and capability we don’t? Questions toward Innovation • Tools to Theory • Theory to Tools... ...to Theory AISC Approach Brain Science on the World Stage • EU Human Brain Project • US BRAIN initiative • China Brain Project • Japan Brain Project • Global NeuroS/T Economic Predictions 2025 – Asia – US/Western Europe – South America Neuroscience and Technologies (NeuroS/T) • Assessment – Biomarkers – Genetics/genomics – Imaging – Brain modeling/mapping • Interventional – Technopharmaceutics – P-Stim – Neurofeedback – Transcranial Modulation – Deep Brain Stimulation – BCI – Neuroprosthetics • Derivative – -Artificial neural networks – -AI technologies A-3: Actual Ability to Assess...Access...Affect To What Effect(s) and Ends? Neuroimaging – PET – CT – MR – fMR – DTI – MEG/qEEG Can we Scan the Brain to Depict Consciousness and/or “Read” Minds? text copyright, J. Giordano, 2014 Neurogenetics – Genotyping – Phenotyping – Proteomics – Genetic Intervention(s) Can we “Predict” or “Create” Present and Future “Selves”? text copyright, J.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Technology Prospects and Investment Opportunities for Scalable Neuroscience
    On the Technology Prospects and Investment Opportunities for Scalable Neuroscience Thomas Dean1,2,3 Biafra Ahanonu3 Mainak Chowdhury3 Anjali Datta3 Andre Esteva3 Daniel Eth3 Nobie Redmon3 Oleg Rumyantsev3 Ysis Tarter3 1 Google Research, 2 Brown University, 3 Stanford University Contents 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Introduction 4 3 Evolving Imaging Technologies 6 4 Macroscale Reporting Devices 10 5 Automating Systems Neuroscience 14 6 Synthetic Neurobiology 16 7 Nanotechnology 20 8 Acknowledgements 28 A Leveraging Sequencing for Recording — Biafra Ahanonu 28 B Scalable Analytics and Data Mining — Mainak Chowdhury 32 C Macroscale Imaging Technologies — Anjali Datta 35 D Nanoscale Recording and Wireless Readout — Andre Esteva 38 E Hybrid Biological and Nanotechnology Solutions — Daniel Eth 41 F Advances in Contrast Agents and Tissue Preparation — Nobie Redmon 44 G Microendoscopy and Optically Coupled Implants — Oleg Rumyantsev 46 H Opportunities for Automating Laboratory Procedures — Ysis Tarter 49 i 1 Executive Summary Two major initiatives to accelerate research in the brain sciences have focused attention on devel- oping a new generation of scientific instruments for neuroscience. These instruments will be used to record static (structural) and dynamic (behavioral) information at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution and report out that information in a form suitable for computational analysis. We distinguish between recording — taking measurements of individual cells and the extracellu- lar matrix — and reporting — transcoding, packaging and transmitting the resulting information for subsequent analysis — as these represent very different challenges as we scale the relevant technologies to support simultaneously tracking the many neurons that comprise neural circuits of interest. We investigate a diverse set of technologies with the purpose of anticipating their devel- opment over the span of the next 10 years and categorizing their impact in terms of short-term [1-2 years], medium-term [2-5 years] and longer-term [5-10 years] deliverables.
    [Show full text]
  • Noninvasive Electroencephalography Equipment for Assistive, Adaptive, and Rehabilitative Brain–Computer Interfaces: a Systematic Literature Review
    sensors Systematic Review Noninvasive Electroencephalography Equipment for Assistive, Adaptive, and Rehabilitative Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Literature Review Nuraini Jamil 1 , Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem 2,* , Sofia Ouhbi 1 and Abderrahmane Lakas 2 1 Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] (N.J.); sofi[email protected] (S.O.) 2 Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Humans interact with computers through various devices. Such interactions may not require any physical movement, thus aiding people with severe motor disabilities in communicating with external devices. The brain–computer interface (BCI) has turned into a field involving new elements for assistive and rehabilitative technologies. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to help BCI investigator and investors to decide which devices to select or which studies to support based on the current market examination. This examination of noninvasive EEG devices is based on published BCI studies in different research areas. In this SLR, the research area of noninvasive Citation: Jamil, N.; Belkacem, A.N.; BCIs using electroencephalography (EEG) was analyzed by examining the types of equipment used Ouhbi, S.; Lakas, A. Noninvasive for assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative BCIs. For this SLR, candidate studies were selected from Electroencephalography Equipment the IEEE digital library, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The inclusion criteria (IC) were limited for Assistive, Adaptive, and to studies focusing on applications and devices of the BCI technology.
    [Show full text]